A Hierarchical and a Non-Hierarchical European Multi-Domain Reference network: Routing and Protection 1
|
|
- Phillip Bates
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 A Hierarchical and a Non-Hierarchical European Multi-Domain Reference network: Routing and Protection 1 Diána Meskó, Gábor Viola and Tibor Cinkler, Member, IEEE Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary {mesko viola cinkler}@tmit.bme.hu Abstract Routing, TE & Resilience are gaining on their importance in heterogeneous networks. For testing network design and configuration tools, as well as for simulating routing algorithms and protocols in a realistic multidomain reference environment a common reference network is necessary to estimate and compare the known and novel methods. Until now there have been three to five well known single domain reference networks. The most widely used one is the NSFnet [1] the North-American academic network. The other two often used reference networks are the European COST 239 [2] and the LION/COST 266 [2] fictive Pan-European Reference Networks. Two national networks are also often used the Italian [3] and the German [4] one. However, all these networks consist of a single domain only. To our knowledge there is no reference network so far capable of taking into account the multi-domain and multi-provider character of modern networks. The aim of this paper is to fill this gap. We propose a non-hierarchical reference network (e1-net-nh) and a hierarchical one (e1-net-h) and compare them from the point of view of blocking ratio and path length distribution for two cases, namely, with no protection at all and with dedicated protection. 1 Introduction In modern networks, particularly in transport networks it is not enough to test network design and configuration tools, or routing algorithms and protocols in a single domain environment because there are in practice typically multiple interconnected domains operated by different operators. These domains typically cover different areas, but they may overlap as well. In all cases they are interconnected directly or through intermediate domains. Therefore, a multidomain reference network is needed. In a multidomain environment there are two or more domains, typically administrative domains, where the information spread between the domains is reduced compared to that provided within the domains. This information characterizes the network state to be used for optimal routing. There are two reasons for reduced information flooding. First, as the network grows the amount of information to be spread grows by square (quadratically) as the number of nodes grows. Second, the operators in a multi-provider environment do not want to provide all their strategic information to their competitors. Our goal was to define a Multi-Domain Reference Network, as realistic as possible, for evaluation and benchmarking purposes. 2 Physical Topology of the e1- net 2.1 Tool for setting up the topology (DomainMaker) To collect input data for the e1-net we have created a Java GUI (Graphical User Interface). We will refer to it as DomainMaker. It is a further developed version of the GraphMaker [5]. It saves the graphically assembled national networks into an XML file to be merged with other national networks into the European Multi-Domain Reference Network, e1-net. It is important that multiple, even partially overlapping networks are supported to better model the realistic network structures [6]. The link and node types, the capacities as well as the traffic statistics (both, static (traffic matrix) and dy- 1 The work reported in this paper has been carried out within the European FP6 project NoE e-photon/one and its second phase NoE e-photon/one+ ( and
2 namic (traffic pattern)) are generally not provided by the network providers, therefore, we have generated them based on estimations. For this purpose the methods and results obtained in projects COST 266, IST LION and IP NOBEL have been used [2, 7, 8]. 2.2 Composing the topology With the DomainMaker a network topology consisting of several domains has been created. The topology has been collected in different ways. On the one hand it has been looked up on the Internet, e.g. the national academic network (NREN) topologies. On the other hand we contacted partners involved in e-photon/one and other European projects, who were supposed to have access to this information. If there was not just an academic network topology but other network topologies as well, then for that country more than one topology has been collected. In some cases the topology was just indirectly defined. In our European Reference Network we have used one topology for each country only. All the topologies are available at: both, separately domain-by-domain and jointly as a huge Multi-Domain network. 2.3 Estimating the traffic The capacity of the links was given for a few domains only, therefore, we have decided to estimate all of them. For estimating the capacities a traffic matrix was needed. We have chosen the estimating mechanism, which was presented in the Extended Final Report of COST Action 266 [2]. Using the information collected in COST 266 we have first estimated the traffic between certain countries. The total traffic between two countries has been determined by taking into account the used bandwidth per user, the average time of usage per day and the total number of users. This way estimates for the amount of voice, transaction data and Internet traffic in 22 (reference year of the traffic studies) were obtained [9]. Using the above mentioned method the traffic matrix has been estimated. The traffic data of some countries was missing, therefore, we have estimated them from traffics of other countries, which have similar level of technology and economy scaled by the population of these countries. The international traffic of each country was given from it to all other countries, which was assumed to be symmetrical, i.e., equal in both directions. The ratio of the amount of the international to the national traffics was 1:1. The traffic matrix of the European Reference Network e1-net is available at as well. Country After the aggregation man/ # of node nodes [1 ] Population [1 ] Before the aggregation man/ # of node nodes [1 ] 2.4 The capacity estimation Austria Belgium Croatia Czech France Germany Hungary Italy Netherlands Norway & Sweden Poland Portugal Slovakia Slovenia Spain Switzerland UK Table. 2 Data of the Aggregation First the link capacities were set to infinite. In practice it was large enough to accommodate all the traffic along their shortest paths. All the static traffic was routed one-by-one. When all were routed the capacity usage was summed for each link, and then set to be the link capacity. 3 The Non-Hierarchical Reference Network (e1-net-nh) There were two problems with the e1-net. On the one hand the number of the nodes for a country was very diverse from country to country. On the other hand some domains did not have enough links to the other domains. The formerly diverse values of the number of inhabitants per node for different nodes were modified to get a more homogeneous figure. Table 1 shows the classification for this homogenisation. Population in a country (million) The scale of the aggregation 1 1 node per 1 million person node per 1,5 million person node per 2 million person 5 1 node per 3 million person Table. 1 The Scale of the Aggregation Table 2 shows the countries, the population of these countries in 23, the number of the nodes in the countries and the number of the citizens per node before and after the aggregation.
