soap operas. a lot in November. watch soap operas? rain a lot in November?

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1 Prehľad gramatiky 1 Prítomný čas jednoduchý a prítomný čas priebehový (strany 8-9) Prítomný čas jednoduchý Prítomný čas jednoduchý používame keď hovoríme o: činnostiach, ktoré sa pravidelne opakujú (zvyky, obyčaje). He watches soap operas. / (Pravidelne) Sleduje seriály. I study at a Teacher Training College. / Študujem pedagogickú školu. a stavoch. We have no money but we re happy. / Nemáme žiadne peniaze, ale sme šťastní. I live in Budapest. / Žijem v Budapešti. V oznamovacích vetách má tretia osoba jednotného čísla koncovku s alebo es (u slovies končiacich na y je to ies: I carry; He carries). Pri zápore a otázke používame pomocné sloveso does alebo do. I You We They He She It Do Does watch don t watch watches doesn t watch rains doesn t rain I you we they he she it soap operas. a lot in November. watch soap operas? rain a lot in November? Príslovky času používané s prítomným časom jednoduchým: always, usually, regularly, every morning, often, sometimes, occasionally, from time to time, twice a week, rarely, seldom, once a month, never. Prítomný čas priebehový Prítomný čas priebehový používame, keď hovoríme o: dejoch prebiehajúcich práve teraz, v prítomnom okamžiku keď hovoríme. Brian is sitting on his sofa and telling me about his perfect day. / Brian sedí na svojej pohovke a rozpráva mi o jeho perfektnom dni. (práve teraz, v tomto okamžiku)

2 Mum can t come to the phone because she s having a shower. / Mamka nemôže prísť k telefónu, pretože sa práve sprchuje. (práve teraz, v tomto okamžiku) pravidelne sa opakujúcich dejoch, ale iba limitované časové obdobie (dočasné zvyky/obyčaje). They re showing some good films at the moment. / Práve dávajú pár dobrých filmov. (v prítomnosti, ale nie nutne práve v dobe, keď sa o tom hovorí - teraz) We re training every day this week to prepare for our next match. / Každý deň v tomto týždni trénujeme na náš budúci zápas. I He She It You We They m/am m/am not s/is s not/isn t re/are re not/aren t sitting working. walking. on the sofa. to school this week. Am I sitting on the sofa? Is he she working? it Are you we they walking to school this week? Príslovky času používané s prítomným časom priebehovým: just, now, at the moment, at present. 2 Predprítomný čas (1) (strany 12-13) Predprítomný čas používame, keď hovoríme o udalostiach, ktoré sa stali v minulosti, a ich dôsledky pretrvávajú dodnes. The parrot has escaped. / Papagáj uletel. (dvere sú otvorené a klietka je prázdna) Dad hasn t fed the monkeys. / Otec nenakŕmil opice. (opice sú hladné) He hasn t cut his hair. / Neostrihal si vlasy. (má ešte stále dlhé vlasy) I You We They He She It have haven t fed the monkeys. has hasn t drunk all the water.

