Index. BRF, 164 Busscar, 161

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1 Index Afrobarometer survey, 197 age, and middle-class status, 108, 112, 179 Agrale, 161 Ajegroup, América Móvil, 153 Argentina, 53, 56, 106 economic crisis of , 151 Asia, economic crisis of 1997, 151 global middle class, 58 9, 151 Asiabarometer survey, 197 automobile sector, and middle-class demand, Banco do Brasil, 153 Banerjee-Duflo measure of middle class ($2 $10/day), 8 10, 15, 16, 38, 39, 103, 106, 131 Batlle y Ordoñez, José, 5 Belindia (Brazilian income distribution), 17, 75, 95 Benedetti, Mario, 6 Bolivia, 53, 54, 57, 106 Bolsa Família, see Brazil Bradesco, 153 brand loyalty, 165 Brazil, 56, 150, 153 Bolsa Família, 19, 34, 83, 94 Brasil Carinhoso, 82 Camino da Escola, 162 class C, 17, 78, 85, 92 demonstrations, , 1, 4 5, 22 economic classes in, 78, 79 fiscal policy in, 192 forecast of middle-class growth, geography of middle-class growth, 80 1 income distribution, 17, 71 4 middle class in, National Social Security Institute, 83 see also Belindia 205 BRF, 164 Busscar, 161 capabilities, 39, 178 CASEN (Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional; National Socio-economic Characterization Survey, Chile), 132 CBD, 153 Cemex, 152 Cencosud, 155, 158, 159, 160 Chauí, Marilena, 23 Chile, 56, 133, 150 Subsidio Previsional a los Trabajadores Jóvenes, 144 Subsidio al Empleo Joven, 144 see also CASEN China, 151, 153, 167, 192 global middle class in, 59 and global poverty, 72 trade with Latin America, 4 class C (Brazil), 17, 78, 85, 92 Codelco, 152 Colombia, 56, 106, 133, 150, 153 Multidimensional Poverty Index, 117 8, National Planning Department, 21, 117 Servicio Social Complementario de Beneficios Económicos Periódicos, 143 see also GEIH Comil, 161 Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe, see ECLAC commodity boom, 35, 151 consumer credit, 156, , 179 consumer goods, and middle-class demand, 163 6; see also specific firms consumer durables and middle-class status, 182

2 206 Index Costa Rica, 53, 54, 150 conditional cash transfer programs, 19, 33, 34, 36, 130; see also Bolsa Família; Juntos; Progresa/ Oportunidades Continuing Provision Benefit (Brazil), 95 corruption, middle-class attitudes and perceptions, 187, 196 da Silva, Luiz Inácio Lula, 23 decoupling, 3 4 democracy, middle-class attitudes toward, 187 Dina, 161 Dominican Republic, 56 Drogarias DPSP, 155 Dumas, Alexandre, 86 ECLAC [United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean], xiii, 3, 15 16, 141, 192 Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, see ECLAC ECOsociAL survey, 193 Ecuador, 56 education level, and middle-class status, 93, 95, 108, 112 emerging markets, 151 employment, and middle-class status, 109 Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional (Chile), see CASEN Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (Peru), see ENAHO Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (Mexico), see ENIGH ENAHO (Encuesta Nacional de Hogares; National Household Survey, Peru), 132 ENIGH (Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares; National Household Income and Expenditure Survey, Mexico), 132 entrepreneurship, middle class and, 51, 61, 71, EQ-5D (European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions Index), 178 Esteban-Gradin-Ray measure of polarization, 76, 82 Europe, 2, 3, 5, 13, 58, 139, 155, 157 8, 161, 193 family structure, and middle-class status, 108, 182 Fernández, Lionel, xiii measure of middle class (OECD), 10, 11, 15, 19, 104, 105, 107, 132, 176 and non-income dimensions of poverty, financial services, 179 fiscal exchange theory, 197; see also social contract fiscal policy, 186; see also public spending; taxation Ford EcoSport, 163, 167 Friedman, Milton, 86 Friedman, Thomas, 90 functioning, 39 Gallup World Poll, 90, 104, 174, 183 GEIH (Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares; Large Integrated Household Survey, Colombia), 132 gender, and middle-class status, 108, 112, 165 6, 179 Gini index of inequality, 12, 33, 34, 56, 57, 72, 192 global middle class measure ($10 $100/ day, Kharas), 9, 52 3, 104 Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares (Colombia), see GEIH Grupo Monge, 20, 156, 167 Gurría, Angel, xiii Guyana, 53, 57 health and middle-class status, 179 Hirschman, Albert O., 189 Honduras, 53, 54, 57 household surveys, 7, 123, 132 housing demand, 160 Hyundai, 161 IDB, 141, 178 ILO, 133, 134, 141, 151

