PSYCHOLOGY (8th Edition, in Modules) David Myers. Forgetting, Memory Construction and Applying Memory Principles to Your Own Education.

Transcription

1 PSYCHOLOGY (8th Edition, in Modules) David Myers PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad Henderson State University Worth Publishers, Forgetting, Memory Construction and Applying Memory Principles to Your Own Education Module 28 2 Forgetting, Memory Construction and Forgetting Encoding Failure Storage Decay Retrieval Failure Memory Construction Misinformation and Imagination Effect 3 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 28 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 1

2 Forgetting, Memory Construction and Memory Construction Source Amnesia Discerning True and False Memories Children s Eyewitness Recall Repressed or Constructed Memories of Abuse? Improving Memory 4 Forgetting Inability to retrieve information, due to poor encoding, storage or retrieval. OBJECTIVE 28 1 Explain why we should value our ability to forget, and distinguish three general ways our memory fails us. 5 Encoding Failure We cannot remember what we did not encode. OBJECTIVE 28 2 Discuss the role of encoding failure in forgetting. 6 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 28 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 2

3 Which penny is real? 7 Storage Decay Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay. Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve. OBJECTIVE 28 3 Discuss the concept of storage decay, and describe Ebbinghaus forgetting curve. 8 Retaining Spanish Bahrick (1984) showed a similar pattern of forgetting and retention over 50 years. Andrew Holbrooke/ Corbis 9 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 28 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 3

4 Retrieval Failure Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be accessed. Tip of the tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon. Given a cue (What makes the blood cells red?) the subject says the word begins with an H (hemoglobin). 10 Interference Learning some information may disrupt retrieval of other information. OBJECTIVE 28 4 Contrast proactive and retroactive interference, and explain how they can cause retrieval failure. 11 Retroactive Interference Sleep avoids retroactive interference thus leading to better recall. 12 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 28 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 4

5 Motivated Forgetting OBJECTIVE 28 5 Summarize Freudʹs concept of repression, and state whether this view is Motivated Forgetting: People unknowingly revise their memories. Repression: Defense mechanism that banishes anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. Sigmund Freud 13 Culver Pictures reflected in current memory research. Why do we forget? Forgetting can occur at any memory stage; we filter, alter, or lose much information during these stages. 14 Memory Construction While tapping our memories, we filter or fill in missing pieces of information to make our recall more coherent. Misinformation Effect: Incorporating misleading information into oneʹs memory of an event. 15 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 28 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 5

6 Misinformation and Imagination Effects Eyewitnesses reconstruct memories when questioned about the event. OBJECTIVE 28 6 Explain how misinformation and imagination can distort our memory of an event. Depiction of the actual accident. 16 Misinformation Group A: How fast were the cars going when they hit each other? Group B: How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? 17 Memory Construction A week later they were asked; Was there any broken glass? Group B (smashed into) reported more broken glass than Group A (hit). Broken Glass? (%) Group A (hit) Group B (Smashed into) Verb 18 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 28 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 6

7 Source Amnesia Source Amnesia: Attributing an event to the wrong source we have experienced, heard, read, or imagined (misattribution). OBJECTIVE 28 7 Describe source amnesia s contributions to false memories. 19 Discerning True & False Memories Just like true perception and illusion, real memories or memories that seem real are difficult to discern. OBJECTIVE 28 8 List some differences and similarities between true and false memories. When students formed happy or angry memory of morphed (computer blended) faces (a), they made the (computer assisted) faces (b) either happier or angrier. Simon Niedsenthal 20 False Memories Repressed or Constructed? Some adults do actually forget childhood episodes of abuse. False Memory Syndrome A condition in which a person s identity and relationships center around a false but strongly believed memory of traumatic experience sometimes induced by well meaning therapists. 21 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 28 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 7

8 Children s Eyewitness Recall Children s eyewitness recall can be unreliable if leading questions are posed, however, if cognitive interviews are neutrally worded accuracy of their recall increases usually suggesting lower percentage of sexual abuse. OBJECTIVE 28 9 Give arguments supporting and rejecting the position that very young childrenʹs reports are reliable. 22 Memories of Abuse Are memories of abuse repressed or constructed? Many psychotherapists believe that early childhood sexual abuse results in repressed memories. However other psychologists question such beliefs and think that such memories may be constructed. 23 OBJECTIVE Discuss the controversy over reports of repressed and recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse. Constructed Memories Loftus research has shown that if false memories (lost at the mall, or drowned in a lake) are implanted in individuals, they construct (fabricate) their memories. Don Shrubshell 24 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 28 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 8

9 Consensus on Childhood Abuse Leading psychological associations of the world agree on the following about childhood sexual abuse. 1. Injustice happens 2. Incest and other sexual abuse happens 3. Forgetting happens 4. Recovered memories are commonplace 5. Recovered memories under hypnosis or drugs are unreliable. 6. Memories of things happening before 3 years are unreliable 7. Memories whether real or false are emotionally upsetting 25 Improving Memory 1. Study repeatedly to boost recall long term recall. 2. Spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking about the material. 3. Make material personally meaningful. 4. Use mnemonic devices: associate with peg words something already stored make up story chunk acronyms 26 OBJECTIVE Explain how an understanding of memory can contribute to effective study techniques. Improving Memory 5. Activate retrieval cues mentally recreate situation and mood. 6. Recall events while they are fresh before you encounter misinformation. 7. Minimize interference: 1. Test your own knowledge 2. Rehearse and determine what you do not yet know LWA-Dann Tardiff/ Corbis 27 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 28 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 9