THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

Transcription

1 SECTION CHAPTER B1 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION S O L U T I O N S TOPIC-1 The Ancient Regime and its Crises WORKSHEET-1 Ans. 1 : Rousseau mentioned the idea of one person, one vote in the book The Social Contract. Ans. 2 : Philosophers influenced the thinking of the people of France as : (i) they believed that man s destiny was in his own hands. (ii) criticised the divine and absolute rights of rulers. (iii) Idea of formation of government based on social contract between people and their representatives. (iv) All powers should not be concentrated. (Any three) (1 3 = 3) Ans. 3 : Five causes for the empty treasury of France under Louis XVI are : (i) Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France. (ii) High cost of maintenance of immense palace of Versailles and court. (iii) Under Louis XVI France helped the thirteen American colonies to gain independence. (iv) War added to a debt. (v) Lenders began to charge high interest on loans. (1 3 = 3) (any three) Ans. 4 : The importance of the following years in concern with French Revolution : (i) 1774 : Louis XVI ascended the throne of France. He believed in the Divine Right Theory of Kings, and had no respect for freedom of liberty. Because of his empty treasure he began to impose heavy taxes which were disliked by his own people also. (ii) 1789 : French Revolution started and storming of Bastille. Estates General was called together by Louis XVI to pass proposals for new taxes. (iii) 1791 : The Third Estate, which assumed the name of the National Assembly framed a new constitution for France in The Rights of the privileged classes were abolished and declaration of the Rights of man and the Citizen took place. (iv) 1804 : Napoleon became the Emperor of France. He set out to conquer neighbouring European countries. He conquered Europe and saw his role as a moderniser of Europe. (v) 1815 : Napoleon was defeated in the battle of Waterloo. Many of his measures, that carried the revolutionary ideas of liberty and modern laws to other parts of Europe, had an impact on people long after Napoleon had left. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] (1 5 = 5) Ans. 5 : Economic condition of France : (i) Constant wars. (ii) Cost of maintaining extravagant court at the immense palace of Versailles. (iii) Extension of help to American countries. (iv) Increase in debt by war. (v) Rise in rate of interest by 10%. (Or any other relevant point to be explained) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (1 5 = 5) Detailed Answer : Economic condition of France : (i) Extravagant and luxurious lives of the rulers of France was one of the causes. Louis XVI emptied the royal treasury. (ii) Unfair distribution of taxes was another economic factor that burdened a section of society, while exempting the other section. (iii) Extension of financial support of American countries. (iv) Lenders who gave the state credit now began to charge 10% on loans. (v) To meet the expenses, such as the cost of maintaining an army, the court, running government offices or universities, the state was forced to increase tax. (1 5 = 5) P-1

2 WORKSHEET-2 Ans. 1 : Rousseau. [The principle of voting by the assembly as a whole, where each member would have one vote was forwarded by Rousseau in his book The Social Contract.] Ans. 2 : Bourbon dynasty. [In 1774, Louis XVI of the Bourbon family of the kings ascended the throne of France.] Ans. 3 : Treason. [Louis XVI was sentenced to death by a court on the charge of Treason. On 21 st January 1793, he was executed publicly at the Place de la Concorde.] Ans. 4 : Reasons : (i) Empty treasury (ii) Long years of war (iii) Cost of maintaining court (iv) Help to American colonies (v) Higher interest on credit (vi) Regular expenses (Any five points to be explained) (1 5 = 5) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] Detailed Answer : Reasons : (i) Upon the accession of Louis XVI, he found an empty treasury. Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France. (ii) Added to this was the cost of maintaining an extravagant court at the immense palace of Versailles. (iii) Under his reign, France helped thirteen American colonies to gain independence. (iv) Higher interest on credit was charged. (v) The regular expenses could not be avoided. All the above mentioned reasons led Louis XVI to raise taxes in France so that he could meet all the above mentioned expenses. (1 5 = 5) TOPIC-2 The Social Forces that led to the Revolution WORKSHEET-3 Ans. 1 : The Third Estate. 1 Ans. 2 : [The representative of the Third Estate viewed themselves as spokesmen for the whole French Nation. They declared themselves as National Assembly.] FIRST ESTATE Clergy SECOND ESTATE Nobility THIRD ESTATE Businessmen, officials, lawyers, small farmers, artisans, labourers, servants, etc. 1 P-2 S O C I A L S C I E N C E IX T E R M 1