3 If there were more nodes than extrapolated the graphs were aggregated. The considerations for aggregation were as follows: If only one or two links are adjacent to a given node then it can be merged with the neighbouring node (or nodes) according to the meta-mesh concept [1]. If there is a node of degree of three that we want to remove to reduce the topology then we have to connect its neighbouring nodes by a link if they were not yet connected. This will yield a ring and the middle node can be erased with all the links adjacent to it. These two operations were repeated until the number of the nodes was satisfactorily reduced. If there were fewer nodes in a country / domain than estimated, then the cities with large population were added to the network. When linking these new nodes the previous aggregation considerations were taken into account. For the capacity estimation of the completed network the already described mechanism has been used. However, these capacity values rarely meet the typical values. Therefore, the estimated capacities have been rounded up. The SDH/SONET transmission technology gives the discrete values for the estimated capacity values of fine granularity. The aggregated network topology named e1-net-a is also available at: Although this network topology is the most realistic representation of the data given by the service providers there were some missing international / inter-domain links. Therefore, the next step was to introduce new international links, a new capacity estimation and rounding up. Figure 1 shows this European Non- Hierarchical Reference Network topology, e1-net-nh. Figures showing all the network topologies (e1-net, e1-net-a, e1-net-nh and e1-net-h) and the xml files are available at: Fig. 2 The e1-net-nh 4 The Hierarchical Reference Network (e1-net-h) In testing and simulating routing algorithms and protocols having a separate higher level network dedicated to interconnecting the certain domains is in practice more realistic. Therefore, a hierarchical network topology that is based on the non-hierarchical one has been also defined. The concept was to make a higher level domain which consists only of interdomain links. In this case to set up an international / inter-domain connection (i.e., between the nodes of two different domains) has affected always three domains: That of the source node, that of the destination node and the interconnecting higher level domain. For this network topology called e1-net-h (Figure 2) a new capacity estimation has been made as well as a capacity rounding up. Fig. 2 The e1-net-h
4 5 Comparing The Non- Hierarchical and the Hierarchical Network From Routing and Protection Point of View In this section as an illustration we compare the nonhierarchical network to the hierarchical one from the point of view of routing without and with protection. The evaluation criteria are average blocking experienced and the histogram of path-lengths. The parameters of the networks are shown in Table 3. The hierarchical network consists of slightly more nodes and links since nodes and links used for the backbone were counted here as well. The density (average degree) of the hierarchical network is also slightly higher, however the number of edges (links) that leave the domains is slightly lower (Number of interfaces). e1-net-nh e1-net-h Number of the nodes Number of the edges Number of the interfaces Average degree 3,746 3,787 Table. 3 Parameter of the Two Reference Networks In each simulation a traffic pattern of at least 75 demands was routed to obtain results of satisfactory confidence level. We have generated demands as a Poisson process with average arrival intensity of,264 per time unit, and with exponential holding time of 4 time units on average. The average blocking of demands was 6% and 9% for the case with no protection while 5% and 49% for the case with protection for the non-hierarchical and hierarchical networks respectively e1-net-nh with and without dedicated protection e1-net-nh w ithout protection e1-net-nh w ith dedicated protection Fig. 3 Path length histogram for the case with and without protection for the e1-net-nh (the nonhierarchical network). Blocking was 6% for the case without protection and it was 5% in the case with protection. Figures 3 and 4 show the distribution of the path lengths for the case without and with protection for the two reference networks. It can be well seen that for both networks the protection resulted in significantly longer paths, i.e., more links were used for working plus protection paths, than for protection paths only. This was what we expected. However, the interesting thing is that the peek of the distribution of path lengths is about the same for the two networks with smaller deviation (narrower histogram) in case of the hierarchical network. The reason is that due to the backbone domain the distance between the nodes of different domains becomes more predictable. This can be considered as improved distance-fairness that leads to improved blocking fairness between different node-pairs. The drawback is the slightly increased blocking, since there will be less alternative paths, i.e. the backbone will be the bottleneck that will be traversed by each inter-domain demand. It can be well seen from the shape of the histograms that the total length of the working plus protection paths is roughly the double of that for the case with no protection e1-net-h with and without dedicated protection e1-net-h w ithout protection e1-net-h with dedicated protection Fig. 4 Path length histogram for the case with and network). Blocking was 9% for the case without protection and it was 49% in the case with protection. Unfortunately, the very high blocking deteriorates our statistics. Therefore, we have carried out our simulations