3 Index 207 income inequality, 19 decline in, 2000s, 19, 33, 35, 73 and economic growth, 21 2 and middle class, wage premium and, 19, 33, 35 independent workers, 137 India, 151, 153 global middle class in, 59 and global poverty, 72 informal sector, 134 ILO definition, 134 informality, 132, 133, ILO definition, 133 see also informal sector; middle class, labor-market characteristics of; occupational status; social protection Inter-American Development Bank, see IDB International Labour Organization, see ILO International Monetary Fund, 22, 151, 157 Irigoyen, Hipólito, 5 Itaú-Unibanco, 153, 158, 159, 160, 167 Raizes e Asas, 167 JBS Friboi, 153 Johnson, John, 5, 22, 23 Kenya, 134 Kharas measure of middle class, see global middle class Kubitschek, Juscelino, 5 Lafontaine, 87 Large Integrated Household Survey (Colombia), see GEIH Latin American Decade (Santos), 2 3 Latinobarómetro surveys, Lima, real estate values in, Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) Survey, Colombia, 123 Lost Decade (growth slowdown in Latin America), 1, 3 Marcopolo, 21, 161, 162 marketing strategies, targeting middleclass consumers, 153 marketing innovations, 154 Mastretta, 161 matching contributions (pension design), median voter theory, 22, 186 and middle-class politics, Mercosur, 151, 163 meritocracy, 189, 192, 194 Mexico, 53, 54, 56, 133, 153 fiscal policy in, 192 Progresa/Oportunidades, 19, 34 stabilizing development model, 5 see also ENIGH middle class, attitudes and values of, 102, 109; see also middle class and politics middle class, economic measures of, 7 absolute-income definitions of, 8 10, 38, 52 3, 74, 103, 131; see also Banerjee-Duflo measure; Ravallion measure; global middle class measure comparisons of, labor-market characteristics, 132, 133 multidimensional, 117 occupational status and, poverty line and, relative-income definitions of, 10 12, 38, 74, 103, 131; see also measure; see also specific countries middle class, forecast of growth, 53 8, middle class, labor-market characteristics of, middle class as motor for growth, 20 2, 85, 102 middle class and politics, 22 4, 97 8, 187; see also corruption; democracy; median voter theory; social contract mortgage credit, 160 Multidimensional Poverty Index (Colombia), 117 8, multilatinas, 151 NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), 151 National Household Income and Expenditure Survey (Mexico), see ENIGH

4 208 Index National Household Survey (Peru), see ENAHO National Socio-economic Characterization Survey (Chile), see CASEN Natura, 20, 166 Neobus, 161 occupational status, 15 16, 109, 130, 179; see also informal sector; informality; middle class, labormarket characteristics of; OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), xiii, xiv, 10, 13, 16, 91, 132, 167, 176, 191 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, see OECD OXXO, 157 Paraguay, 54 Partido dos Trabalhadores (Brazil), 23 Partido Revolucionario Institucional (Mexico), 5 PDVSA, 153 Pemex, 153 pensions, 23, 138 matching contributions, policy options regarding, social pensions, Peru, 133, 150 political attitudes of middle class in, 59 65, 187 Sistema de Pensiones Sociales, 143 see also ENAHO Petrobras, 153 Piñera, Sebastián, 5 PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment), 91 PME (Brazilian Monthly Employment Survey), 83 PNAD (Brazilian National Household Survey), 77, 78, 82 POF (Household Budget Survey, Brazil), 77, 78 polarization, measures of, 74 77; see also Esteban-Gradin-Ray measure of polarization poverty, declines in, 36 7 and economic measures of the middle class, PPP, see purchasing power parity Prebisch, Raúl, 3 Progresa/Oportunidades, see Mexico prospect of upward mobility (POUM) hypothesis, 189, 194 Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, The (Weber), 102 public services, perceptions of, 97, 111, 194 and tax morale, public spending, 186, 188, 195 purchasing power parity, 7 Randon, 161 Ravallion measure of middle class ($2 $13/day), 8 10, 16, 18, 38, 39, 53, 103, 131, 176 redistribution, preferences for, 22, 52, 65, 68, 152, 173, 186, 191 relational goods, 178 retail firms and middle-class demand, Rousseff, Dilma, 23 Russia, economic crisis of 1998, 151 Santos, Juan Manuel, 2, 18 self-employment, 135 Sen, Amartya, 39 Servicio Social Complementario de Beneficios Económicos Periódicos, see Colombia Sistema de Pensiones Sociales, see Peru Smith, Adam, 13 social contract and the middle class, 4, 22, 23, 25, 90, 95, 187, 192, 195, 198, 199 social mobility, 90, 102, 103, 150, 187, 194 social pensions, social protection, 130, 134, 138, 199; see also pensions social rankings, self-perceived, 24, 103, 173 4, 175, 176, 194 distortions and errors in, 174

5 Index 209 social status, 173 Solís, Luis Guillermo, 5 South Korea, 153 strategic innovations (firms), 154 subjective middle class, 24, 103, 176 Subsidio Previsional a los Trabajadores Jóvenes, see Chile Subsidio al Empleo Joven, see Chile Taiwan, 153 tariffs, 163, 187 tax morale, 187, 193 and perceived quality of public services, taxation, 134, 186, 188, 195 Tregua, La (Benedetti), 6, 15 Troller, 161 tunnel effect (Hirschman), 189 United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, see ECLAC United States, 1 5, 20, 53 5, 66, 71 2, 74, 143, 152, 157, 160, 168, Uruguay, 53, 54, 106 Vale, 152, 153 Veloso, Caetano, 95 Venezuela, 56, 153 vulnerability, 21, 23, 39, 41, 84, 120, 130, 132 Washington Consensus, 151 Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 13 Weber, Max, 102 World Bank, xiii, 13 14, 18, 19, 151, 191 measure of middle class ($10 $50/ day), 9, 14, 16, 41, 43, 45, 104, 131, 150 World Gallup Poll, see Gallup World Poll World is Flat, The (Friedman), 90 World Values Survey, 59 65, 191