3 Ans. 3 : The Estates General was a political body to which the three estates sent their representatives. Ans. 4 : To the State. [The church extracted its share of taxes called Tithes from peasants to be paid to the state.] Ans. 5 : Composition of French society was: (i) Peasants, artisans and landless made up about 90%. (ii) 60% of land was owned by nobles and clergy. Clergy and nobility enjoyed certain privileges. (iii) The members of first two estates enjoyed privileges and paid no taxes. (iv) Peasants were obliged to render services to the Lord. The third estate had to pay various taxes. (Any three) (1 3=3) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] Ans. 6 : (i) The clergy and the nobles led a life of luxury and enjoyed numerous privileges. (ii) The middle-class comprising of lawyers, doctors, teachers, etc also suffered humiliation at the hands of the clergy and the nobles. (iii) Nobles were exempted from paying taxes. Ans. 7 : Middle class : (i) Social group belonging to Third Estate who earned wealth. (ii) Professionals and educated people Lawyers and Administrative officials. Contribution : (i) They believed that no group should be privileged by birth. (ii) They were influenced by philosophers and wanted to build a society having freedom, equal laws and opportunities. (iii) They discussed the ideas of philosophers and read aloud for the uneducated. (Or any other relevant point) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (2 + 3 = 5) Ans. 8 : Subsistence Crisis An extreme situation where the basic means of livelihood are endangered. Causes : (i) Rise in population (ii) Increase in demand of foodgrains. (iii) Prices of bread rose rapidly. (iv) Wages could not keep pace with rising prices. (v) Gap between rich and poor widened. (vi) Drought or hail reduced the harvest. (Any four) (1 + 4 = 5) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] WORKSHEET-4 Ans. 1 : Church. Ans. 2 : Middle class. [In the 18 th century, the emergence of a social group called the middle class included peasants, workers and traders. They participated in the French Revolution.] Ans. 3 : Clergy and nobility. [The clergy and nobility enjoyed certain privileges by birth. The most important of these was exemption from paying taxes to the state.] Ans. 4 : Tithes. [The church extracted its share of taxes called Tithes from the peasants and all the members from the third estate had to pay taxes to the state.] Ans. 5 : The examples are : (i) French Society was divided into three Estates. The First Estate comprised of clergy, the Second Estate comprised of nobility and the Third Estate comprised of businessmen, traders, merchants, artisans, peasants and servants. (ii) The members of Church and nobility enjoyed certain privileges by birth, the most important was being the exempted from paying taxes to the State. S O L U T I O N S P-3

4 (iii) Feudal dues were extracted by nobles from peasants and one-tenth of the agricultural produce of peasants, in the form of Tithes came to the share of clergy. All members of the Third Estate including peasants paid taxes, thus, the burden of financing activities of the state through taxes was borne by the Third Estate alone creating heavy discontentment. (1 3 = 3) Ans. 6 : The system of estates in French Society was organized as : (i) The First Estate comprised of clergy enjoyed many privileges by birth. They were exempted from paying taxes. (ii) The Second Estate comprised of the nobility enjoyed feudal privileges by birth. They were also exempted from paying taxes. (iii) The Third Estate comprised of peasants, doctors, lawyers, traders, etc. They had to pay taxes. (1 3 = 3) Ans. 7 : The prosperous social groups within the Third Estate like traders, merchants, manufacturers and profesionals were termed as middle class. Circumstances : (i) Their prosperity and access to education and new ideaas. (ii) Having enough means and programmes to bring about a change. (iii) The belief that no social group should be privileged by birth. (iv) Ideas of philosophers helped in enviasaging a society based on freedom and equality. (Any three) (2 + 3 = 5) WORKSHEET-5 Ans. 1 : Three estates. 1 Ans. 2 : First and Second Estate. 1 Ans. 3 : Increase in Population led to rapid increase in the demand of foodrains. [The population of France rose from about 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in This led to rapid increase in the demand for foodgrains that led to subsistence crisis.] 1 Ans. 4 : Responsibilities of Church for the French Revolution are : (i) One-fifth of the land was the property of the Church. (ii) It got large income from tillers, religious counts and gifts. The higher clergy did not care of their spiritual duties and led a luxurious life and were corrupt and immoral. (iii) The lower clergy performed spiritual duties but they were poorly paid. Therefore, they were disappointed and joined the revolutionaries. (1 3 = 3) Ans. 5 : Contribution of the peasants to the outbreak of the French Revolution : (i) The peasants had to pay various taxes to the government, to the nobles and to the Church. (ii) They were subjected to forced labour, they had to work free in the land of the nobles for three days in a week. (iii) Crops were trampled by hunting parties of the nobles. About 81% of their income went to the State, Nobles and Church. They had only 19% of their income; 1,000 peoples of them died due to starvation. As a whole, the Administration was corrupt. (1 3 = 3) Ans. 6 : Middle class was a social group that had earned their wealth through overseas trade and manufacture of goods. It included professionals as lawyers or administrative officials. They were educated and believed that : (i) No group in the society should be privileged by birth. (ii) Person s social position must depend on his merit. (iii) A society should be based on freedom and equal laws and opportunities for all. (iv) Locke, Rousseau and Montesquieu were its main thinkers. (1 + 4 = 5) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] Ans. 7 : A growing middle class in France during in 18 th century envisages an end to privileges. (i) The 18 th century witnessed emergence of middle class. (ii) Earned wealth from manufacturing and trade. (iii) Includes professionals like lawyers and administrative officers. (iv) People were educated and believed that no group of society should be privileged. (v) All these ideas were put forward by philosophers like John Locke, Rousseau and Montesquieu. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (1 5 = 5) P-4 S O C I A L S C I E N C E IX T E R M 1