assuming capacities large enough to avoid not only blocking, but also congestions that force demands taking shorter paths. These results can be seen in Figures 5 and 6. Figures 5 and 6 show the histogram of path lengths for the case of no protection, and for the case with protection, this time, however not the sum for working and protection paths, but separately. Figure 5 shows results for the non-hierarchical, while Figure 6 for the hierarchical network. For both networks it can be seen that the working paths have length distribution with negligible differences that is caused by the aggregation of domain information while performing multi-domain routing. Compared to working paths for both networks the histogram of the protection paths is slightly shifted to left, i.e., the protection paths are slightly longer. If we compare Figures 5 and 6 it can be seen, that the length of working versus the protection paths differs slightly more for the hierarchical network (Figure 6), and deviation from the mean value is smaller than for the non-hierarchical one. This means that in the case of hierarchical networks we have more paths around the average length value, that can be explained by the fact, that using the backbone network the nodes are virtually closer to each other, i.e., using one intermediate domain only (the backbone one) they nodes can reach each-other. On the other hand, their protection paths will become longer, since there are fewer links between domains, and therefore fewer disjoint paths
5 between the end-nodes that causes choosing longer second paths (protection paths) e1-net-nh with and without protection e1-net-nh w ithout protection e1-net-nh w orking path w ith protection e1-net-nh protection path w ith protection Fig. 5 Path length histogram for the case with and network) e1-net-h with and without protection e1-net-h w ithout protection e1-net-h w orking path w ith protection e1-net-h protection path w ith protection Fig. 6 Path length histogram for the case with and network) 6 Conclusion Although there are four networks described, the hierarchical (e1-net-h) and the non-hierarchical (e1- net-nh) network topologies are recommended for use as reference for evaluations. Choice between these two networks should depend on the problem studied. As an illustration we have compared these two networks for routing with no protection and with dedicated protection. The hierarchical one is simpler to manage, it has routes of more predictable length that leads to better fairness, however, it has slightly higher blocking and lower availability due to the lower number of alternative paths, and also it requires more nodes and links. All additional information and new results will be available at András Pataki for carrying out a part of the simulations and to András Kern for building the graphical interface and scripts for collecting input and editing the reference networks. The authors are also grateful to all the partners that provided data on their national networks. 8 References [1] NSFNET The National Science Foundation Network. Available: [2] COST European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research. Available: z/dpt24/cost266/docs/cost266_extended_fin al_report.pdf [3] The Italian Academic & Research Network. Available: [4] Germany s National Research and Education Network. Available: [5] Blue Marsh Softworks. Available: [6] EU FP6 NoE e-photon / One DomainMaker homepage. Available: [7] Next Generation Optical Network for Broadband European Leadership. Available: [8] OPTMIST, IST LION Available: [9] R. Inkret, A. Kuchar, B. Mikac: Extended Final Report of COST Action 266; Advanced Infrastructure for Photonic Networks, 23, pp [1] W. D. Grover: Mesh-Based Survivable Networks, 24, pp , ISBN X 7 Acknowledgment The authors are grateful to János Szigeti for writing the simulator for routing in multi-domain networks, to
Performance of networks containing both MaxNet and SumNet links
Performance of networks containing both MaxNet and SumNet links Lachlan L. H. Andrew and Bartek P. Wydrowski Abstract Both MaxNet and SumNet are distributed congestion control architectures suitable for
More informationSchedule 2i. All the terms indicated above in capital letters are defined below.
1. SERVICE DESCRIPTION Interoute Transit service comprises of the provision and supply of connectivity to the Internet via the Interoute IP Network (from now on the Service ). The Service can be provided
More informationDisjoint Path Algorithm for Load Balancing in MPLS network
International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research ISSN 2351-8014 Vol. 13 No. 1 Jan. 2015, pp. 193-199 2015 Innovative Space of Scientific Research Journals http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/
More informationCROSS LAYER BASED MULTIPATH ROUTING FOR LOAD BALANCING
CHAPTER 6 CROSS LAYER BASED MULTIPATH ROUTING FOR LOAD BALANCING 6.1 INTRODUCTION The technical challenges in WMNs are load balancing, optimal routing, fairness, network auto-configuration and mobility
More informationrelating to household s disposable income. A Gini Coefficient of zero indicates
Gini Coefficient The Gini Coefficient is a measure of income inequality which is based on data relating to household s disposable income. A Gini Coefficient of zero indicates perfect income equality, whereas
More informationPerformance advantages of resource sharing in polymorphic optical networks
R. J. Durán, I. de Miguel, N. Merayo, P. Fernández, R. M. Lorenzo, E. J. Abril, I. Tafur Monroy, Performance advantages of resource sharing in polymorphic optical networks, Proc. of the 0th European Conference
More informationAMADEUS: Analyse MAjor Databases from EUropean Sources - A financial database of 4 million European companies, including Eastern Europe MODULE.
