Nine experimental units located in Morgan-Monroe and Yellowwood State Forests Research core: ac Buffer area: ac
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1 The Hardwood Ecosystem Experiment: Functional Diversity Bryan Murray Postdoctoral Research Associate Department of Forestry & Natural Resources Purdue University 1
2 The HEE and Functional Diversity: Outline HEE project overview and experimental design Functional diversity and its applications Some preliminary results Future directions and discussion 2
3 HEE Objectives 1. Develop silvicultural systems that maintain oak dominated forests 2. Determine the impacts of these systems on ecological communities 3. Determine the impacts of these systems on human communities 4. Develop tools to engage the public regarding forest management and ecosystem health Source: Kalb and Mycroft
4 HEE Experimental Design Nine experimental units located in Morgan-Monroe and Yellowwood State Forests Research core: ac Buffer area: ac 20 miles between northernmost and southernmost units Three management systems: Even-aged Uneven-aged Control (no harvest) Buffer areas managed by singletree selection 4
5 Even-aged Even-aged units: Clear-cuts (10 ac; 4 ha) Shelterwood(10 ac) No harvest matrix Uneven-aged Uneven-aged units: Patch-cuts (1-5 ac; ha) Single-tree selection matrix Control Control units: No harvesting in research core Single-tree selection buffer 5
6 Patch-cut: 3 ac Spring 2008 (pre-harvest) Fall 2008 (post-harvest) Spring 2009 (0.5 years) Spring 2010 (1.5 years) Spring 2011 (2.5 years) 6 Photos by John Maxwell, Indiana DNR
7 Clear-cut: 10 ac Spring 2008 (pre-harvest) Fall 2008 (post-harvest) Spring 2009 (0.5 years) Spring 2010 (1.5 years) Spring 2011 (2.5 years) Photos by John Maxwell, Indiana DNR 7
8 The Many Taxa of the HEE Breeding Birds Sampled in all 9 units 9 surveys since species ( ) 47,471 observations ( 06-12) Bats Sampled in all 9 units 8 surveys since species Moths Sampled in 3 units (MMSF) 7 surveys since species ( ) 38,453 captures ( 07-13) Wood-boring Beetles Sampled in all 9 units 7 surveys since species Note: there are many others! My work so far has focused on these five due to their trait diversity and availability of trait data. Trees Sampled in all 9 units 2 surveys (pre-& post-harv.) 144 species (incl. shrubs) ~ 50,000 records Photos: Keith Summerville (moth), Ashley Kissick (beetle) 8
9 Disturbance in Forest Ecosystems Historic disturbance regimes Wind Fire Functional traitsof trees that are linked to succession Seed size Wood density Nutrient uptake rate Resource pulses are associated with disturbance 9
10 Stacked Ecological Disturbances Planned Unplanned 2012 Drought Source: National Climatic Data Center, NOAA 10
11 Species Diversity Species Richness: number of species Species Evenness: distribution of species among individuals Species Diversity: Richness x Evenness 11
12 Functional Diversity Species Body mass (g) Generation length (y) Cerulean warbler Northern cardinal Pileated woodpecker Red-tailed hawk Ruby-throated hummingbird Scarlet tanager
13 Functional Diversity Species Body mass (g) Generation length (y) Cerulean warbler Northern cardinal Pileated woodpecker Red-tailed hawk Ruby-throated hummingbird Scarlet tanager Generation length (y) [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] Body mass (g) 13
14 Functional Diversity Generation length (y) Species Body mass (g) Generation length (y) Cerulean warbler Northern cardinal Pileated woodpecker Red-tailed hawk Ruby-throated hummingbird Scarlet tanager [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] Body mass (g) Functional richness:area of trait space filled by the community Functional evenness: how evenly do species fill the trait space? Functional divergence: how similar in trait values are the most abundant species? 14
![4 [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Body mass (g) Functional richness:area of](/docs-images/47/23733639/images/page_14.jpg "trait space filled by the community Functional evenness: how evenly do species fill the trait space?")
15 Functional Traits: Birds Trait Category Taxa-specific Trait Northern Cardinal Scarlet Tanager Body size Body mass 42.6 g 28.2 g Diet Diet 70% plants & seeds 20% invertebrates 10% fruit Food acquisition Foraging strata 40% ground 20% understory 20% mid-story 20% canopy Overwintering strategy Migration No Yes 80% invertebrates 10% fruit 10%plants & seeds 40% mid-story 40% canopy 10% understory 10% ground Life history Generation length 4.9 years 4.4 years Photos: 15
16 Functional Traits of the HEE Birds Body Mass Diet Foraging Strata Migrant Generation Length Bats Body Mass Diet Foraging Strata Maximum Lifespan Moths Wingspan Diet Breadth Feeding Guild Overwintering Stage Voltinism Beetles Body Size Diet Breadth Feeding Guild Overwintering stage Voltinism Trees Maximum Height Seed Size Wood Density Shade Tolerance Drought Tolerance Photos: Keith Summerville (moth), Ashley Kissick (beetle) 16
17 Functional Linkages Birds Body Mass Diet Foraging Strata Migrant Generation Length Bats Body Mass Diet Foraging Strata Maximum Lifespan Moths Wingspan Diet Breadth Feeding Guild Overwintering Stage Voltinism Beetles Body Size Diet Breadth Feeding Guild Overwintering stage Voltinism Trees Maximum Height Seed Size Wood Density Shade Tolerance Drought Tolerance Photos: Keith Summerville (moth), Ashley Kissick (beetle) 17
18 Moths: Harvest Level Example Trait Category Taxa-specific Trait Range Body size Wingspan cm Diet Diet breadth Generalist Specialist Oligophagous a Food acquisition Feeding guild Generalist Herbivore Woody plant feeder Detritivore Overwintering strategy Overwintering stage Egg Larva Pupa Lifehistory Voltinism b 1, 2, or 3 generations/year a Feedson genera within a single family b Generationsper year Trait sources: Keith Summerville 18
19 Moths: Species Richness 19
20 Moths: Species Richness 20
21 Moths: Richness, Evenness, Diversity 21
22 Moths: Functional Diversity 22
23 Birds: Landscape Example Trait Category Taxa-specific Trait Range Body size Body mass a g Diet Diet a %Invertebrates % Birds & Mammals % Reptiles & Amphibians % Fish % Fruit % Nectar % Seed % Plants Foodacquisition Foragingstrata a % Water % Ground % Understory % Midstory % Canopy % Aerial Overwintering strategy Migration b Lifehistory Yes/No Generationlength b years Trait sources: a Wilmanet al Ecological Archives. b Birdlife.org 23
24 Birds: Richness, Evenness, Diversity Photos: Rick Bowers 24
25 Birds: Functional Diversity Photos: Rick Bowers 25
26 Ongoing Research Questions What are the advantages and disadvantages of using species or functional diversity in assessing species change after disturbance? Which traits drive functional linkages among trophic levels? Are there thresholds of functional diversity from which the community will not return to its predisturbance state? Do stacked disturbances increase or decrease functional diversity? 26
27 Acknowledgements Collaborators Mike Jenkins (Purdue) Barny Dunning (Purdue) Jeff Holland (Purdue) Mike Saunders (Purdue) Keith Summerville (Drake) Joy O Keefe (Indiana State) Andy Meier (HEE Project Coordinator) Indiana DNR, Division of Forestry Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University 27
28 Questions? More HEE info: Bryan Murray: 28
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