5 TOPIC-3 The Different Revolutionary Groups and Ideas of the Time WORKSHEET-6 Ans. 1 : The Spirit of Law book has proposed a division of power within the government. 1 Ans. 2 : John Locke. [In his Two Treatises of Government, Locke sought to refute the doctrine of the divine and absolute rights of the Monarch.] 1 Ans. 3 : Laws enforced by Napoleon to modernize France were : (i) He codified French laws known as Napoleon Code. (ii) He established uniform systems of weights and measures provided by the decimal system. (iii) He passed laws for protection of private property. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] (1 3 = 3) Ans. 4 : A revolution brought about in everyday life of French people in the following ways : (i) One important law the abolition of censorship came into effect soon after the storming of the Bastille in (ii) Freedom of speech and expression of man were considered as the natural rights. (iii) Newspapers, pamphlets, books and printed pictures flooded the towns of France from where it reached to countryside. (iv) They all described and discussed the events and changes taking place in France. (v) Freedom of press also meant that opposing views could be expressed. (vi) Plays, songs and festive processions attracted common people through which they could identify with ideas such as liberty and justice. (Any three) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] (1 3 = 3) Ans. 5 : In the Assembly of the Estate General, the members of the Third Estate demanded that voting be conducted by the assembly where each member will have one vote, this demand was rejected by the king. Representatives of the 3rd Estate walked out in protest, as they considered themselves to be spokesmen for all the people. They assembled in the hall of an indoor tennis court in the grounds of Versailles. (a) They declared themselves a National Assembly. (b) They took an oath not to disperse till they had drafted a Constitution for France limiting the powers of the Monarch. They were led by Abbe Sieyes and Mira Beau. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] (3) Ans. 6 : This statement justifies as : (i) The period from 1793 to 1794 is referred to as the Reign of Terror. Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment. (ii) All those whom he saw as being enemies of the republic ex-nobles and clergy, members of other political parties, even members of his own party who did not agree with his methods were arrested, imprisoned and then tried by a revolutionary tribunal. (iii) If the court found them guilty they were guillotined. (iv) Robespierre s government issued laws placing a maximum ceiling on wages and prices. Meat and bread were rationed. Peasants were forced to transport their grain to the cities and sell it at prices fixed by the government. (v) Churches were shut down and their buildings converted into barracks or offices. (1 + 4 = 5) WORKSHEET-7 Ans. 1 : Less prosperous section of the society. [The less prosperous section of the society included small shopkeepers, artisans such as shoemakers, pastry cooks, watch-makers, printers, as well as servants and daily-wage workers.] 1 Ans. 2 : Abolition of slavery became possible in France by the following ways : (i) The slave trade began in the 18 th century. The National Assembly held long debates about whether the rights of man should be extended to all French subjects including those in the colonies. (ii) The Convention legislated to free all slaves in the French overseas possessions. S O L U T I O N S P-5

6 (iii) However, Napoleon reintroduced slavery. Finally slavery was abolished in (1 3 = 3) Ans. 3 : Most women of the Third Estate had to work for the living. (i) They worked as seamstresses or laundresses, sold flowers, fruits and vegetables at the market or were employed as domestic servants. (ii) They did not have access to education or job training. Only daughters of Nobles or wealthier members of the Third Estate could study at a convent. (iii) Working women had also to care for the families. Their wages were lower than those of men. (1 3 = 3) Ans. 4 : The representatives of the third Estate disappointed with the pattern of voting in Estate General because : (i) Voting was conducted according to the principle that each Estate had one vote. (ii) This time too Louis XVI was determined to continue the same practice. (iii) The Third Estate demanded that each member should have one vote. The King rejected this proposal. (1 3 = 3) Ans. 5 : Napoleon was the Emperor of France from 1804 to Rise of Napoleon : (i) After the formation of France as Republic in 1792, the ruler, Robespeirre, gave more privileges to the wealthier section of the society. (ii) Robespierre was an autocrat. His act led to Reign of Terrors for many years. (iii) After his rule came to an end, a directory was formed so, as to avoid concentration of power in one individual s hand. But the member of the directory fought among themselves which led to political instability. (iv) In this period, Napoleon Bonaparte gained the control of the reign as a Dictator. (v) In 1804, he crowned himself as the emperor of France. (vi) He set out to conquer the neighbouring European cities. (vii) Soon the Napoleonic armies came to be viewed everywhere as an invading force. (Any five) (1 5 = 5) FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-8 Note : Students should do this activity themselves. P-6 S O C I A L S C I E N C E IX T E R M 1

7 SECTION CHAPTER B2 THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION TOPIC-1 The Age of Social Change WORKSHEET-9 Ans. 1 : Radicals. 1 Ans. 2 : Suffragette. 1 Ans. 3 : Views of Robert Owen : (i) He sought to build a co-operative community called New Harmony in Indiana (USA). Views of Louis Blanc : (ii) In France, Blanc wanted the government to encourage co-operatives and replace capitalist enterprises. (iii) These co-operatives were two associations of people who produced goods together and divided the profits according to the work done by members. (1 3 = 3) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] Ans. 4 : The main objectives of Liberals are as follows: (i) They expected a nation which tolerated all the religions. (ii) They opposed the uncontrolled powers of dynastic rules. (iii) They wanted to safeguard the rights to individual against government. (iv) They did not believe in Universal Adult Franchise as they were not democrats. (v) Liberals argued for a representative elected by the government. They were subjected to laws interrupted by a well-trained judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials. (Any three) (1 3 = 3) Ans. 5 : The thoughts and beliefs of Karl Marx : (i) Industrial society was capitalist. Profit of capitalist was produced by workers. (ii) Conditions of workers cannot improve till capitalists accumulate wealth. (iii) Workers should overthrow capitalism and private property. (iv) Workers should construct radically socialist society where all property was socially controlled in a communist state. (v) Karl Marx said workers will win over capitalists. [CBSE marking Scheme, 2015] (1 5 = 5) Ans. 6 : Marx was especially impressed by Hegel s theory that a thing or thought could not be separated from its opposite. He used this philosophy to develop his own, known as Dialectical Materialism. His eminent works are Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts. Philosophy of Karl Marx. (i) Industrial society was capitalist. Profit of capitalist was produced by workers. (ii) Workers should construct radically socialist society where all property was socially controlled in a communist state. (iii) Conditions of workers cannot improve till capitalists accumulate wealth. (iv) Workers should overthrow capitalism and Private Property = 5 WORKSHEET-10 Ans. 1 : Robert Owen. 1 Ans. 2 : Karl Marx. 1 Ans. 3 : The views of radicals are as follows : (i) The radicals wanted to bring about immediate social change in Russia. (ii) They wanted a government on the majority of country s population. (iii) They were against private properties. (1 3 = 3) S O L U T I O N S P-7