AMADEUS http://amadeus.bvdep.com/ip AMADEUS: Analyse MAjor Databases from EUropean Sources - A financial database of 4 million European companies, including Eastern Europe MODULE. General AMADEUS contains
More informationNEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS BY ALTERNATIVE FUEL TYPE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 1 Quarter 4 2015
NEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS BY ALTERNATIVE FUEL TYPE IN THE Quarter 4 2015 Alternative fuel vehicle (AFV) registrations: +20.0% in 2015; +21.1% in Q4 In the fourth quarter of 2015, total alternative
More informationAnalyzing Distribution of Traffic Capacity
Analyzing Distribution of Traffic Capacity D. Mancas, E. I. Manole, N. Enescu, S. Udristoiu Abstract In this paper, an evaluation of the network routing algorithms is made. In a real network, it is expected
More informationEBA REPORT ON THE BENCHMARKING OF DIVERSITY PRACTICES. EBA-Op-2016-10 08 July 2016
EBA REPORT ON THE BENCHMARKING OF DIVERSITY PRACTICES EBA-Op-2016-10 08 July 2016 BENCHMARKING OF DIVERSITY PRACTICES AT THE EU LEVEL Benchmarking of diversity practices at the European Union level List
More informationStarting up COST 290 "Wi-QoST: Traffic and QoS Management in Wireless Multimedia Networks"
Starting up COST 290 "Wi-QoST: Traffic and QoS Management in Wireless Multimedia Networks" Koucheryavy Yevgeni, PhD Tampere University of Technology Finland Outline COST 290 Action Motivation, Technical
More informationWAN Wide Area Networks. Packet Switch Operation. Packet Switches. COMP476 Networked Computer Systems. WANs are made of store and forward switches.
Routing WAN Wide Area Networks WANs are made of store and forward switches. To there and back again COMP476 Networked Computer Systems A packet switch with two types of I/O connectors: one type is used
More informationOptimization based method to consolidate European Transmission Data
Optimization based method to consolidate European Transmission Data Manuel Ruiz Michael Gabay Artelys Paris, France Jean Maeght Mireille Lefevre Patrick Panciatici RTE Versailles, France Abstract In this
More informationSchedule 2t. Additional terms for Fast Trade - Online Ordering
1. SERVICE DESCRIPTION Fast Trade is a high quality bandwidth service specifically designed for customers who require extremely low latency and low packet loss on links between two Network Termination
More informationIP Traffic Engineering over OMP technique
IP Traffic Engineering over OMP technique 1 Károly Farkas, 1 Zoltán Balogh, 2 Henrik Villför 1 High Speed Networks Laboratory Department of Telecommunications and Telematics Technical University of Budapest,
More informationSchedule 2e. Additional terms for Ethernet services
1. SERVICE DESCRIPTION The Interoute Ethernet Clear and Ethernet Flex Services offer Circuits carrying telecommunications traffic between Network Termination Points on the Interoute Ethernet Network and/
More informationChapter 4. VoIP Metric based Traffic Engineering to Support the Service Quality over the Internet (Inter-domain IP network)
Chapter 4 VoIP Metric based Traffic Engineering to Support the Service Quality over the Internet (Inter-domain IP network) 4.1 Introduction Traffic Engineering can be defined as a task of mapping traffic
More informationLecture 2.1 : The Distributed Bellman-Ford Algorithm. Lecture 2.2 : The Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) protocol
Lecture 2 : The DSDV Protocol Lecture 2.1 : The Distributed Bellman-Ford Algorithm Lecture 2.2 : The Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) protocol The Routing Problem S S D D The routing problem
More informationEQ-BGP: an efficient inter-domain QoS routing protocol
EQ-BGP: an efficient inter-domain QoS routing protocol Andrzej Beben Institute of Telecommunications Warsaw University of Technology Nowowiejska 15/19, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland abeben@tele.pw.edu.pl Abstract
More informationPART III. OPS-based wide area networks
PART III OPS-based wide area networks Chapter 7 Introduction to the OPS-based wide area network 7.1 State-of-the-art In this thesis, we consider the general switch architecture with full connectivity
More informationUTX Europe V2 - Enhancements
UTX Europe V2 - Enhancements Global Enhancements... 2 Country-By-Country Analysis - UTX Europe V2 Feature Enhancements... 3 Austria... 3 Belgium... 3 Czech Republic... 3 Denmark... 3 Finland... 3 France...
More informationPremium Data Centre Europe - 2012 Pricing, Business Model & Services
Premium Data Centre Europe - 2012 Pricing, Business Models & Services Premium Data Centre Europe - 2012 Pricing, Business Model & Services Table of Contents A list of figures used in this report 5 Methodology
More informationPART II. OPS-based metro area networks
PART II OPS-based metro area networks Chapter 3 Introduction to the OPS-based metro area networks Some traffic estimates for the UK network over the next few years [39] indicate that when access is primarily
More informationExperiences with MPTCP in an intercontinental multipathed OpenFlow network
Experiences with MP in an intercontinental multipathed network Ronald van der Pol, Michael Bredel, Artur Barczyk SURFnet Radboudkwartier 273 3511 CK Utrecht, The Netherlands Email: Ronald.vanderPol@SURFnet.nl
More informationA New Fault Tolerant Routing Algorithm For GMPLS/MPLS Networks
A New Fault Tolerant Routing Algorithm For GMPLS/MPLS Networks Mohammad HossienYaghmae Computer Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran hyaghmae@ferdowsi.um.ac.ir
More informationEmployee eligibility to work in the UK
Employee eligibility to work in the UK This document details legal requirements that apply to ALL new members of staff All employers in the UK are legally bound to comply with the Asylum and Immigration
More informationGAS TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE DENSITY IN THE EU: CEE vs NWE
GAS TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE DENSITY IN THE EU: CEE vs NWE Andrey A.Konoplyanik Ekaterina Orlova, WS2 GAC / Russia-EU Informal Consultations on EU Regulatory Topics (3 rd EU Energy Package) 20th round
More informationDisaster Recovery Design Ehab Ashary University of Colorado at Colorado Springs
Disaster Recovery Design Ehab Ashary University of Colorado at Colorado Springs As a head of the campus network department in the Deanship of Information Technology at King Abdulaziz University for more
More informationRouter Scheduling Configuration Based on the Maximization of Benefit and Carried Best Effort Traffic
Telecommunication Systems 24:2 4, 275 292, 2003 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Manufactured in The Netherlands. Router Scheduling Configuration Based on the Maximization of Benefit and Carried Best Effort
More informationIP interconnection issues
Regulatory and policy challenges of next-generation access IP interconnection issues 6 November 0 Michael Kende Introduction Last year marked the 5th anniversary of the commercialisation of the Internet
More informationFinal Exam. Route Computation: One reason why link state routing is preferable to distance vector style routing.