3 Has Have he she it I you we they escaped? eaten lunch? 3 Minulý čas jednoduchý a minulý čas priebehový (strany 20-21) Minulý čas jednoduchý Minulý čas jednoduchý používame, keď hovoríme o udalostiach a dejoch, ktoré už skončili (situácie alebo zvyky v minulosti). She climbed the stairs and went to her room. / Vyšla po schodoch a vošla do svojej izby. He always phoned on Fridays. / Telefonoval vždycky v piatok. Minulý čas jednoduchý tvoríme pridaním koncovky ed k infinitívu slovesa (keď sloveso končí na y, mení sa tvar na ied: I carried), alebo pri nepravidelných slovesách použijeme ich príslušný minulý čas. Otázky a zápor tvoríme v minulom čase jednoduchým infinitívom slovesa a pomocným slovesom do v minulom čase: did a didn t. Did you see the match last night? / Videl si včera večer zápas? We didn t like the play. It was too slow. / Hra sa nám nepáčila. Bola príliš pomalá. Minulý čas priebehový Minulý čas priebehový používame, keď hovoríme o: deji, ktorý prebiehal v určitej dobe v minulosti. He was watching TV all evening. / Celý večer sa pozeral na televíziu. I was trying to change the tyre on the car. / Pokúšal som sa vymeniť pneumatiku na aute. dejoch, ktoré tvoria rámec pre iný dej. It was raining during the whole match. / Počas celého zápasu pršalo. She was waiting for her boyfriend when we met for the first time. / Keď sme sa stretli prvý krát, čakala na svojho priateľa. V prípade, že sa v jednej vete objaví minulý čas jednoduchý i minulý čas priebehový, popisuje minulý čas priebehový rámec deja, zatiaľ čo minulý čas jednoduchý vyjadruje dej samotný. We were driving along a country lane when, suddenly, a car drove past us. / Šli sme po dedinskej ceste, keď v tom naraz okolo nás prešlo auto. Minulý čas priebehový tvoríme následovným spôsobom:

4 podmet + was/were + sloveso s koncovkou ing. The driver was sitting behind the wheel. / Vodič sedel za volantom. Was the driver sitting behind the wheel? / Sedel vodič za volantom? The driver wasn t sitting behind the wheel. / Vodič nesedel za volantom. 4 Predprítomný čas (2) a minulý čas jednoduchý (strany 24-25) Predprítomný čas používame, keď hovoríme o: dejoch, ktoré prebiehajú v minulosti a ich výsledok sa prejavuje v prítomnosti. Tottenham won their last match and they have now moved to the top of the league. / Klub Tottenham vyhral svoj posledný zápas a teraz sa posunul na vrchol ligy. dejoch, ktoré sa stali v minulosti, ale nevieme alebo nás nezaujíma kedy presne sa stali. We ve played each other before. / Už sme spolu hrali. (nezáleží na tom, kedy presne spolu hrali) She has already tidied her room. / Už si upratala svoju izbu. (upratala si ju niekedy v minulosti, ale nevieme alebo nás nezaujíma kedy) Príslovky času používané s predprítomným časom jednoduchým: before, ever, never, already a yet (already v oznamovacích vetách a yet v otázkach a záporných vetách). I haven t written a letter in English before. / Ešte nikdy som nenapísal list v angličtine. Have you ever been abroad? / Už si niekedy bol v zahraničí? We ve never met him. / Nikdy sme ho nestretli. I ve already had lunch. / Už som obedoval. Have you had lunch yet? / Už si obedoval? I haven t had lunch yet. / Ešte som neobedoval. Porovnajte vety: Venus and Serena have played each other before. / Venus a Serena už spolu hrali. (Dôležité je, že v minulosti už spolu hrali, ale nie je podstatné, kedy to bolo Predprítomný čas.) Venus and Serena playd each other in June / Venus a Serena spolu hrali v júni (Vieme, kedy sa to presne stalo Minulý čas jednoduchý.) 5 have to / not have to, can / can t (strany 36-37) Have to používame, keď chceme vyjadriť povinnosť. I have to visit the dentist regularly. / Musím pravidelne navštevovať zubného doktora. You have to pass your test before you can drive. / (Najskôr) Musíš urobiť test v autoškole, aby si mohol šoférovať. Don t have to používame, keď chceme vyjadriť chýbanie povinnosti. They don t have to wear uniforms at that school. / V tejto škole nemusia nosiť uniformy. You don t have to take me to the station. My brother s giving me a lift. / Nemusíš po mňa prísť na stanicu. Zvezie ma môj brat. Can používame keď žiadame o alebo dávame povolenie, alebo ním vyjadrujeme, že niečo je možné.

