UCLA Symposium on Urban Sustainability in North American Cities February 26, 2013

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1 UCLA Symposium on Urban Sustainability in North American Cities February 26, 2013 Mikhail Chester, Assistant Professor Civil, Environmental, & Sustainability Engineering Affiliate Faculty, School of Sustainability Arizona State University

2 University of California, Los Angeles Stephanie Pincetl Director of the Center for Sustainable Urban Systems Arizona State University Mikhail Chester Assistant Professor Zoe Elizabeth Project Manager Juan Matute Director, Luskin Center Climate Change Initiative University of California, Berkeley William Eisenstein Center for Resource Efficient Communities Executive Director Los Angeles Metro Cris Liban, Alvin Kusumoto Robert Farley, Julia Salinas Air Resources Board Alberto Ayala Shaohua Hu Energy Commission Pierre DuVair Al Alvarado PUBLICATIONS / REPORTS Infrastructure and Automobile Shifts: Positioning Transit to Reduce Life-cycle Environmental Impacts for Urban Sustainability Goals M Chester, S Pincetl, Z Elizabeth, W Eisenstein, and J Matute, In Review at Environmental Research Letters Policy Options for Incorporating Life-Cycle Emissions Assessment into Transportation Planning W Eisenstein, S Pincetl, and M Chester, In Press at Transportation Research Record Life-cycle Assessment for Transportation Decision Making J Matute, M Chester, P Bunje, W Eisenstein, S Pincetl, Z Elizabeth, C Cepeda, Report to the Energy Commission

3 San Fernando Valley GOLD ORANGE SEDAN Pasadena

4 Vehicle Extraction of Raw Materials Manufacturing Operation / Maintenance End-of-life Infrastructure Extraction of Raw Materials Construction Decommissioning Operation / Maintenance Energy Production Raw Fuel Extraction Transport Processing / Refining Electricity Generation Distribution Background image source: American Institute of Architects, 1997 Environmental Resource Guides

5 Energy Air Emissions SO X Respiratory irritant, acid deposition CO Asphyxiant NO X Respiratory irritant, smog VOC Photochemical smog, cancerous PM Respiratory and cardiovascular damage Greenhouse Gases CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O Others Water, labor, costs, toxics, hazardous, etc. Energy Inputs Process Emission Outputs Human Health and Environmental Impact Potentials Respiratory: SOx, NOx, and PM 2.5 Photochemical Smog Formation: CH 4, CO, VOC, and NOx Impact Potentials

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7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions in g CO 2 e per Passenger Mile Traveled Sedan Near-term Sedan Long-term Orange BRT Near-term Orange BRT Long-term Gold LRT Near-term Gold LRT Long-term Vehicle Operation Vehicle Manufacturing Vehicle Maintenance Vehicle Insurance Infrastructure Construction Infrastructure Operation Infrastructure Maintenance Infrastructure Parking Infrastructure Insurance Energy Production Auto Indirect M Chester, S Pincetl, Z Elizabeth, W Eisenstein, & J Matute, Infrastructure and Automobile Shifts: Positioning Transit to Reduce Life-cycle Environmental Impacts for Urban Sustainability Goals, In Review

8 Human Health Respiratory Effects Potential in mg PM 2.5 e per Passenger Mile Traveled Sedan Near-term Sedan Long-term Orange BRT Near-term Orange BRT Long-term Gold LRT Near-term Gold LRT Long-term Vehicle Operation Vehicle Manufacturing Vehicle Maintenance Vehicle Insurance Infrastructure Construction Infrastructure Operation Infrastructure Maintenance Infrastructure Parking Infrastructure Insurance Energy Production Auto Indirect Life-cycle Respiratory Effects Hotspots PM 2.5 : Steel and alum. production furnace emissions for vehicle manuf. PM 2.5 : Supply chain diesel truck use. NOx: Orange line tailpipe. NOx: Supply chain diesel truck emissions. SOx: Direct and supply chain electricity consumption. M Chester, S Pincetl, Z Elizabeth, W Eisenstein, & J Matute, Infrastructure and Automobile Shifts: Positioning Transit to Reduce Life-cycle Environmental Impacts for Urban Sustainability Goals, In Review

9 NOx SOx CH4 CO Photochemical Smog Formation Potential in Mg O 3 e per Passenger Mile Traveled Sedan Near-term Sedan Long-term Orange BRT Near-term Orange BRT Long-term Gold LRT Near-term Gold LRT Long-term Vehicle Operation Vehicle Manufacturing Vehicle Maintenance Vehicle Insurance Infrastructure Construction Infrastructure Operation Infrastructure Maintenance Infrastructure Parking Infrastructure Insurance Energy Production Auto Indirect Life-cycle Smog Hotspots NOx: Orange line tailpipe. NOx: Supply chain diesel truck emissions. VOC: Vehicle fluids (steering, brake, transmission, coolants, etc.). VOC: Vehicle manufacturing and truck transport. VOC: Volatile organic diluents in asphalt. M Chester, S Pincetl, Z Elizabeth, W Eisenstein, & J Matute, Infrastructure and Automobile Shifts: Positioning Transit to Reduce Life-cycle Environmental Impacts for Urban Sustainability Goals, In Review

10 Local Remote Energy GHGs Respiratory Smog Auto (most remote) Orange BRT (second most remote) Gold LRT (least remote)

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12 Passenger Mile Traveled LCA LCA of Decisions PMT

13 Energy Consumption or Emissions Added Avoided Avoided Bus Avoided Auto Orange TIME

14 Orange BRT Impacts by Decade (D) Gold LRT Impacts by Decade (D) Respiratory Impact Potential in kg PM 2.5 e Global Warming Potential in Mg CO 2 e Chester M, Pincetl P, Elizabeth Z, Eisenstein W, & Matute J, Infrastructure and Automobile Shifts: Positioning Transit to Reduce Life-cycle Environmental Impacts for Urban Sustainability Goals, In Review

15 (1-10 yrs) FAST Payback Speed (100+ yrs) SLOW 2009 Full Adoption CO GHG Energy SO 2 PM 2.5 VOC PM 10 NOx NEVER 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Percentage of Orange Line Trip Takers Shifted from Automobiles Chester M, Pincetl P, Elizabeth Z, Eisenstein W, & Matute J, Infrastructure and Automobile Shifts: Positioning Transit to Reduce Life-cycle Environmental Impacts for Urban Sustainability Goals, In Review

16 Dedicated Parking Lots Vacant Lots Low Density High Density

17 Kimball M, Chester M, Gino C, and Reyna J, TOD Infill in Phoenix Can Reduce Future Transportation and Land Use Life-cycle Environmental Impacts, In Review at the Journal of Planning, Education, and Research.

18 Photo source: Mikhail Chester, Paris, December 2009.

19 High Density Rezoning Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Kimball M, Chester M, Gino C, and Reyna J, TOD Infill in Phoenix Can Reduce Future Transportation and Land Use Life-cycle Environmental Impacts, In Review at the Journal of Planning, Education, and Research.

20 Kimball M, Chester M, Gino C, and Reyna J, TOD Infill in Phoenix Can Reduce Future Transportation and Land Use Life-cycle Environmental Impacts, In Review at the Journal of Planning, Education, and Research.