UCSD CSE CS 123 Final Exam Computer Networks Directions: Write your name on the exam. Write something for every question. You will get some points if you attempt a solution but nothing for a blank sheet
More informationEUF STATISTICS. 31 December 2013
. ESTIMATES OF EU TURNOVER VOLUMES. Turnover volumes by product, allocation and notification (Estimates of EU s, Millions of ) Estimate of the EU % on Turnover Significance of the sample on total turnover
More informationPartial Path Protection for WDM Networks: End-to-End Recovery Using Local Failure Information
1 Partial Path Protection for WDM Networks: End-to-End Recovery Using Local Failure Information Hungjen Wang, Eytan Modiano, Muriel Médard Abstract Path protection and link protection schemes are the main
More informationESC-ERC Recommendations for the Use of. Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs) in Europe
1/6 ESC-ERC Recommendations for the Use of Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs) in Europe Published in: European Heart Journal (2004); 25:437-445 Supplement 2 2/6 AED Legislation & Organisation in
More informationComprehensive emissions per capita for industrialised countries
THE AUSTRALIA INSTITUTE Comprehensive emissions per capita for industrialised countries Hal Turton and Clive Hamilton The Australia Institute September 2001 the Parties included in Annex I shall implement
More informationTOYOTA I_SITE More than fleet management
EMPOWERING YOUR BUSINESS TOYOTA I_SITE More than fleet management www.toyota-forklifts.eu TOYOTA I_SITE More than fleet management Toyota I_Site is a unique combination of technology, information, expertise
More informationCompetitive Analysis of On line Randomized Call Control in Cellular Networks
Competitive Analysis of On line Randomized Call Control in Cellular Networks Ioannis Caragiannis Christos Kaklamanis Evi Papaioannou Abstract In this paper we address an important communication issue arising
More informationHow To Calculate Tax Burden In European Union
The Tax Burden of Typical Workers in the EU 28 2015 James Rogers Cécile Philippe Institut Économique Molinari, Paris Bruxelles TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 2 Background 2 Main Results 3 On average, a respite
More informationNERI Quarterly Economic Facts Summer 2012. 4 Distribution of Income and Wealth
4 Distribution of Income and Wealth 53 54 Indicator 4.1 Income per capita in the EU Indicator defined National income (GDP) in per capita (per head of population) terms expressed in Euro and adjusted for
More informationSimulation of Heuristic Usage for Load Balancing In Routing Efficiency
Simulation of Heuristic Usage for Load Balancing In Routing Efficiency Nor Musliza Mustafa Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Maklumat, Kolej Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Selangor normusliza@kuis.edu.my Abstract.
More informationCOMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION
EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 17.9.2014 C(2014) 6767 final COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION Updating of data used to calculate lump sum and penalty payments to be proposed by the Commission to the Court
More information13 th Economic Trends Survey of the Architects Council of Europe
13 th Economic Trends Survey 13 th Economic Trends Survey of the Architects Council of Europe 13 th Economic Trends Survey Breakdown of responses COUNTRY ANSWERS France 1464 Belgium 399 Spain 365 Italy
More informationMARKET NEWSLETTER No 102 February 2016
TRENDS IN WORLD OLIVE OIL CONSUMPTION World consumption of olive oil increased 1.8 fold in volume between 1990/00 and 2015/16. As can be seen from Chart 1, this upward movement has been located primarily
More informationA SIMULATOR FOR LOAD BALANCING ANALYSIS IN DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS
Mihai Horia Zaharia, Florin Leon, Dan Galea (3) A Simulator for Load Balancing Analysis in Distributed Systems in A. Valachi, D. Galea, A. M. Florea, M. Craus (eds.) - Tehnologii informationale, Editura
More informationImplementation of Traffic Engineering and Addressing QoS in MPLS VPN Based IP Backbone
International Journal of Computer Science and Telecommunications [Volume 5, Issue 6, June 2014] 9 ISSN 2047-3338 Implementation of Traffic Engineering and Addressing QoS in MPLS VPN Based IP Backbone Mushtaq
More informationmodeling Network Traffic
Aalborg Universitet Characterization and Modeling of Network Shawky, Ahmed Sherif Mahmoud; Bergheim, Hans ; Ragnarsson, Olafur ; Wranty, Andrzej ; Pedersen, Jens Myrup Published in: Proceedings of 6th
More informationFUSIONS Food waste data set for EU-28. New Estimates and Environmental Impact
FUSIONS Food waste data set for EU-28 New Estimates and Environmental Impact 15 October 2015 Food waste is an issue of importance to global food security and good environmental governance, directly linked