5 You can go to the cinema after you have finished your homework. / Keď si urobíš úlohy môžeš ísť do kina. (povolenie) You can buy CDs at the market. / Na trhu si môžeš kúpiť cédéčka. (je to možné) Can t používame na vyjadrenie zákazu alebo na vyjadrenie toho, že niečo nie je možné. You can t go out tonight. / Dnes večer nemôžeš ísť von. (zákaz) You can t make bread without flour. / Chlieb sa nedá urobiť bez múky. (nie je to možné) Po modálnych slovesách can a can t používame infinitív bez to. 6 Trpný rod (strany 40-41) Trpný rod používame v tom prípade, keď nevieme alebo keď nie je potrebné určiť, kto je pôvodcom deja; v tomto prípade je to dej samotný, ktorý má väčší význam než to, kto je jeho pôvodcom. My watch was stolen. / Ukradli mi hodinky. Prítomný čas jednoduchý: am/is/are + príčastie trpné: Fruit is grown in the south of the country. / Ovocie sa pestuje na juhu zeme. Zmena viet do trpného rodu: They make fresh bread every morning. / Každé ráno pečú čerstvý chlieb. Fresh bread is made every morning. / Čerstvý chlieb sa pečie každé ráno. 7 Some/any/no; a lot of/many, much; there is/there are (strany 46-47) V angličtine existujú podstatné mená počítateľné (a dog, a table) i nepočítateľné (money, water). Počítateľné podstatné mená majú jednotné i množné číslo (dog dogs). Nepočítateľné majú iba jednotné číslo (sugar, water). Slová ako some, any, no, a lot of sa nazývajú kvantifikátory. Some, any, no, a lot of používame pred počítateľnými a nepočítateľnými podstatnými menami. Za normálnych okolností používame some v oznamovacích vetách a any v záporných vetách. I need some new shoes. / Potrebujem (nejaké) nové topánky. I don t have any money. / Nemám žiadne peniaze. Much a little používame pred nepočítateľnými podstatnými menami. We haven t bought much sugar. / Nekúpili sme dosť cukru. There is a little cake left. / Zostalo trochu koláča. Many a few používame pred počítateľnými podstatnými menami v množnom čísle. There aren t many quiet places nowadays. / Dnes už nie je veľa tichých miest. I invited a few friends to my birthday party. / Pozval som pár priateľov na svoj narodeninový večierok.

6 A lot of používame pred podstatnými menami v množnom čísle a pred nepočítateľnými podstatnými menami. A lot of people came to her party. / Na jej večierok prišlo veľa ľudí. We ve got a lot of homework tonight. / Dnes máme veľa domácich úloh. Much a many používame hlavne v záporných vetách. Not many people came to her party. / Na jej večierok neprišlo veľa ľudí. We haven t got much homework tonight. / Dnes nemáme veľa domácich úloh. There is/there are používame, keď potrebujeme vyjadriť, že niečo niekde je. There are twenty students in our class. / V našej triede je 20 žiakov. 8 All/none, both/neither (strany 50-51) Slová ako all, none, both, neither sa nazývajú determinátory. All (of) používame pred podstatnými menami v množnom čísle a pred nepočítateľnými podstatnými menami keď hovoríme o každom jednom z ľudí alebo vecí, alebo keď hovoríme o úplnom množstve. All (of) the players are fit. / Každý z hráčov je fit. She ate all (of) her rice. / Zjedla všetku ryžu. None of používame pred podstatnými menami v množnom čísle a člen the + podstatné meno v množnom čísle. Sloveso nikdy nie je v zápornom tvare. None of the people was aware of danger. / Žiadny z ľudí nevedel o nebezpečenstve. None of the students failed the test. / Žiadny zo študentov neprepadol na teste. Both (of) a neither (of) používame v tom prípade, keď hovoríme o dvoch ľuďoch alebo veciach. Both cars were very fast. / Obidve autá boli veľmi rýchle. Neither of them can swim. / Žiadny z nich (dvoch) nevie plávať. 9 Another, other, the other, the second (strana 51) Slová another, other, the other, the second sa nazývajú determinátory. Another používame pred jednotným číslom počítateľných podstatných mien a znamenajú ešte jeden alebo iný. I don t like this pen. I m going to buy another one. / Toto pero sa mi nepáči, kúpim si iné. Other používame pred podstatnými menami v množnom čísle, keď hovoríme o iných. There are other routes to school but this is the nicest one. / Existujú aj iné cesty do školy, ale táto je najkrajšia. The other používame pred počítateľnými podstatnými menami v jednotnom a množnom čísle. Prekladá sa ako nie tento alebo ostatní : This shoe is very dirty but the other one is quite clean. / Táto topánka je veľmi špinavá, ale tá druhá (tá čo zostala) je čistejšia. The goal keeper was terrible but the other players defended well. / Brankár bol hrozný, ale ostatní hráči bránili dobre. Všimnite si rozdiel medzi the second a the other; the other používame v tom prípade, keď sa jedná o dve veci alebo osoby a the second keď hovoríme o ľuďoch a veciach v poradí a je ich viac ako dve.

