THE SUMMER SCHOOL ON TRANSPORT PLANNING. Tallinn University of Technology June 5-7, 2013

Transcription

1 THE SUMMER SCHOOL ON TRANSPORT PLANNING Tallinn University of Technology June 5-7, 2013

2 Planning the successful public transport Tallinn 6 June 2013 Slide 2 of 49

3 About us Wuppertal 350,000 inhabitants Rhine-Ruhr region 7,000 sqkm (15% of Estonia) 10 mio inhabitants Cities in a 50 km radius: Cologne, Düsseldorf, Dortmund, Essen Source: maps.google.de, Slide 3 of 49

4 About us University of Wuppertal, Department of Civil Engineering Centre of Traffic and Transport Institute for Freight Transport Planning and Logistics Institute for Urban Studies and Sustainable Infrastructure Planning Institute for Road Traffic Planning and Engineering Institute for Pavement Construction and Pavement Design Institute for Public Transport and Rail Construction Slide 4 of 49

5 Why is public transport needed? More mobility for everyone! For the environment! Slide 5 of 49

6 Why is public transport needed? For a livable and viable city! Slide 6 of 49

7 Why is public transport needed? For a livable and viable city! Slide 7 of 49

8 Why is public transport needed? For a livable and viable city! Cars need much street space and parking space Public transport is efficient For transporting 50 people we have a choice: - 1 bus or 40 cars - 15m bus or a car line of 200 m (while standing) - 15m bus or a car line of 800 m (while driving) Slide 8 of 49

9 Why is public transport needed? For a livable and viable city! How many people can we bring from A to B in one hour? One lane, 1.3 persons per car, headway 6 seconds One lane, 80 persons per bus, headway 60 seconds 800 persons 4,800 persons 6 times more capacity, but 10 times less traffic! Slide 9 of 49

10 Why is public transport needed? For a livable and viable city! International comparison of car ownership in the year 2008: Estonia 412 Germany 502 Iceland 661 Luxembourg 673 Estonia 2003: 321 Estonia 2008: 412 Estonia 2030: 500? ? ? Source: Slide 10 of 49

11 Why is public transport needed? Agenda What are the key factors of successful public transport? What passengers say What German guidelines say What science says Overview of the most important activity fields Planning the successful public transport Transport on demand Slide 11 of 49

12 What are the key factors of successful public transport? What passengers say headway (intervals) Survey of passengers in Munich: What is important for your choice of transportation? Source: Anwenderleitfaden Optimierung von Busverkehren, IGV 2002 Slide 12 of 49

13 Excursus: German traffic planning guidelines The German guidelines are written by traffic experts in the FGSV (Research Association for Roads and Traffic) Recommendations for the planning and operation of public transport Summary of other guidelines Includes requirements for service levels in public transport Slide 13 of 49

14 What are the key factors of successful public transport? What German guidelines say The German recommendations give advice about: - distance to stops - intervals - journey time - travel speed - punctuality - connecting times (when changing the bus line) - space availability in vehicles Slide 14 of 49

15 What are the key factors of successful public transport? What science says This research considers the public transport of 24 cities in 9 countries (Western Europe, North America and Australia; all cities with light rail systems). The analysis investigates the reasons for the differences in success, including operational characteristics, demographic and social context, and the transport policies in place. Slide 15 of 49

16 What are the key factors of successful public transport? What science says Idea: A ranking by success (passengers per population, growth in public transport use). Then 11 influences were examined, using correlation and multivariate regression methods: Average light rail speed Population density in light rail corridors (many people with short distance to stops) Monthly fare relative to country s GDP/capita Percentage of new light rail vehicles Peak intervals Park and ride spaces per track-km Pedestrian street length per city population (taken as a measure of traffic restraint) Percentage of passengers using travel cards (monthly tickets) Light rail network density (track-km per population) Number of public parking spaces in the city centre Other suburban rail provision Four strong success factors were found that have a statistically significant effect on success. Slide 16 of 49