More informationThe Importance of Accident Statistics
The Importance of Accident Statistics 1 Introduction 2 3 4 Statistics and Gaps Good Reasons for Statistics Conclusions Published Le Figaro Nov 11 th, 2012 Le Parisien Nov 11 th, 2012 TF1 France News Ouest
More information1. Perception of the Bancruptcy System... 2. 2. Perception of In-court Reorganisation... 4
Bankruptcy Systems and In-court Reorganisation of Firms, 2010 Content: 1. Perception of the Bancruptcy System... 2 2. Perception of In-court Reorganisation... 4 3. Perception of Creditor Committees, Fast
More informationEuropean Coffee Market Situation. Mick Wheeler
European Coffee Market Situation Mick Wheeler The UN classifies Europe as comprising 49 countries, with an estimated population of 728 million, but wikipedia lists 50 countries with a population of over
More informationFirst EIOPA Stress Test for Occupational Pensions
1 First EIOPA Stress Test for Occupational Pensions 1. What is a stress test? Stress test is an important risk management tool. It is used by financial institutions as well as micro- and macro-prudential
More informationAgeing OECD Societies
ISBN 978-92-64-04661-0 Trends Shaping Education OECD 2008 Chapter 1 Ageing OECD Societies FEWER CHILDREN LIVING LONGER CHANGING AGE STRUCTURES The notion of ageing societies covers a major set of trends
More informationInsurance corporations and pension funds in OECD countries
Insurance corporations and pension funds in OECD countries Massimo COLETTA (Bank of Italy) Belén ZINNI (OECD) UNECE, Expert Group on National Accounts, Geneva - 3 May 2012 Outline Motivations Insurance
More informationNetwork and Capacity Planning in SURFnet6
Network and Capacity Planning in SURFnet6 Ronald van der Pol 1 and Freek Dijkstra 1 SARA Computing & Networking Services, Kruislaan 415, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands rvdp@sara.nl,freek.dijkstra@sara.nl
More informationEIOPA Stress Test 2011. Press Briefing Frankfurt am Main, 4 July 2011
EIOPA Stress Test 2011 Press Briefing Frankfurt am Main, 4 July 2011 Topics 1. Objectives 2. Initial remarks 3. Framework 4. Participation 5. Results 6. Summary 7. Follow up 2 Objectives Overall objective
More information41 T Korea, Rep. 52.3. 42 T Netherlands 51.4. 43 T Japan 51.1. 44 E Bulgaria 51.1. 45 T Argentina 50.8. 46 T Czech Republic 50.4. 47 T Greece 50.
Overall Results Climate Change Performance Index 2012 Table 1 Rank Country Score** Partial Score Tendency Trend Level Policy 1* Rank Country Score** Partial Score Tendency Trend Level Policy 21 - Egypt***
More informationInternational Women's Day PwC Women in Work Index
www.pwc.co.uk International Women's Day Women in Work Index Women in Work Index UK rises four places to 14 th position within the OECD, returning to its position in 2000. The third annual update of the
More informationReplacement Migration
Population Division Department of Economic and Social Affairs United Nations Secretariat Replacement Migration United Nations ST/ESA/SER.A/206 Population Division Department of Economic and Social Affairs
More informationAnalysis of traffic engineering parameters while using multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) and traditional IP networks
Analysis of traffic engineering parameters while using multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) and traditional IP networks Faiz Ahmed Electronic Engineering Institute of Communication Technologies, PTCL
More informationBeer statistics. 2014 edition. The Brewers of Europe
Beer statistics 2014 edition The Brewers of Europe Beer statistics 2014 edition The Brewers of Europe Editor: Marlies Van de Walle 1st edition, October 2014 ISBN 978-2-9601382-3-8 EAN 9782960138238 1
More informationTrends in the European Investment Fund Industry. in the Fourth Quarter of 2015. Results for the Full Year of 2015
Quarterly Statistical Release February 2016, N 64 This release and other statistical releases are available on Efama s website (www.efama.org) Trends in the European Investment Fund Industry in the Fourth
More informationA Comparison Study of Qos Using Different Routing Algorithms In Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
A Comparison Study of Qos Using Different Routing Algorithms In Mobile Ad Hoc Networks T.Chandrasekhar 1, J.S.Chakravarthi 2, K.Sravya 3 Professor, Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engg., GIET Engg.
More informationIyad Katib and Deep Medhi DRCN 2011 Krakow, Poland October 2011
Iyad Katib and Deep Medhi DRCN 2011 Krakow, Poland October 2011 IP/MPLS over OTN over DWDM network protection. Three-layer modeling. OTN sublayer technological constraints explicitly considered. Layers
More informationNetwork congestion control using NetFlow
Network congestion control using NetFlow Maxim A. Kolosovskiy Elena N. Kryuchkova Altai State Technical University, Russia Abstract The goal of congestion control is to avoid congestion in network elements.