8 Ans. 4 : Different ideas are as follows : (i) Liberals believed in changing society and thought that only propertied men should have right to vote. (ii) Radicals believed in rule of majority, and supported women s right to vote. (iii) Conservatives approved both liberals and radicals. They accepted the change but believed that past has to be respected. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (1 3 = 3) Ans. 5 : Theory of Karl Marx about Socialism : (i) Workers had to overthrow capitalism and the rule of private property. (ii) All properties should be socially controlled. (iii) Freedom from capitalist exploitation. (iv) A communist society was the natural society. (Any three) (1 3 = 3) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] Ans. 6 : Views of socialists about private property : (i) They were against private property. (ii) Saw it as the root of all social ills. (iii) Individuals who owned the property were concerned about personal gain only. (iv) Those who make property productive were ignored by the owners of the property. (Any three) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (1 3 = 3) Ans. 7 : The main objectives of Liberals are as follows: (i) They expected a nation which tolerated all the religions. (ii) They opposed the uncontrolled powers of dynastic rules. (iii) They wanted to safeguard the rights to individual against government. (iv) They did not believe in Universal Adult Franchise as they were not democrats. (v) Liberals argued for a representative elected by the government. They were subjected to laws interrupted by a well-trained judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials. (vi) In the parts of Europe, where independent nation states did not yet exist, for example, Germany, Italy, Poland men and women combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification. (vii) They took advantage of the growing unrest and to push their demands for creation of a constitution with freedom of press and freedom of association. (Any five) (1 5 = 5) TOPIC-2 The Crisis of Tzarism WORKSHEET-11 Ans. 1 : Duma. 1 Ans. 2 : Jadidists. 1 Ans. 3 : Finland, Lithuania and Latvia. 1 Ans. 4 : A socialist state was established by Lenin in the following ways : (i) Centralized planning with a system of five years plan. (ii) Private property were abolished and property was socially controlled. (iii) An extended schooling system was developed. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] (1 3 = 3) P-8 S O C I A L S C I E N C E IX T E R M 1

9 Ans. 5 : Three changes that took place in Russia were: (i) Prices of essential goods raised so quickly that real wages declined by 20%. (ii) The membership of workers association rose dramatically. (iii) Four members of the Assembly of Russian Workers were dismissed at the Putilov Iron Works. (iv) Over 110,000 workers in St. Petersburg went on strike demanding a reduction in the working day to eight hours, an increase in wages and improvement in working conditions. (Any three) [CBSE marking Scheme, 2015] (1 3 = 3) Ans. 6 : Socio-economic conditions of Russia : (i) Most people were agriculturists. (ii) Industries were found in pockets and craftsmen undertook much of the production. (iii) Most industries were the private properties of industrialists. (iv) Workers were divided in social groups. They were divided by skill. (v) Women, made up 31 percent of the factory labour, but they were paid less than men. (vi) Like workers, peasants too were divided. (Any five points) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (1 5 = 5) Ans. 7 : Conditions : (i) Most industries were the private properties of industrialists. (ii) Government supervised large factories to ensure minimum wages and limited hours of work. (iii) In small workshops, the working day was sometimes 15 hours, compared with hours in factories. (iv) Workers were divided by skill. (v) Besides divisions, they did unite to strike when disagreed with employers. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] (1 5 = 5) WORKSHEET-12 Ans. 1 : Agricultural sector. 1 Ans. 2 : Factories. 1 Ans. 3 : The Conservatives. 1 Ans. 4 : Due to the autocratic government of Tzar Nicholas II, the condition of the Russian people, farmers and factory workers was highly miserable. As a result, his autocracy collapsed in (i) The peasants worked as serf on the land. Most of the produce went to the privileged classes and the landowners. As a result, farmers suffered from hunger. Later, due to these oppressive policies and out of frustration, the farmers refused to pay rent to the landlords. (ii) The workers did not form any trade unions and political parties to express their grievances. The workers did not get even the minimum fixed wages. They used to work for hours a day, due to no limit of working hours. (iii) Karl Marx taught the people to raise a standard revolt. (iv) The Revolution of 1905 also proved a dress rehearsal of the Revolution of (v) Tzar s participation and defeat in the First World War served the last reason of failure of his autocracy in (Any three) (1 3 = 3) Ans. 5 : Features of Russian economy : (i) It is the ninth largest economy in the world by nominal value. (ii) It is the sixth largest economy by Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). (iii) It has been transformed from a centrally planned economy to a market-based and globally integrated economy. (iv) It has an abundance of natural gas, oil, coal and precious metals. (v) It has rich experience in industries such as space travelling, nuclear power generation and military technologies. (Any three) (1 3 = 3) Ans. 6 : (i) Autocratic rule of Tzar (ii) Discontent among peasants who earned their living from agriculture (iii) Unrest among the workers as their working hours were sometimes 15 hours S O L U T I O N S P-9

