Social Changes ( ) AP WORLD HISTORY CHAPTER 26B

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1 Social Changes ( ) AP WORLD HISTORY CHAPTER 26B

2 Population and Migrations Between 1850 and 1914 Europe saw very rapid population growth, while emigration from Europe spurred population growth in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Argentina. As a result, the proportion of people of European ancestry in the world s population rose from onefifth to one-third. Reasons for the increase in European population include a drop in the death rate, improved crop yields, the provision of grain from newly opened agricultural land in North America, and the provision of a more abundant year-round diet as a result of canning and refrigeration.

5 Transpacific Migrations Good review website. Link is in web link section spacific-migrations/

7 Victorian Age Refers not only to the reign of Queen Victoria (r ), but also to the rules of behavior and the ideology surrounding the family and relations between men and women Before electrical appliances, a middle-class home demanded lots of work; the advent of modern technology in the nineteenth century eliminated some tasks and made others easier. Rising standards of cleanliness meant that technological advances did not translate into a decrease in the housewife s total workload

8 The Victorian Age Rules of behavior and family where the home was idealized as a peaceful and loving refuge A code of morality that England considered universal Men and women belonged in separate spheres ; the home was the sphere of the woman, the business/work world for men Families were considered middle class if they employed at least one full time servant New household technologies were invented to help women keep the house clean, but it really meant more work as standards of cleanliness were raised.

9 The Victorian Age for women Women could sometimes work in businesses if there was a typewriter and telephone those were suitable tasks for women (actually, women were cheaper to hire) Teaching was a good female profession because it was an extension of their motherly duties at home Women who felt unsatisfied at home worked as volunteer social workers or nurses, organized reform movements, worked for women s suffrage Urban industrial women had to earn extra money for the house if needed, as well as taking care of house/children Working class women could support their families by sewing, doing laundry for people, taking in boarders, or doing service/factory work not teaching that was for singles.

10 Separate spheres The most important duty of middle-class women was to raise their children. Women were excluded from jobs that required higher education; teaching was a permissible career, but women teachers were expected to resign when they got married. Some middle-class women were not satisfied with home life and became involved in volunteer work or in the women s suffrage movement. Men in the workplace, the women in the home

11 Queen Victoria r

12 Victorian school children

13 Victorian Children A series of laws were passed, beginning with the Mines Act of 1841, which prohibited sending children under the age of 10 to work in the mines. In 1868 a similar law was enacted to protect children in rural areas who were under the age of eight from being exploited as farm workers. By 1874, it was illegal to employ a child under the age of 10 in a factory. Despite this increased awareness and the enactment of protective laws, by the time of Queen Victoria s death in 1901, many children ages nine and up still worked.

14 Wealthy Children Usually a nanny was hired to care for the children; she lived in the house and often had a greater role in the children s lives than the parents. Had toys to play with, trips to the park with their nanny, and some measure of education Wealthy or poor, children in Victorian times were held in fairly low regard by the culture. They were expected to behave like little adults, and to be self-contained and self-reliant at a very early age.

15 Working-Class Women Working-class women led lives of toil and pain. Many became domestic servants, facing long hours, hard physical labor, and sexual abuse from their masters or their masters sons. Many more young women worked in factories, where they were relegated to poorly paid work in the textiles and clothing trades. Married women were expected to stay home, raise children, do housework, and contribute to the family income.

16 During the late 1800s, women started to wear trousers for industrial work Pit-Brow girl, Wigan, U.K. Would push wagons from the mineshaft to a stock area, stack coal and rake out any stones.

17 Newcastle upon Tyne in North East England In the 19th century, shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution.

18 Women Very few involved in radical politics or unions. Most were not welcome

19 Feminist Beginnings Feminist movements took shape mostly in Europe and North America Believed revolutionary ideas of liberty and equality applied to women also First organized women s rights conference = in Seneca Falls, NY in 1848 Leading feminist and speaker = Elizabeth Cady Stanton

20 Major Goals of the Feminist Movement Access to schools and universities Access to more professions Suffrage (the right to vote) 1893 = New Zealand is the first country to grant all women the right to vote 1920 = 19 th Amendment passed in the U.S. Most countries did not grant female suffrage until after WWI

21 Some Accomplishments of the Movement Increased entrance to universities and increasing women s literacy rates Many U.S. states passed laws to let women control and manage their own property and wages Increased access to professions Medicine opened to a few Teaching Social work (invented by Jane Addams) Nursing (professionalized by Florence Nightingale)

22 Opposition to Feminism What many believed women should keep doing Many viewed feminists as selfish and willing to sacrifice their families and/or the nation in order to pursue individual goals Some argued: the strains of education and life in the world outside the home would cause reproductive damage Result: it would depopulate the nation

23 Urbanization In the latter half of the 19 th c. European, North American and Japanese cities grew tremendously both in terms of population and of size. Mass transportation networks, sewage and water supply systems, gas and electric lighting, police and fire departments, sanitation and garbage removal, building and health inspection, schools, parks, and other amenities. New neighborhoods and cities were built (and older areas often rebuilt) on a rectangular grid pattern with broad boulevards and modern apartment buildings.

24 Urban Environments While urban environments improved in many ways, air quality worsened. Coal used as fuel polluted the air, while the waste of the thousands of horses that pulled carts and carriages lay stinking in the streets until horses were replaced by streetcars and automobiles in the early 20 th century. Urban heat less vegetation to keep it cool. Too much asphalt Central Park, NYC opened in Now 843 acres

26 Urban growth was accompanied by changes in character of life Mass transportation networks Sewage and water supply systems Police and fire dept. Sanitation and garbage removal Building and health inspection Schools and parks Neighborhoods Rectangular grids Industrial, commercial, residential zones

27 Lithograph of Vienna, Austria 1900

28 Cheapside Street London in 1909, with the church of St Mary-le- Bow in the background.

29 Sao Paulo, Brazil 1850

30 Calcutta, India in 1850

31 Tokyo, Japan in 1850

32 Apartments in Cairo, Egypt, 1850s

33 Paris, France in 1850

34 Side note about women voting today As of early 2012, women are not allowed to vote at all in Saudi Arabia and Vatican City, and both women and men have a limited vote in Brunei and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) Bhutan, which changed from a family voting system to an individual voting system in Saudi Arabia has said that women will be able to run for municipal offices and vote in 2015

Jane Addams. The good we seek for ourselves is uncertain until it is secure for all of us

Jane Addams. The good we seek for ourselves is uncertain until it is secure for all of us Jane Addams 1931 The good we seek for ourselves is uncertain until it is secure for all of us Jane Addams spent her life trying to help the poor. She is best known for establishing Hull House. This was