17 What are the key factors of successful public transport? What science says Idea: A ranking by success (passengers per population, growth in public transport use). Then 11 influences were examined, using correlation and multivariate regression methods: Average light rail speed Population density in light rail corridors (many people with short distance to stops) Monthly fare relative to country s GDP/capita Percentage of new light rail vehicles Peak intervals Park and ride spaces per track-km Pedestrian street length per city population (taken as a measure of traffic restraint) Percentage of passengers using travel cards (monthly tickets) Light rail network density (track-km per population) Number of public parking spaces in the city centre Other suburban rail provision Four strong success factors were found that have a statistically significant effect on success. Slide 17 of 49

18 Conclusion: The most important activity fields Operating Marketing City planning journey time use of travel cards journey time punctuality monthly fare parking space distance to stops information traffic restraint, pedestrian-friendly planning intervals / quantity of service direct connections / interchanges Slide 18 of 49

19 Why is public transport needed? Agenda What are the key factors of successful public transport? What passengers say What German guidelines say What science says Overview of the most important activity fields Some ideas for the most important activity fields Transport on demand Slide 19 of 49

20 Excursus: The level-of-service concept German guidelines use a unified concept to evaluate transport planning every measure is sorted into one of the categories A - F in planning public transport the levels of service mean: A B C D E F good bad very good journey time, convenience and punctuality good journey time, convenience and punctuality satisfying journey time, convenience and punctuality poor journey time, convenience and punctuality bad journey time, convenience and punctuality very bad journey time, convenience and punctuality Source: Empfehlungen für Planung und Betrieb des ÖPNV, FGSV 2010 ; own illustration Slide 20 of 49

21 Operating: Travel time good level-of-service travel-time-relative (t publ.trans. /t car ) A < 1.0 B 1.0 to < 1.5 C 1.5 to < 2.1 D 2.1 to < 2.8 E 2.8 to < 3.8 F > 3.8 level-of-service travel-speed [km/h] A 24 B 22 C 19 D 15 E 10 F < 10 Source: Empfehlungen für Planung und Betrieb des ÖPNV, FGSV 2010 ; own illustration Travel-time-relative is expected to be under 1.5 (public transport up to 50% slower than car) Travel-speed is expected to be faster than 22 km/h Slide 21 of 49

22 Operating: Punctuality level-of-service delay [min] good A < 0 B 0 5 C 5 10 D E F > 20 Source: Empfehlungen für Planung und Betrieb des ÖPNV, FGSV 2010 ; own illustration Buses should have less delay than 5 minutes. Slide 22 of 49

23 Excursus: speed-up measures The chance of speed-up measures: more satisfaction for passengers and less vehicle use/fewer costs for the traffic company Time loss of bus traffic in Wuppertal: 53% at traffic lights, 40% at bus stops, 7% other (W. only as example; smaller cities tend to have bigger shares of time loss at bus stops) traffic regulation right-of-way regulations parking and stopping restrictions speed limits [negative effect] construction works bus lanes, bus bulbs operating measures timetable (avoid pile-ups of buses) ticket distribution controlled front boarding [negative effect] vehicle construction (room layout) signalling measures bus prioritisation at traffic lights Slide 23 of 49

24 Operating: Distance to stops municipality size distance to stops [m] bus/light rail train OZ (> ) MZ (> ) UZ (> 5.000) ,000 G (< 5.000) ,200 Source: Empfehlungen für Planung und Betrieb des ÖPNV, FGSV 2010; own illustration In a city like Tallinn ( Oberzentrum ) the distance to the nearest bus stop should not be more than 300 metres (maximum 500 m). Slide 24 of 49

25 Operating Intervals municipality size intervals [min] city outskirts rural area OZ MZ UZ G Source: Empfehlungen für Planung und Betrieb des ÖPNV, FGSV 2010; own illustration In Estonia, cities usually do not have a regular timetable today. Slide 25 of 49

26 Slide 26 of 49

27 Slide 27 of 49 Dr.-Ing. Volker Albrecht B.Sc. Florian Fiedler

28 Operating: Interchanging Especially for smaller cities (30,000 50,000 population) there are concepts for city buses providing well-planned and comfortable changing. There is one interchange stop in the city centre where the buses coming from all town districts meet at least once every hour. Source: This does not only provide quick access to the city centre, but also an optimal connection among all districts. Slide 28 of 49