10 (iv) Imposition of war on people (v) Bloody Sunday was one of the major cause that led to Russian Revolution. (1 5 = 5) Ans. 7. : (i) Socialists were against private property and saw it as a root of all social evils. (ii) They favoured society as a whole rather than single individual. (iii) Marx stated that under capitalist s society the main object of the industrialist was to earn profit. He believed the condition of the workers could not improve as long as this profit was accumulated by private capitalists. (iv) For this, workers had to overthrow capitalism and rule of private property. They had to construct a radically socialist society where all property was socially controlled. This would be a communist society. (v) A communist society was the natural society of the future. To coordinate their efforts socialists formed the international body namely the Second International. (1 5 = 5) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] WORKSHEET-13 Ans. 1 : Modernised Muslims should rule Russia. Ans. 2 : Russian Orthodox Christianity. Ans. 3 : Mir. Ans. 4 : An elected consultative of Parliament is known as Duma. (i) The Duma is a Parliament for the people of Russia. (ii) The Tzar dismissed the first Duma within 75 days and he re-elected second Duma within three months. (iii) He did not want any questioning of his authority or any reduction in his power. (iv) He changed the voting laws and packed the third Duma with conservative politicians. Liberals and revolutionaries were kept out. (Any two) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (1 + 2 = 3) Ans. 5 : Reforms introduced by Czar Nicolas II : (i) Creation of an elected Parliament or Duma. (ii) Trade unions and factory committees were declared illegal. (iii) Voting laws were changed and the Duma was packed with conservative politicians liberals and revolutionaries were kept out. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (1 3 = 3) Ans. 6 : The demands raised by Russian workers : (i) Reduction of working into eight hours. (ii) Increase in wages. (iii) Improvement in working condition. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (1 3 = 3) Ans. 7 : Three Changes are : (i) Brought men, women and children to factories. (ii) Working conditions were poor. (iii) Unemployment was common specially during the times of low demand. (iv) With the growth of cities rapidly there were housing and sanitation problems. (Any three points) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (1 3 = 3) Ans. 8 : S. No. Peasants of Europe 1. They formed unions and fought for better wages and good living conditions. Peasants of Russia They had no proper unions and associations initially. It came up much later. 2. The workers were united in their demands for political rights and reduction in work hours. The workers were not united. They were divided on the basis of occupation. P-10 S O C I A L S C I E N C E IX T E R M 1

11 3. The workers associations had close ties with the political parties and themselves formed political parties. For example, the Labour Party in Britain The workers associations were considered as illegal and were suppressed. 4. In France, during the French Revolution in Brittany peasants had the respect for nobles and fought for them. But in Russia, the peasants had no regards for the nobility and often revolted against them. 5. The peasants in Europe had political rights and enjoyed them. The peasants did not enjoy any political rights. (1 5 = 5) TOPIC-3 The Nature of Social Movements Between 1905 and 1917 WORKSHEET-14 Ans. 1 : Cooperatives. Ans. 2 : To nationalize the Banks. Ans. 3 : Vladimir Lenin. Ans. 4 : Conditions of the working women in Russia : (i) Took active part in the revolution and often inspired their male co-workers. (ii) Women made up 31% of factory labour. (iii) Paid less than their male counterparts. (iv) During February Revolution, the women workers led the way to strikes. (v) 22 nd February was called International Women s Day. (Any three) (1 3 = 3) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] Ans. 5 : Causes of Tzarist autocracy collapse were : (i) The industrial workers in Russia got very low wages and had very long working hours, sometimes up to 15 hours. (ii) The workers demanded higher wages and reduction in working hours but their demands were not met and they became dissatisfied. (iii) Most of the peasants were landless and very poor. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] (1 3 = 3) Ans. 6 : Demands of April Thesis : (i) Lenin returned to Russia from exile and felt that it was time for soviets to take over power. He declared that war be brought to a close, land be transferred to the peasants and banks nationalized. He also argued to rename Bolshevik Party as Communist Party. (ii) Started planning on uprising against government with the support of army. (iii) Military Revolutionary Committee was planned to seize the power and bring the city under control. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (1 3 = 3) Ans. 7 : February Revolution : (i) Factory locked out on the right bank on 22 nd February. (ii) Sympathy strike was done by workers in 50 factories on 23 rd February. (iii) 25 th February, government suspended the Duma and demonstrators came on roads. (iv) Police headquarters were ransacked by workers. Regiment supported the workers and they formed the Petrograd Soviet. S O L U T I O N S P-11

12 (v) 2 nd March, Tsar abdicated and Soviet and Duma leaders formed the Provisional Government. October Revolution : (i) 16 th October, Vladimir Lenin, the Bolshevik leader persuaded the Petrograd Soviet. (ii) A Military Revolutionary Committee was appointed by the Soviet. (iii) The Military Committee seized the government offices and arrested ministers. (iv) The Winter Palace was shelled. (v) Ministers of the Provisional Government surrendered. (vi) The Bolsheviks gained control. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] (1 5 = 5) Ans. 1 : Vladimir Lenin. Ans. 2 : Ans. 3 : Cheka first. WORKSHEET-15 Ans. 4 : Changes were : (i) Most industries and banks were nationalised in November (ii) Land was declared social property. (iii) In cities Bolsheviks enforced the partition of large houses according to family requirements. (iv) Banned the use of the old titles of aristocracy. (v) New uniforms were designed for the army and officials (any three) (1 3 = 3) Ans. 5 : The contribution of Lenin in the Russian Revolution are : (i) The political objective was achieved when Tzar abdicated his throne. (ii) Economic and social revolutions of October, 1917 were directed by Lenin. (iii) Lenin united the workers and peasants. (iv) He took control of the government and became president. (v) Peace, land and bread became communist slogans. (Any three) (1 3 = 3) Ans. 6 : Consequences of February Revolution of 1917 : (i) The government suspended the Duma. (ii) People raised slogans about bread, wages, better hours and democracy. (iii) Police headquarters were ransacked. (iv) Cavalry refused to fire at the demonstrators. (v Soldiers joined the workers to form a council called the Soviet. (vi) Tzar accepted his defeat. (Any three points) (1 3 = 3) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] Ans. 7 : Role of Lenin in post 1917 Russian Revolution : (i) A conflict between the provisional government and the Bolshevik grew in Sept Lenin started planning an uprising against the government and began to orgainze his supporters from army, soviets and factories. (ii) A military revolutionary committee under Lenin Trotski planned to seize power. (iii) Uprising began on 4 th October, The Prime Minister Karenski, with government troops tried to subdue the Bolsheviks but failed. (iv) Under the guidance of Lenin, the military Revolutionary committee responded quickly and by nightfall the city was under the committee s control. (v) At a meeting all Russian Congress of Soviet in Petrograd, the majority approved the Bolshevik action. Russian Revolution brought Russia under communist control. (1 5 = 5) Ans. 8 : Main events of the February Revolution were : (i) In February 1917, there was a severe food shortage in the workers quarters. (ii) All the factories and workers quarters were located on the right bank of the River Neve. On the left bank, there were Winter Palace, official buildings and the palace where Duma met. (iii) On 22 nd February, a lock out took place at a factory leading to a strike by the workers. (iv) The workers ultimately crossed the river and surrounded the official buildings in Petrograd. (v) The Government imposed a curfew and called out the cavalry and police to keep check on them. (1 5 = 5) P-12 S O C I A L S C I E N C E IX T E R M 1

