Enhancing Biodiversity in Urban Ecosystems: The Bird Habitat Contributions of Green Roofs in Urban Areas

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1 Enhancing Biodiversity in Urban Ecosystems: The Bird Habitat Contributions of Green Roofs in Urban Areas Carly J. Eakin Michigan State University Department of Fisheries and Wildlife 1 Henry (Rique) Campa III, PhD 1 D. Brad Rowe, PhD; Department of Horticulture Joanne Westphal, DO, PhD, School of Planning and Design Gary Roloff, PhD 1 Daniel Linden, PhD 1 May 23, 2013

2 Background - What is a Green Roof? Vegetated Roof Historic Green Roof Modern green roofs httpwww.littlenorway.comsod-roof-cabin-at-little-norway.html At least 1,038 green roofs (145 ha) in US and Canada progressivetimes.wordpress.com/2010/10/04/one-roof-two-roofs-green-roofsblue-roofs/

3 Extensive 0-15cm planting media depth Intensive >15cm planting media depth Rowe, 2011

4 Background - Environmental Sustainability Conserve energy Reduce the urban heat island Protect roofing membranes Delay stormwater runoff and reduce stormwater runoff % Reduce air pollution & sequester carbon Reduce noise pollution Improve water quality Less Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) (Peck et al., 1999; Banting et al., 2005; Getter et al., 2007; Currie and Bass, 2008; Getter et al., 2009; Van Renterghem and Botteldooren, 2009; Getter et al., 2011; Rowe, 2011)

5 Background - Environmental Sustainability? Urbanization degrades, replaces, and fragments wildlife habitat Loss in biodiversity Disruption of ecological processes, such as dispersal or migration Provide wildlife habitat Elk-pictures.com

6 Birds on Roofs Significant components of biodiversity in urban areas Accessible to many bird species Birds have been observed breeding on green roofs (Savard et al., 2000 ; Baumann, 2006; Fernandez-Canero and Gonzalez-Redondo, 2010)

7 Green Roofs as Bird Habitat Green roofs can provide additional green space through urban areas Increase connectivity through urban areas Less human and mammalian predator disturbances Vegetation structure and composition to meet life requisites (Kotliar and Wiens, 1990; Morrison et al., 1992; Brenneisen, 2006; Lundholm, 2006; Oberndorfer et al., 2007)

8 Opportunity for Wildlife in Urban Areas If they use it on the ground, they will use it on the roof!

9 Project Objectives Quantify the composition of bird communities (GR/LS) Quantify vegetation structure and composition (GR/LS) Characterize the influence of vegetation on bird abundance and community composition Mean height % Cover Plant Species

10 Study Design 12 sites Located in Michigan and Illinois 1) Millennium Park* 2) Ford Truck Plant 3) McCormick Parking Structure* 4) Aquascape Headquarters * 5) Haworth Headquarters 6) Chicago Cultural Center 7) Chicago City Hall* 8) Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum* 9) 900 Michigan Avenue Parking Structure 10) Schwab Rehabilitation Hospital* 11) Gary Comer Youth Center 12) Plant and Soil Science Building GoogleEarth, 2012 White = extensive (0-15cm) Yellow = intensive (>15cm) * native vegetation present

11 200m

12 Vegetation Sampling Roofs and landscapes Early to peak bird breeding season (April - June ) Post-nesting/brood rearing season (July - October) Line-intercept method % cover One-meter belt transects stem density Point-intercept method mean height Canfield, 1941; Clements, 1905; Heady et al., 1959

13 Range of Annual Means of Vegetation Structure on Green Roofs Vegetation Variables Herbaceous Cover % Extensive Roofs Intensive Roofs Plant Examples % 40-92% Sedum spp., chives, little bluestem, black-eye Susan, coneflower, Culver s root, aster Shrub Cover % 0-24% 0-9% juniper, aromatic sumac, New Jersey tea Tree Cover % 0% 0-31% shingle oak, black locust, crabapple Mean Height cm 2-27cm 39-60cm

14 Bird Community Surveys Nesting season: April-July Point-count surveys green roofs and landscapes Three 7 min sampling periods at each point Recorded bird species, number, and behavior Observed birds feeding, bathing, perching, defending territory, nesting, and rearing young