7 The first song was good, the second was OK, but the third was terrible. / Prvá pieseň bola vynikajúca, tá druhá bola dobrá, ale tá tretia bola hrozná. 10 Predpoveď (strany 60-61) Will + infinitív bez to používame v tom prípade, keď je naša predpoveď založená na intuícii, poznatku alebo skúsenosti. I think we will be able to have holidays on the moon in twenty years time. / Myslím, že za dvadsať rokov budeme chodiť na prázdniny na Mesiac. May/might + infinitív bez to používame v tom prípade, ak si nie sme istí, či sa konkrétna vec stane alebo nie. I may go out tonight, if I m not too tired. / Ak dnes večer nebudem veľmi unavený, pôjdem von. Be going to + infinitív používame v tom prípade, ak je naše predpoveď založená už na faktoch alebo dôkazoch, ktoré sú zrejmé. Look at those clouds. It s going to rain. / Pozri sa na tie mraky. Bude pršať. 11 Prvý kondicionál (podmienkové súvetie prítomné skutočné) (strany 64 65) if + prítomný čas jednoduchý, will + infinitív: Podmienkové súvetie prítomné skutočné používame, keď je dej hlavnej vety závislý na splnení určitej podmienky (vo vete vedľajšej). If you go to the Science Museum, you will see a lot of interesting exhibitions. / Ak pôjdeš do vedeckého múzea, uvidíš veľa zaujímavých expozícií. 12 Druhý kondicionál (podmienkové súvetie prítomné neskutočné) (strana 65) if + minulý čas jednoduchý, would + infinitív: Tento kondicionál používame ak chceme vyjadriť, že dej hlavnej vety je imaginárny (jeho uskutočnenie nie je pravdepodobné). If I had the money, I d go somewhere sunny and warm for a few weeks. / Ak by som mal peniaze, šiel by som na pár týždňov niekam, kde je slnko a teplo. Druhý kondicionál sa používa tiež v tom prípade, ak hovoríme o nereálnych (prítomných) situáciách: If I had more time, I wouldn t eat fast food. / Keby som mal viac času, nejedol by som fast food.(v stánku, v bufete) 13 Predprítomný čas (3) (strany 74 75) Predprítomný čas používame, ak hovoríme o veciach, ktoré začali v minulosti a pokračujú až do prítomnosti. The weather has been great since Sunday. / Od nedele máme nádherné počasie. (Ešte stále je krásne.)