13 TOPIC-4 The First World War and Foundation of Soviet State WORKSHEET-16 Ans. 1 : The wealthy farmers of Russia. Ans. 2 : Changes : (i) Large estates of church, landlords, nobility, etc., were taken away by the Government and distributed to peasants. (ii) These peasants had very small holdings of land, which were not productive. So, new method of agriculture was introduced that was a collective farm. (iii) Rich farmers opposed this type of farming. They were dealt harshly by the Government. Thus, landlords were oppressed. (1 3 = 3) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] Ans. 3 : Soviet was a council of striking workers and soldiers formed February Revolution. (i) The Petrograd Soviet led the revolution. (ii) It helped the Bolsheviks to seize power. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] (1 + 2 = 3) Ans. 4 : Collectivization of Stalin was prompted by : (i) Acute shortage of grains. (ii) Refusal of peasants to sell their grains at a fixed price. (iii) Stocking holding by rich peasants and traders. (iv) Shortage of grains production due to small holdings. (v) The idea of modernizing farms. (Any three points) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (1 3 = 3) Ans. 5 : (i) Party forced all peasants to cultivate in collective farms. (ii) The bulk of land and implements were transferred to the ownership of collective farms. (iii) Peasants worked on the land and the Kolkhoz profit was shared. (iv) Enraged peasants resisted the authorities and destroyed their livestock. (v) Those who resisted collectivization were severely punished. (vi) Stalin s government allowed some independent cultivation but treated such cultivators unsympathetically. (Any five) (1 5 = 5) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] Ans. 6 : Importance of Battle of Stalingard in the Second World War : (i) The battle of Stalingard was fought between Russia and Germany on Russian territory. (ii) This battle is considered important because it marked the defeat of Germany and Hitler along with Nazi party. (iii) Hitler had signed a non-aggression treaty with Russia in August 1939 A.D. Since he did not have faith in Russia, he considered Russia as a vital threat to Nazi Germany. (iv) Hitler also had imperial designs on the fertile Ukraine Basin and its mines. (v) He also wanted to Europeanize the area of the Asian Steppe. (vi) Due to the above mentioned reasons, Hitler violated the Pact of 1939 and attacked Russia from three sides. (vii) This led to a battle in Stalingard near Moscow. (viii) The Germany failed to capture Stalingard due to lack of preparation of German soldiers against heavy rains and frosts in the month of October. (ix) This led to failure of Hitler s campaign. (x) In all, Hitler exposed the German Western front to British aerial bombing. Eastern front was exposed to powerful Soviet Army. In this battle, Germany suffered a lot and Soviet hegemony was established over entire Eastern Europe. (½ 10 = 5) S O L U T I O N S P-13

14 WORKSHEET-17 Ans. 1 : Stalin. Ans. 2 : Petrograd. Ans. 3 : Germany, Austria, Turkey. Ans. 4 : Measures adopted by Stalin : (i) To develop modern farms, he eliminated Kulaks and established large farms. (ii) The bulk of land and implements were transferred to the ownership of collective farms. (iii) Peasants worked on the land and the kolkhoz profit was shared. (1 3 = 3) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] Ans. 5 : (i) State controlled collective farms, called Kolkhoz, which were established by confiscating peasant land and elimination of Kulaks. (ii) Enraged peasants resisted the authorities and destroyed their livestock (between 1929 and 1931, the number of cattle fell by 1/3 rd ). (iii) Bad harvest of led to one of the most devastating famines in Soviet history taking a toll of over 4 million people. In spite of collectivization, production did not increase immediately. (1 3 = 3) Ans. 6 : After 1917, land has been given over to peasants. These small-sized peasant farms could not be modernized. To develop modern farms, and run them along industrial lines with machinery, it was necessary to eliminate Kulaks take away land from peasants and establish state controlled large farms which is known as collectivization. (i) The collectivization programme was introduced by Stalin to solve the acute problem of grain supplies. (ii) (a) In spite of collectivization, production did not increase immediately. (b) Those who resisted collectivization were severely punished. ( = 5) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] Ans. 7 : Impact of the First World War over Russia : (i) Russian armies lost badly between 1914 to (ii) There were over 7 million casualties. (iii) Russian army retreated and destroyed crops and buildings to prevent the enemy from being able to live off the land. (iv) This destruction led to over 3 million refugees. (v) Soldiers did not wish to fight this war. (vi) The war had severe impact on industries. (vii) The country was cut off from other suppliers of industrial goods. (viii) Men were called up to war leading to shortage of labour. (Any five points) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (1 5 = 5) Ans. 8 : Reasons of Stalin s unpopularity in Soviet Union : (i) In spite of collectivization, production did not increase immediately. (ii) The bad harvests of led to most devastating famines in Soviet history. (iii) Many within the party criticized the confusion in industrial production. (iv) Accusations were made throughout the country. (v) By 1939, over 2 million were in prison or labour camps. (1 5 = 5) FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-18 Note : Students should do this activity themselves. P-14 S O C I A L S C I E N C E IX T E R M 1