More informationPolicy-Based Fault Management for Integrating IP over Optical Networks
Policy-Based Fault Management for Integrating IP over Optical Networks Cláudio Carvalho 1, Edmundo Madeira 1, Fábio Verdi 2, and Maurício Magalhães 2 1 Institute of Computing (IC-UNICAMP) 13084-971 Campinas,
More information193/2014-15 December 2014. Hourly labour costs in the EU28 Member States, 2012 (in )
193/2014-15 December 2014 Labour Cost Survey 2012 in the EU28 Labour costs highest in the financial and insurance sector Three times higher than in the accommodation and food sector In 2012, average hourly
More informationA lightweight Approach for Viable End-to-end IP-based QoS Services
A lightweight Approach for Viable End-to-end IP-based QoS Services Óscar González de Dios, Telefónica I+D, Spain 1st FP7 Networked Media Concertation meeting, 17th April, Vilamoura Slide 1 Overview of
More informationOverview of recent changes in the IP interconnection ecosystem
Presentation for Broadband for America Overview of recent changes in the IP interconnection ecosystem Michael Kende June 7 th, 2011 Ref: Introduction 2 Last year marked the 15 th anniversary of the commercialization
More informationERG Common Statement for VoIP regulatory approaches ERG (05) 12
ERG Common Statement for VoIP regulatory approaches ERG (05) 12 Content 1 Introduction... 3 2 ERG Common Statement... 5 3 Specific Statement for Numbering and Number Portability... 7 4 Specific Statement
More informationComparison of RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, IGRP Routing Protocols in Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) By Using OPNET Simulator Tool - A Practical Approach
Comparison of RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, IGRP Routing Protocols in Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) By Using OPNET Simulator Tool - A Practical Approach U. Dillibabau 1, Akshay 2, M. Lorate Shiny 3 UG Scholars,
More informationFacility Usage Scenarios
Facility Usage Scenarios GDD-06-41 GENI: Global Environment for Network Innovations December 22, 2006 Status: Draft (Version 0.1) Note to the reader: this document is a work in progress and continues to
More informationIn May and July 2014 UK Visas and Immigration (UKVI) introduced changes to the right to work checks employers are required to carry out.
Summary of changes - August 2014 In May and July 2014 UK Visas and Immigration (UKVI) introduced changes to the right to work checks employers are required to carry out. In light of the recent changes,
More informationRandom Map Generator v1.0 User s Guide
Random Map Generator v1.0 User s Guide Jonathan Teutenberg 2003 1 Map Generation Overview...4 1.1 Command Line...4 1.2 Operation Flow...4 2 Map Initialisation...5 2.1 Initialisation Parameters...5 -w xxxxxxx...5
More informationLink-State Routing Protocols
Link-State Routing Protocols Malin Bornhager Halmstad University Session Number 2002, Svenska-CNAP Halmstad University 1 Objectives Link-state routing protocol Single-area OSPF concepts Single-area OSPF
More informationPLAN PRICE GUIDE 74.99. Allowance 50GB Data, unlimited minutes, unlimited texts, inclusive Roaming in selected countries 1,2, 200 084
PLAN PRICE GUIDE Pay Monthly For new and upgrading customers from 27th April 2016 EE Complete 24 month plans 74.99 79.99 84.99 Allowance 50GB Data, unlimited minutes, unlimited texts, inclusive Roaming
More informationSchedule 2f. Schedule 2F Internet Services UK Eng Lang V4.0 120109 page 1 of 10
1. SERVICE DESCRIPTION Interoute Internet Services comprises of the provision and supply of connectivity to the Internet via the Interoute IP Network. 2. DEFINITIONS ADSL refers to Asymmetric Digital Subscriber
More informationINTERNATIONAL TRACKED POSTAGE SERVICE
INTERNATIONAL TRACKED POSTAGE SERVICE Index Expanding Internationally...03 The Post NL Service...04 How it works... 05 Post NL Rates...06 Transit times...07 Customer Service...08 Expanding Internationally
More informationThe Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, Romania E-mail: ppaul@ase.ro E-mail: catalin.boja@ie.ase.ro
Paul Pocatilu 1 and Ctlin Boja 2 1) 2) The Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, Romania E-mail: ppaul@ase.ro E-mail: catalin.boja@ie.ase.ro Abstract The educational process is a complex service which
More informationEUROPE 2020 TARGET: TERTIARY EDUCATION ATTAINMENT
EUROPE 2020 TARGET: TERTIARY EDUCATION ATTAINMENT Low tertiary or equivalent education attainment levels create skills bottlenecks in knowledgeintensive economic sectors and hamper productivity, innovation
More informationUpdated development of global greenhouse gas emissions 2013
Updated development of global greenhouse gas emissions 2013 Hans-Joachim Ziesing Low Carbon Markets and the Legacy of Nuclear Power 19 th REFORM Group Meeting, Schloss Leopoldskron, Salzburg September
More informationWhat Is the Total Public Spending on Education?