8 I ve had this library book for two weeks. / Túto knihu z knižnice mám už dva týždne. (Ešte stále ju mám.) I ve always liked hot weather. / Vždy som mal rád teplé počasie. (Ešte stále ho mám rád.) Príslovky času používané s predprítomným časom: all my life, since a for. Since vyjadruje bod v čase, kedy sa dej začal. I ve lived in this house since / V tomto dome žijem od roku For označuje dobu, po ktorú dej trval: I ve lived in this house for twenty years. / V tomto dome žijem dvadsať rokov. 14 Stupňovanie prídavných mien (strany 78-79) Veci a osoby porovnávame pomocou 2. stupňa prídavných mien: bigger, higher, more intelligent, more enjoyable. Na vyjadrenie, že osoba alebo vec v skupine je jedinečná, používame 3. stupeň prídavných mien: the biggest, the highest, the most intelligent, the most enjoyable. Druhý a tretí stupeň prídavných mien tvoríme: k jednoslabičným a dvojslabičným prídavným menám pridávame prípony er (druhý stupeň), -est (tretí stupeň); prídavné mená končiace na y majú koncovky ier a iest: nice nicer the nicest big bigger the biggest pretty prettier the prettiest dirty dirtier the dirtiest iné dvojslabičné a dlhšie prídavné mená: tired more tired the most tired beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Pravidlá hláskovania V jednoslabičnom prídavnom mene s krátkou samohláskou, po ktorej následuje jedna spoluhláska, sa konečná spoluhláska zdvojí: bg bigger biggest hot hotter the hottest mad madder the maddest V prípade prídavných mien končiacich na y sa y mení na ier a iest: easy easier easiest dirty dirtier dirtiest Nepravidelné prídavné mená: good better best bad worse worst far further/farther furthest/farthest little less least 15 Vyjadrovanie budúcich plánov a zámerov (strany 88-89)

9 Používame: be going to vyjadruje zámer niečo urobiť. I m going to study medicine after school. / Po škole sa chystám študovať na lekárskej fakulte. Prítomný čas priebehový keď hovoríme o budúcich udalostiach, ktoré sme už zaistili alebo pripravili. I m getting married in June. / V júni sa budem vydávať. My cousin from Australia is coming next week. / Budúci týždeň príde môj bratranec z Austrálie. Prítomný čas jednoduchý keď hovoríme o oficiálnych udalostiach alebo časových rozvrhoch, ktoré nemôžeme zmeniť. The summer term begins on the 15 th of February. / Druhý polrok začína 15. februára. The train arrives at 6-p.m./ Vlak prichádza o šiestej večer. 16 Náhle rozhodnutia; vedľajšie vety časové s odkazom na budúcnosť (strany 92-93) V prípade, že sa náhle rozhodneme (teraz), že niečo urobíme, použijeme will ( ll) + infinitív bez to. Don t wash up. I ll do it. / Neumývaj riad. Ja to urobím. I think I ll go for a walk. I have a headache. / Myslím, že pôjdem na prechádzku. Bolí ma hlava. Prítomný čas jednoduchý (! nie will) používame po when, as soon as, after, before. I ll go and pick them up as soon as the class ends. / Pôjdem a vyzdvihnem ich hneď po skončení vyučovania. When you finish tidying up your room, we ll have a cup of tea. / Potom, ako si upraceš svoju izbu, si dáme šálok čaju. 17 Predložky času, miesta a pohybu (strany 98-99) Time after lunch, at 10 o clock, at midnight, at lunchtime, at night, at the moment, before Christmas, during the break, in 1999, in April, in the morning, on Sunday, on 1 st April Place above the lake/below the clouds, at home, at the bank, at the seaside, behind the tree, between the bank and the park, in Baker Street, in the box, in the picture, on the table, on the bus, on the first floor, Čas po obede o desiatej, o polnoci, na obed, v noci, práve teraz, pred Vianocami, cez prestávku, v roku 1999, v apríli, ráno, v nedeľu, 1. apríla Miesto nad jazerom/pod mrakmi doma, v banke, na pobreží, za stromom, medzi bankou a parkom, na Baker Street, v krabici, na obrázku, na stole, v autobuse, na prvom poschodí,