15 SECTION CHAPTER B3 RISE OF NAZISM TOPIC-1 The Growth of Social Democracy and the Crisis in Germany WORKSHEET-19 Ans. 1 : Reasons leading to the German invasion of Soviet Union were : (i) Hitler dreamt of settling the German with pure Aryan blood in the Asian Steppe region and of using the Jews and Asians as slaves. (ii) He wanted to ensure food supplies for the Germans. The Germans and Russians had serious differences over the Balkan, where no clear line demarcation had been worked out. (iii) Hitler wanted to eradicate communism. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] (1 3 = 3) Ans. 2 : US joined the Allies in 1917 and defeated Germany and the Central Powers. (i) The defeat of Germany resulted in the abdication of German Emperor. This gave an opportunity for the parliamentary parties to bring a change in German politics. (ii) A democratic constitution with a federal structure was formed by the National Assembly, which met at Weimar and the Weimar Republic came into existence. (1 + 2 = 3) Ans. 3 : Impact of the Treaty of Versailles over Germany : (i) Germany lost its overseas colonies. (ii) It was demilitarized. (iii) The allied armies occupied the resource-rich Rhineland. (iv) It lost 75 percent of its iron and 26 percent of its coal. (Any three) (1 3 = 3) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] Detailed Answer : The Treaty of Versailles was the main root cause of the rise of Nazism in Germany and the Second World War. (i) After signing of the Treaty, Germany lost its possession over the overseas colonies. (ii) Also, it lost one-tenth of its population, 13% of its territories, 75% of iron, 26% of coal resources of France, Poland, Denmark and Lithuania. (iii) The power of Germany further got reduced due to its demilitarization by the allied powers. (iv) Germany was asked to pay a compensation amount of 6 billion pounds as it was held responsible for the war and the war guilt accuse. (v) Rhineland, a resource-rich region, was occupied by the Allied Powers for much of the 1920 s. (Any three) (1 3 = 3) Ans. 4 : Nazi Party formed by : (i) disintegration of Weimar Republic led to the formation of Nazi Party after the First World War. (ii) Hitler enrolled for the army when the First World War broke out. He also earned medals for bravery. (iii) The German defeat horrified him and Versailles Treaty made him furious. Later, he joined a small group called the German Workers Party. (iv) Subsequently, he took over the organization and renamed in National Socialist German Workers Party. This party came to be known as Nazi Party. (Any three) (1 3 = 3) Ans. 5 : The ways through which Nazi state seek to establish a total control over its people were : (i) To capture legal authority, Hitler used the Reichstag fire to further his aim. He blamed the communists for sabotage, and took the opportunity to clamp down on them. Hitler armed himself with emergency powers and used the Fire Decree to his advantage. He suspended civic rights like Freedom of speech, press and assembly. He jailed, exiled or murdered key communist leaders. (ii) The decree of 1933 suspended Civic rights. (iii) Communists were packed off to concentration camps. S O L U T I O N S P-15

16 (iv) Enabling act was passed, enabling Hitler to sideline Parliament and rule by decree. (v) All parties and trade unions except Nazi party and its affiliates were banned. (vi) The state established complete control over economy, media, army and judiciary. (vii) Gestapo, S.S., Criminal Police and S.D. were set up. People could be detained in Gestapo torture chambers, sent to concentration camps and deported at will. (viii) The police forces acquired powers to rule with impunity. (Any five) (1 5 = 5) WORKSHEET-20 Ans. 1 : Socialists, Communists and Democrats. Ans. 2 : Due to availability of much political party, frequent changes of government and difficulty to establish stability, Weimar Constitution introduced in August 1919 became weak. Ans. 3 : Features of political radicalism : (i) The political situation that came into view after the rise of Weimar Republic is termed as political radicalism. (ii) The demand and the uprising for Soviet style governance were suppressed by the Weimar republic and this enraged them to form the communist party. (iii) Both communists and socialists wanted political radicalism against Hitler s Rule. (1 3 = 3) Ans. 4 : Impact of Economic crisis on Germany : (i) German economy was worst hit. (ii) Industrial production reduced to 40 percent (iii) Workers lost their jobs and were paid reduced wages. (iv) Unemployed youth played cards or lined up at local employment exchange. (v) Jobs disappeared and youth took to criminal activities. (Any three) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (1 3 = 3) Ans. 5 : Factors : (i) The terms of Treaty of Versailles whereby Germany lost its overseas colonies and territories. (ii) Germany was forced to pay compensation under War Guilt Clause. (iii) Depleted gold reserves due to repayment of loans. (iv) Devaluation of German mark and hyperinflation. (Any three) (1 3 = 3) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] Ans. 6 : Its three reasons were : (i) The War Guilt Clause made Germany guilty of starting the War. Germany was made to pay war compensation. (ii) War demilitarized hence weakening the power. (iii) Could not have tanks, submarines, etc., and had to forego overseas colonies. (1 3 = 3) Ans. 7 : Reasons are : (i) It was not received well by its own people largely because of the terms it was forced to accept after Germany s defeat. (ii) The peace treaty was harsh and humiliating. It was believed that the Republic compromised with Germany s honour by signing the Peace Treaty at Versailles. According to this, Germany lost its overseas colonies, 13% of its territories, 75 % of the iron and 26% of the coal to France, Poland, Denmark and Lithuania. (iii) Germany lost its overseas colonies. (iv) The allied powers demilitarized Germany. (v) The war guilt clause held Germany responsible for war and damage. (vi) Germany was forced to pay compensation of 6 billion. (vii) Most of the Germans held the new Weimar Republic responsible for defeat in war and disgrace at Versailles. (Any five) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (1 5 = 5) P-16 S O C I A L S C I E N C E IX T E R M 1