29 Slide 29 of 49 Dr.-Ing. Volker Albrecht

30 Marketing: Travel cards The research showed that travelcards (weekly, monthly or annual) are a very important key for successful public transport. The main reason for this success may be the flatrate-feeling you get from this ticket you can use public transport as often as you want without any extra costs! To get over purchase barriers a lot of promotion and other measures are possible : Source: offering temporary promotional discounts ( introductory tickets ) to attract new costumers different offers for different target-groups attractive design for travelcards additional passengers for free at certain times Slide 30 of 49

31 Marketing: Fares The most extreme form of a cheap monthly fare was launched in Tallinn this year: free-of-charge public transport. Another very cheap monthly fare is offered by the student ticket in Wuppertal (and in many other cities in the Rhine-Ruhr area). 145 / semester 24 / month Valid in whole North Rhine-Westphalia for all buses, trams and regional trains. The ticket is obligatory for all university students and inseparably linked to the fees for studying. This may have an educational effect: When young people are pushed to use buses today, they will also use them later. Slide 31 of 49

32 Marketing: Fares Some thoughts about free-of-charge public transport: A problem can be seen in the fact that the number of passengers has no impact on the transport operator s revenue. The opposite is true: the more passengers, the higher the costs. Strategic concepts on the quality of PT services are necessary. A free use based on an obligatory contribution (like the concept of the student ticket) is maybe better than a completely free-of-charge public transport service. Someone who contributes a fee is much more likely to take advantage of his right to use public transport. But both forms of free use will lead to public discussions! Why not free-of-charge electricity, water, culture, sport facilities? Slide 32 of 49

33 Marketing: Passenger information Digital displays at important stops: A measure that makes the offer clearly visible. Especially helpful when otherwise you have to check a high number of timetable sheets at the bus stop. If it is fed with real-time data, waiting is more comfortable. Even in case of delay, you feel better when you are informed about it. But: Be careful in your choice of the producer and the technical support. Timetable on mobile phone: Get the next bus departures by entering the name of your bus stop. But: Not a suitable solution for everyone. Timetable booklet for districts pocket size contains the timetables of the district s relevant bus lines to be distributed to all the households in a district. Two in one: information and promotion Slide 33 of 49

34 City planning: Parking space Cars are a burden for the cities: - Cars consume lots of square-kilometres for parking, particularly in the city centre! - In German cities up to 40 % of traffic is cars looking for parking space! Shopkeepers often think Car parks bring customers Maybe - but public transport can bring much more customers and keep the town picture attractive. Interesting general question concerning parking space: What if the way to the bus stop is nearer than the way to the car park? Slide 34 of 49

35 City planning: Parking space A park and ride system has positive effects: transfers passengers from car to bus/light rail reduces parking pressure in city centre saves the city centre from being one large parking site Example: Cologne You can inform car drivers about estimated travel time into the city centre by car estimated travel time by bus/tram parking space currently availabe departure of the next bus/tram But P+R is no general solution: The city is in charge of building and maintenance of large P+R sites without revenue. high consumption of space in the outskirts P+R favors car dependency Slide 35 of 49

36 City planning: Pedestrian-friendly planning Tartu: The city centre with two shopping centres, the bus station, the central stop of the local bus lines and probably the highest pedestrian density is located around a large street crossing with probably the highest traffic volume of the whole city. Pedestrians are pushed to the edge of the road, the situation is confusing and complex for passengers. It is not an atmosphere for high rates of pedestrians and bus users In contrast, have a look at the central stop in Strasbourg (Homme de Fer) here public transport and pedestrians literally form the centre point. media.treehugger.com, Slide 36 of 49

37 City planning: pedestrian-friendly planning Give city space back to the people! Paris: Motorway along the river Seine The motorway on Sundays The motorway in summertime Source: Slide 37 of 49

38 City planning: pedestrian-friendly planning Source: Volker Albrecht, 2011 Source: unknown (shared in Facebook) Slide 38 of 49