10 under the bridge/over the table Movement across the park, along the river, into the building, to/from Warsaw pod mostom/nad stolom Pohyb cez park, pozdĺž rieky, do budovy, do/z Varšavy 18 Vedľajšie vety vzťažné (strany ) Vedľajšie vety vzťažné používame, ak chceme priblížiť (alebo identifikovať) osobu alebo vec, o ktorej hovoríme. students who go to this school / študenti, ktorí navštevujú túto školu sports which are dangerous / športy, ktoré sú nebezpečné people (who/that) I know / ľudia, ktorých poznám something (that) you can easily change / niečo, čo môžeš ľahko zmeniť Bez vedľajších viet vzťažných by sme nevedeli kto, ktorý atď. Vo vedľajších vetách vzťažných používame vzťažné zámena who (a niekedy that), keď hovoríme o ľuďoch: I don t like people who throw litter. / Nemám rád ľudí, ktorí nevyhadzujú odpadky do koša. that, keď hovoríme o zvieratách: There s the cat that scratched me./to je tá mačka, ktorá ma poškrabala. which (a that), keď hovoríme o veciach, miestach atď. The park that is in the centre of town has beautiful, big trees. / V parku, ktorý je v centre, sú nádherné veľké stromy. where, keď hovoríme o umiestnení a miestach: The café where we met has closed down. / Kaviareň, kde sme sa stretli, bola zatvorená. whose, keď hovoríme o vlastníctve: I met Josehp whose mother teaches at our school. / Stretol som Jozefa, ktorého matka učí na našej škole. Je možné vynechať which, that alebo who vo vedľajších vetách vzťažných, ak tieto vzťažné zámená nie sú predmetom vedľajších viet vzťažných, t. j. ak za nimi nestojí sloveso. We ll have our picnic in the place (which/that) most of us like best. / Urobíme si piknik na mieste, ktoré máme najradšej. (Predmetom je v tejto vete we (my), nie which (ktoré)). The girl (who) you met is Peter s sister. / Dievča, ktoré si stretol, je Petrova sestra. (Predmet je you (ty), nie who (ktoré)). Jazykové problémy 1 (strana 32) a/an

11 Neurčitý člen a/an používame, ak nie je dôležité, o ktorej konkrétnej osobe alebo veci hovoríme; ak hovoríme o osobe/veci ako o príklade skupiny/kategórie; alebo keď sa zmienime o osobe/veci prvý krát. The teacher is talking to a student from my class. / Učiteľ hovorí so študentom z našej triedy. We bought a new car. / Kúpili sme (nejaké) nové auto. (jedno z veľa áut, nie je dôležité ktoré presne) I saw a girl walking down the street. / Videl som dievča, ktoré išlo po ulici. Člen a používame, ak ďalšie slovo začína spoluhláskou a člen an v tom prípade, ak ďalšie slovo začína samohláskou alebo jej zvukovou podobou. I went to see a film last night. / Včera večer som išel do kina. I went to an exhibition yesterday. / Včera som bol na výstave. My uncle is an honest man. / Môj strýko je čestný muž. the Určitý člen the používame v tom prípade, ak osoba s ktorou hovoríme vie presne o kom alebo o čom hovoríme a môže ľahko túto osobu alebo vec identifikovať; určitý člen používame tiež v tom prípade, keď hovoríme o veciach, ktoré sú jedinečné. The car is dirty. / To auto je špinavé. (ten kto to hovorí si je istý, že tá druhá osoba vie určite, o ktoré auto sa jedná.) What s the capital of Turkey? / Ktoré je hlavné mesto Turecka? (V Turecku je iba jediné hlavné mesto.) Výrazy s členmi alebo bez nich. V anglickom jazyku je mnoho výrazov, kde je problematické vysvetliť použitie členov, takže je nutné naučiť sa naspamäť následujúce spojenia: žiadny člen: at home, at school, go to work, go to bed, have breakfast/lunch, in hospital výrazy s určitým členom the: at the station, to the cinema, play the piano, in the evening/morning výrazy s neurčitým členom a: have a bath/shower, have a rest, make a cake, have a drink Určitý člen the nepoužívame pred názvami štátov (výnimky: the United States, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic) a miest, ale používame ho pred názvami riek, morí a pohorí (the Vistula, the Thames, the Atlantic, the Alps). Jazykové problémy 2 (strana 58) must/mustn t, needn t a have to/can t/don t have to Slovesá must, need, can sa nazývajú modálne slovesá. Vyjadrujú: povinnosť You must be ready when I come back. / Keď sa vrátim už musíš byť pripravený. I can t come to the party, I have to read A Christmas Carol by Monday and I ve only just started. / Nemôžem prísť na večierok, do pondelka musím prečítať Vianočnú koledu a začal som až teraz. zákaz