17 TOPIC-2 The Basis of Hitler s Rise to Power Ans. 1 : Charlotte Beradt. Ans. 2 : Adolf Hitler. Ans. 3 : Hindenburg. Ans. 4 : WORKSHEET-21 Ans. 5 : Circumstances under which Nazism became popular were: (i) Hitler was a great orator. His passion and words moved people. (ii) He promised to build strong nation. (iii) He promised to restore dignity of the Germans and to undo the injustice of the Treaty of Versailles. (iv) He promised employment for those looking for work and a secure future for the youth. (v) He promised to weed out all foreign influences and resist all foreign conspiracies against Germany. (vi) Hitler devised a new style of politics. Nazis held massive rallies and public meetings as on show the strength and confidence for Hitler. (vii) The Red banners with the Swastika, ritualized rounds of applause and the Nazi salute after the speeches were all part of this spectacle of power. (viii) Nazi propaganda projected Hitler as a Messiah or a Saviour. (Any three) (1 3 = 3) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] Ans. 6 : Ideology of racial hierarchy propounded by Hitler: (i) No equality between people. Blond, blue-eyed, Nordic German Aryans were at the top. (ii) Jews were located at the lowest rung. They came to be regarded as an anti-rave, the arch-enemies of the Aryans. (iii) All the coloured people were placed in between depending upon their external features. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] (1 3 = 3) Ans. 7 : The main causes of rise of Nazi dictatorship in Germany were as follows : (i) The First World War defeat. (ii) Weakness of Weimar Republic : The Weimar constitution had some inherent defects which made it unstable and vulnerable to dictatorship. Due to proportional representation, one party rule became an impossible task, leading to a rule by coalitions. Another defect was Article 48, which gave the President the power to impose emergency, suspend civil rights and rule by decree. (iii) Treaty of Versailles : Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles with allied powers. This made Germany to lose its overseas colonies, a tenth of its population, 13% of territories and many more. The allied powers demilitarized Germany. The Allied armies also occupied the resource rich Rhineland. The War Guilt Clause forced Germany to pay 6 billion as war damages to the Allied Powers. (iv) The Economic crisis : German economy was worst hit. Industrial production was reduced to 40%. Due to great economic depression the National Income of the USA fell by half leading to shut down the factories. The exports fell down and farmers suffered the most during the depression. (v) Mass unemployment : Workers of Germany lost their jobs and were paid reduced wages. Unemployed youth played cards or lined up at local employment exchange. Jobs disappeared and youth took to criminal activities. (vi) German people thought that Hitler would be a good dictator as he promised to undo the injustice of Treaty of Versailles. He also promised to give employment to those looking for work. Later, the Nazi Party became the largest Party with 37% votes in Reichstag. (Any five) (1 5 = 5) S O L U T I O N S P-17

18 WORKSHEET-22 Ans. 1: Russia. Ans. 2 : The Allies were strengthened by the entry of US. Ans. 3 : People s Car. Ans. 4 : Japan bombed Pearl Harbour. Ans. 5 : Adolf Hitler made the following promises : (i) To undo the injustice of Treaty of Versailles. (ii) Employment to those looking for work. (iii) To weed out all foreign influence and resist all foreign conspiracies against Germany. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (1 3 = 3) Ans. 6 : Hitler captured power in Germany : (i) In 1923, Hitler planned to seize control of Bavaria, marched to Berlin and captured power. He failed, got arrested and tried for treason. He was later released. (ii) During the Great Depression, Nazism became a mass movement. (iii) After 1929, bank collapsed and business shut down, workers lost their jobs. In such a situation, Nazi propaganda stirred hopes of a better future. (iv) By 1932, Nazi Party had become the largest party of Germany. (Any three) (1 3 = 3) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] Ans. 7 : Nuremberg Tribunal was set up to prosecute Nazi war criminals for crimes against peace, for war crimes and crimes against humanity. Two results of Tribunal : (i) It sentenced only eleven leading Nazis to death. (ii) Many others were imprisoned for life. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (1 + 2 = 3) Ans. 8 : Five measures are : (i) After acquiring power Hitler set out to dismantle the structure of democratic rule. (ii) The Fire Decree of 28 th February 1933 suspended the civic rights like freedom of speech, press and assembly. (iii) Then he packed off the communists to newly established concentration camps. (iv) On 3 rd March 1933, the famous Enabling Act was passed which established dictatorship. It gave him all powers to sideline Parliament. (v) All political parties and trade unions were banned. He controlled media, army and judiciary. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (1 5 = 5) Ans. 9 : Hitler effectively mobilised popular support in Germany as : (i) Hitler was a powerful speaker. His passion and words moved people. (ii) He promised to build a strong nation. (iii) He promised to undo the injustice of the Versailles Treaty and restore the dignity of Germans. (iv) He promised to weed out all foreign influences. (v) He understood the significance of rituals and spectacle in mass mobilization. (vi) He held massive rallies and public meetings to instill sense of unity among people. (Any five) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (1 5 = 5) P-18 S O C I A L S C I E N C E IX T E R M 1