What Is the Total Public Spending on Education? Indicator On average, OECD countries devote 12.9% of total public expenditure to, but values for individual countries range from less than 10% in the Czech
More informationShared Backup Path Optimization in Telecommunication Networks
Shared Backup Path Optimization in Telecommunication Networks Balázs Gábor Józsa and Dániel Orincsay Abstract This paper presents new approaches for off-line global path optimization in telecommunication
More informationBroadband Networks. Prof. Karandikar. Department of Electrical Engineering. Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Lecture - 26
Broadband Networks Prof. Karandikar Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Lecture - 26 Optical Network &MPLS So, as you were discussing in the previous lectures, next
More informationThe Tax Burden of Typical Workers in the EU 28 2014 Edition. James Rogers & Cécile Philippe May 2014. (Cover page) Data provided by
(Cover page) The Tax Burden of Typical Workers in the EU 28 2014 Edition NEW DIRECTION Page 1 of 17 James Rogers & Cécile Philippe May 2014 New Direction aims to help shift the EU onto a different course
More informationA new ranking of the world s most innovative countries: Notes on methodology. An Economist Intelligence Unit report Sponsored by Cisco
A new ranking of the world s An Economist Intelligence Unit report Sponsored by Cisco Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 2009 A new ranking of the world s Preface In April 2009, the Economist Intelligence
More informationPartial Path Protection for WDM Networks: End-to-End Recovery Using Local Failure Information
Partial Path Protection for WDM Networks: End-to-End Recovery Using Local Failure Information Hungjen Wang, Eytan Modiano, Muriel Médard Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems Massachusetts Institute
More informationHow To Make A Positive Decision On Asylum Applications In 2014
82/2015-12 May 2015 Asylum decisions in the EU EU Member States granted to more than 185 000 asylum seekers in 2014 Syrians remain the main beneficiaries This News Release has been revised on 21 May following
More informationPlanned Healthcare in Europe for Lothian residents
Planned Healthcare in Europe for Lothian residents Introduction This leaflet explains what funding you may be entitled to if you normally live in Lothian (Edinburgh, West Lothian, Midlothian and East Lothian
More informationOn the effect of forwarding table size on SDN network utilization
IBM Haifa Research Lab On the effect of forwarding table size on SDN network utilization Rami Cohen IBM Haifa Research Lab Liane Lewin Eytan Yahoo Research, Haifa Seffi Naor CS Technion, Israel Danny Raz
More informationyour own success? Locate addresses exactly Visualise your company data Analyse connections Make the right decisions Use your full potential
PTV MAP&MARKET BASIC How can you map out your own success? Locate addresses exactly Visualise your company data Analyse connections Make the right decisions Use your full potential A unique combination
More informationTrends in the European Investment Fund Industry. in the First Quarter of 2016
Quarterly Statistical Release May 2016, N 65 This release and other statistical releases are available on Efama s website (www.efama.org) Trends in the European Investment Fund Industry in the First Quarter
More informationEnd-to-End Dedicated Protection in Multi-Segment Optical Networks
End-to-End Dedicated Protection in Multi-Segment Optical Networks Srinivasan Seetharaman, Admela Jukan and Mostafa Ammar Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA Email: {srini, ajukan, ammar}@cc.gatech.edu
More informationRouting Protocols OSPF CHAPTER. The following topics describe supported routing protocols. Topics include OSPF, page 9-1 IS-IS Protocol, page 9-3
CHAPTER 9 The following topics describe supported routing protocols. Topics include OSPF, page 9-1 IS-IS Protocol, page 9-3 OSPF Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a link state Internet routing protocol.
More informationDynamic Congestion-Based Load Balanced Routing in Optical Burst-Switched Networks
Dynamic Congestion-Based Load Balanced Routing in Optical Burst-Switched Networks Guru P.V. Thodime, Vinod M. Vokkarane, and Jason P. Jue The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75083-0688 vgt015000,
More informationGDP per capita, consumption per capita and comparative price levels in Europe
Economy and finance Author: Lars SVENNEBYE Statistics in focus 2008 GDP per capita, consumption per capita and comparative price levels in Europe Final results for 2005 and preliminary results for 2006
More informationLightpath Planning and Monitoring
Lightpath Planning and Monitoring Ronald van der Pol 1, Andree Toonk 2 1 SARA, Kruislaan 415, Amsterdam, 1098 SJ, The Netherlands Tel: +31205928000, Fax: +31206683167, Email: rvdp@sara.nl 2 SARA, Kruislaan
More informationTaxation trends in the European Union EU27 tax ratio fell to 39.3% of GDP in 2008 Steady decline in top corporate income tax rate since 2000
DG TAXUD 95/2010-28 June 2010 Taxation trends in the European Union EU27 tax ratio fell to 39.3% of GDP in 2008 Steady decline in top corporate income tax rate since 2000 The overall tax-to-gdp ratio 1
More informationBehavior Analysis of TCP Traffic in Mobile Ad Hoc Network using Reactive Routing Protocols
Behavior Analysis of TCP Traffic in Mobile Ad Hoc Network using Reactive Routing Protocols Purvi N. Ramanuj Department of Computer Engineering L.D. College of Engineering Ahmedabad Hiteishi M. Diwanji
More information2004 Networks UK Publishers. Reprinted with permission.
Riikka Susitaival and Samuli Aalto. Adaptive load balancing with OSPF. In Proceedings of the Second International Working Conference on Performance Modelling and Evaluation of Heterogeneous Networks (HET
More information