12 You mustn t stay late. You ve got a piano lesson. / Nesmieš prísť neskoro. Máš hodinu klavíru. I can t stay late. I ve got a music lesson. / Nemôžem zostať dlho. Máme hodinu hudobnej výchovy. nenutnosť povinnosti You needn t come before 9 o clock. / Nemusíš prísť pred deviatou. You don t need to come before 9 o clock. / Nemusíš prísť pred deviatou. He says we don t have to come before 9 o clock. / Hovorí, že nemusíme chodiť pred deviatou. Výber slovesa záleží na tom, či osoba s ktorou hovoríme vyjadruje jej vlastné rozhodnutie alebo iba oznamuje rozhodnutie, ktoré učinil niekdo iný. ak hovoríme o našich vlastných rozhodnutiach, používame: must, needn t/don t have to ak oznamujeme rozhodnutie, ktoré učnili iní, používame: have to/don t have to, can t ak hovoríme o záväzkoch kedy niečo musíme urobiť (alebo nemusíme urobiť), používame: must/have to, mustn t ak hovoríme o niečom, čo nemusíme, používame: don t have to/needn t/don t need to Don t have to je opakom must. Jazykové problémy 3 (strana 84) Predprítomný čas, prítomný čas jednoduchý a minulý čas jednoduchý Predprítomný čas nemá vo veľa jazykoch ekvivalent a veľakrát sa zamieňa za přítomný čas jednoduchý či minulý čas jednoduchý. Porovnajte následujúce vety: I ve worked here for ages. (od minulosti až do súčastnosti). / Pracujem tu už roky. I work here. (hlavné je, čo robím teraz). / Pracujem tu. V anglickom jazyku používame predprítomný čas k popisu udalostí v minulosti, ktoré majú následky/výsledky v súčastnosti. Ak odkazujeme na konkrétny čas v minulosti, používame minulý čas jednoduchý. Porovnajte dvojice viet: I've broken my leg. (teraz je zlomená)/ Zlomil som si nohu. I broke my leg last winter. (teraz už nie je zlomená) / Minulú zimu som si zlomil nohu. I've been to France before. (nezáleží na tom kedy to presne bolo) / Už som bol vo Francúzsku. I went to France last summer. (čas je dôležitý) / Minulé leto som bol vo Francúzsku. Predprítomný čas používame tiež v tom prípade, keď nie je dôležité presné dátum alebo čas udalosti, ktorá sa odohrala v minulosti. Jazykové problémy 4 (strana 110)

13 Opytovacie prídavky Opytovacie prídavky používame na konci oznamovacej vety, ak po osobe s ktorou hovoríme požadujeme potvrdenie toho, čo už vieme: Otázka Are you Polish?/ Si Poliak? Are you going to leave?/ Odídeš? Can we go now?/ Môžeme ísť? Požiadavok na potvrdenie You re Polish, aren t you?/si Poliak, že? You aren t going to leave, are you?/ Neodídeš, že nie? We can go now, can t we?/ Môžeme ísť, že? V opytovacom prídavku používame to isté pomocné sloveso ako vo vete. V kladnej vete používame záporný prídavok a v zápornej vete používame kladný opytovací prídavok. He s thirsty, isn t he? / Má smäd, že áno? She hasn t finished her homework yet, has she? / Ešte si neurobila úlohy, že nie?

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