39 City planning: pedestrian-friendly planning Give city space back to the people! Still-Leben A40 : On a summer day in 2010 the most frequented motorway of the Ruhr Area was closed to cars and opened to pedestrians, cyclists, sports, cooking and culture. And of course public transport brought people there. Source: de.wikipedia.org/wiki/still-leben_ruhrschnellweg, Source: Slide 39 of 49

40 Conclusion: The most important activity fields Operating Marketing City planning journey time use of travel cards journey time punctuality monthly fare parking space distance to stops information traffic restraint, pedestrian-friendly planning intervals / quantity of service direct connections / interchanges Slide 40 of 49

41 You ll find a lot of wisdom in Jänku Juss Youtube: Jänku-Juss unistab lahedamast linnast Slide 41 of 49

42 Transport on Demand Slide 42 of 49

43 Differentiated Services Public transport has a broad range of products. There is more than the conventional citybus. Choose the right tool! Some examples: Night bus (longer ways/longer journey times, aggregation of daytime buslines) Disco bus (serving clubs and other leisure facilities, funding in cooperation with leisure companies) District bus (usually operated with a midibus; lots of stops in a residential area; connecting this area to the nearest stop of a superior bus/light rail line) Citizen s bus (operation by volunteer drivers: driven by citizens for citizens, mostly used within small towns or isolated districts of the city) Transport on demand: Call bus, Shared taxi (for times or areas of low demand) Slide 43 of 49

44 Transport on Demand For times and areas of low demand it is a chance to provide an economic public transport. Most simple form: Call bus The most common form in our area (Rhine-Ruhr Area/Germany) Anrufsammeltaxi [AST] (shared taxi). Passengers and city/transport company share the costs for a taxi. Temporal determination, spatial determination and prior request help to bundle the demand and to limit the costs. Slide 44 of 49

45 Characteristics of Anrufsammeltaxi (Shared Taxi) Boarding Getting off Route Timetable Vehicle Operator Fare signposted stop everywhere in a defined area in a defined corridor/area according to a timetable if requested (30 min in advance) minibus/van or taxi subcontractor (taxi operator) normal fare plus surcharge Slide 45 of 49

46 Example of Anrufsammeltaxi (Shared Taxi) operation in Wuppertal boarding getting off Slide 46 of 49

47 Characteristical figures (for Anrufsammeltaxi/shared taxi) headway 60 min operating distance 4 11 km passengers/service day demand rate 3 36 % passengers/journey costs per passenger 7 11 (costs for a taxi) revenue per passenger (ticket sales) subsidy per passenger 4 8 cost recovery % Slide 47 of 49

48 Some general thoughts on Transport on Demand Chances + we can offer a dense timetable and lots of operating hours to the passengers + AST: wider areas can be served (not only linear routes) + a reduction of running costs in comparison with a regular bus service is possible (for routes with <6 passengers/hour or <80 passengers/day) + suitable for occasional demand (shopping, seeing a doctor, leisure activities) Doubts - prior request and surcharge are not comfortable for the passengers - not suitable for regular connections (commuting) - for environment and resources ToD is not better than the own car - antagonism in marketing: Fewer passengers mean fewer costs. Therefore information and marketing may be neglected. - seems to be more successful in rural areas (where it is not a minor matter but a centerpiece of public transport) Slide 48 of 49

49 Conclusion: With due regard to the doubts, Transport on Demand can improve mobility. Extension of public transport to areas and times with low demand. Some challenges: a taxi operator for cooperation must be found implementation of a dispatching office/call centre (maybe the taxi operator can take care for this) billing between passenger/taxi operator/traffic company/city solution for the marketing antagonism should be found information must be provided not only at the stops, but particularly to the households Slide 49 of 49

50 Conclusion: Important activity fields for planning the successful public transport Operating Marketing City planning journey time use of travel cards journey time punctuality monthly fare parking space distance to stops information traffic restraint, pedestrian-friendly planning intervals / quantity of service direct connections / interchanges transport on demand transport on demand Thanks for your attention! Slide 50 of 49