15 Bird Community Summary Statistics 29 species on green roofs 69 total observed species Extensive roofs: ground foragers Intensive roofs: shrub and lower canopy and ground foragers 3 species only on green roofs 25 native, noninvasive species Allaboutbirds.org

16 Bird Community Summary Statistics song sparrow Field sparrow blackburnian warbler killdeer Allaboutbirds.org American tree sparrow Nashville warbler

17 Using a Hierarchical Bayes multi-scale occupancy model Occupancy a bird species uses sampled area Use a bird species is present during sampling Detection a bird species is detected during sampling Frequency of detection - each 7 min sampling period? each sampling point? each day? Zipkin et al., 2010; Mordecai et al., 2011

18 PSS - MSU Gary Comer Youth Center Schwab Rehab. Hospital 900 N. Mich. Ave. Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum Chicago City Hall Chicago Cultural Center Chicago City Hall Haworth Headquarters Aquascape Headquarters McCormick Parking Structure Ford Truck Plant Millennium Park Species Richness Detected vs. Estimated Species Richness Used detection data to inform a multi-scale occupancy model Calculated estimated species richness

19 Do Green Roofs Provide Conservation Value for Bird Species in Decline? Can roofs provide vegetation structure necessary to fulfill habitat suitability requirements? Species in decline with high occurrence probabilities at study sites: American field sparrow eastern kingbird Bell s vireo Vegetation Variables Extensive Roofs Intensive Roofs Highest Suitability Field Sparrow Habitat Requirements Herbaceous Cover % Shrub Cover % Tree Cover % Mean Woody Vegetation Height cm % 0-24% 0% 0-21cm 40-92% 0-9% 0-31% 0-358cm 50-90% grass 15-35% shrub - Half to ¾ of shrub cover <150cm (Sousa, 1983; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010)

20 Land Cover Analysis GIS - digitized and classified land cover Green space vs. Non green space Calculated % total green space and potential green space

21 Land Cover Analysis Results Current Mean Green Space Cover 36% Potential Mean Green Space Cover 66% 67% (8 of 12) of the study sites, non-green roofs and other impervious surfaces were the two main types of land cover Additional green roof construction could increase green space at some sites >300%

22 Conclusions Green roofs provide bird habitat - Contribute to biodiversity Provide vegetation for foraging and cover

23 Conclusions, cont. Potential to reduce bird habitat fragmentation Potential to design green roofs to conserve specific wildlife groups Increase green space in urban areas to advance wildlife conservation objectives

24 Acknowledgements College of Agriculture and Natural Resources Graduate Student Recruitment and Retention Fellowship Funds The Sustainable Michigan Endowment Program (SMEP) The George J. Wallace and Martha C. Wallace Endowed Scholarship Green Roof Building Owners and Managers busroots.org

25 Thank you! Questions?

26

27

28 Most Frequently Observed Native Species Species American robin 75% American goldfinch 50% Common grackle 42% Red-winged blackbird 42% Chipping sparrow 33% White-throated sparrow 33% Mallard 33% Northern cardinal 25% Canada goose 25% % of Roofs Observed

29 Estimated Species Richness Estimated Species Richness Landscape vs. Green Roof Bird Communities 75% 50% 25% median Landscape Green Roof Landscape Green Roof By Point By Study Site

30 Occurrence Probability Species Occurrence on Green Roofs High occupancy probability on green roofs Large error bars Little difference between species Allaboutbirds.org

31 Occurrence Probability on Green Roofs Mean Occurrence Probabilities on Green Roofs and in Landscapes Most species that occur in the landscape occur on a green roof Most species have a high occurrence probability on roofs Occurrence Probability in Landscapes However, we noticed differences in bird use during sampling

32 Use Probability Species Use of Green Roofs Not very much of the time Lower use probability than landscapes Slight differences between species

33 Use Probability on Green Roofs Mean Use Probabilities on Green Roofs and in Landscapes Remember: occurrence probability on roofs is near 100% below 90%, likely use roofs for short times Over 90%, greater proportion of time Use Probability in Landscapes

34 Use Probability Mean Use Probabilities by Roof Type Intensive roofs have a wider range of use probabilities than extensive Nesting? Complementary foraging and cover? Extensive Intensive

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