Taxation and more representation? On fiscal policy, social mobility and democracy in Latin America
|
|
|
- Silas Foster
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Taxation and more representation? On fiscal policy, social mobility and democracy in Latin America Christian Daude y Ángel Melguizo Centro de Desarrollo de la OCDE XXIII Seminario Regional de Politica Fiscal CEPAL, Naciones Unidas Santiago de Chile, Enero 2011
2 Personal Income Tax in LAC vs. OECD, 2008 (% GDP) Income inequality pre/post taxes-transfers, 2000s (Gini coefficient) RDOM CHL PER ARG MEX BRA SPA FRA GER US Inequality before taxes and transfers Inequality after taxes and transfers Source: OECD Revenue Statistics and Latin American Revenue Statistics (forthcoming) 0 Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Mexico Peru Source: OECD (2008) Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Netherlands Poland Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom High inequality, low tax collection, and weak fiscal redistribution 2
3 Tax morale in Latin America and OECD countries ( Do you think cheating on taxes is justifiable? ) Never Justifiable Justifiable 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% OECD Latin America Is the social contract broken in Latin America? 3
4 Tax policy cannot be analyzed separately from expenditures Government (inter temporal) budget constraint Political economy: agents may be willing to pay higher taxes if they receive (perceived) more/better public services Main approaches Tax benefit analysis : How fiscal policy affects households incomes? e.g. OECD (2008) survey, and OECD (2010) Laboratory experiments (e.g. Konrad and Morath, 2010) Soft data analysis: How fiscal policy is perceived by Latin American citizens? An analysis based on Latinobarómetro 2007,
5 1 Main hypothesis 2 Empirical analysis Data Democracy Fiscal policy 3 Conclusions and policy implications 5
6 Policy questions Support for democracy and political preferences Fiscal legitimacy ( tax morale ) Desired level of taxation Demand for redistribution (state vs. market) 6
7 A brief literature review: Theory Social class: five quintiles (middle sectors II IV) ( ) Median voter model (Down, 1957) (?) Internalization of distortions (Meltzer and Richards, 1981) (?) Ideological domination, no coordination (Przeworski, 2007) (?) Other, surveyed in Alesina and Giuliano (2009): individual experience (Piketty, 1995), family and nation values Perspectives Of Upwards Mobility hypothesis, POUM ( ) ( ) Past mobility, and future mobility (Benabou and Ok, 2001) (?) Temporary effect (Hirschman, 1973) 7
8 A brief literature review: Theory Meritocracy ( ), as highlighted in Alesina and Angeletos (2005) Success depends on hard work rather than connections A poor person in my country can become rich working hard Life chances are independent of origin Perceived link tax/benefits (+) Satisfaction with democracy, perception of corruption, public services (health care, education and pensions) 8
9 A brief literature review: Empirical analysis for Latin America Torgler (2005): Lower tax morale due to the tax burden, but also to the lack of honesty, and corruption (LB98 and WVS) Gaviria (2007): High demand for redistribution and the weak support for market outcomes: pessimistic views on social justice and equality of opportunities, and past/expected mobility (LB96, 00) Marcel (2008): No belief in mobility, weak social contract (crime, job insecurity, and poor health care). But, strong beliefs in the value of effort and education, and in shared responsibility state individuals, backed by a willingness to pay more taxes (ECosociAL 2007) 9
10 1 Main hypothesis 2 Empirical analysis Data Democracy Fiscal policy 3 Conclusions and policy implications 10
11 Data Latinobarómetro, rounds 2007 and 2008 Annual public opinion survey Data from around 20 thousand interviews and 18 LAC countries Perceptions on social, economic and political issues, plus selfreported income Pros and cons vs. other databases (World Value Survey, Gallup): Availability, diffusion, previous research 11
12 Attitudes towards democracy Attitudes towards democracy (% support and satisfaction) Distribution of political preferences (0 extreme left, 1 extreme right) 80% Support for democracy Satisfaction with functioning of democracy 40.0% Q1 Q2 Q4 Q5 70% 35.0% 60% 30.0% 50% 25.0% 40% 30% cy n e u20.0% q F re 20% 15.0% 10% 10.0% 0% Perceived Income Quintile 5.0% 0.0% Left Right self reported preferences Middle sectors: main supporters of democracy, and politically moderate 12
13 Attitudes towards democracy: Support, satisfaction and political spectrum Dependent Variable (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Support for democracy Support for democracy Satisfaction with democracy Satisfaction with democracy Left Right Left Right Estimation Method Probit Probit Probit Probit Ordered Probit Ordered Probit Quintile (0.038)*** (0.038)*** (0.040)* (0.040)* (0.036)** (0.036)** Quintile (0.038)*** (0.039)*** (0.040)*** (0.041)*** (0.037)*** (0.037)*** Quintile (0.051)*** (0.053)*** (0.053)*** (0.055)*** (0.046)*** (0.048)*** Quintile (0.097)** (0.099)* (0.100)*** (0.102)*** (0.099)** (0.102)*** Perceived past mobility (0.009)** (0.009) (0.008)* Perceived future mobility (0.008) (0.008)* (0.007)*** Observations Pseudo R Additional controls: age, gender, education, religiosity, head of household Middle sectors: supporters plus moderate. Reinforced with mobility 13
14 Fiscal policy "Good Citizens pay their taxes" (percentage of respondents who agree) "Taxes are too high" (percentage of respondents who agree) Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 25 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q "Tax evasion is never justified" (percentage of respondents who agree) Satisfaction with health services Satisfied Not satisfied No Access Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 14
15 Fiscal policy, tax morale: Do you think that good citizens should pay taxes? (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Satisfaction with democracy (0.02)*** (0.02)** Satisfaction with health care (0.02)** (0.03) Satisfaction with education Satisfaction with pension system (0.02)*** (0.03)** (0.02) (0.02) Past mobility (0.01)** (0.01)** (0.01)** Future mobility (0.01)** (0.01)** (0.01) Corruption (0.00)*** Observations Pseudo R PROBIT estimates. Additional controls age, gender, education, citizenship, religiosity, head of household, economic problems, income quintile (and constant) Good democracies and public services pay (+). No clear POUM 15
16 Fiscal policy, tax morale: Tax evasion is justified (2) (3) (4) (5) Satisfaction with democracy (0.025)*** (0.025)*** Past mobility (0.009) (0.009) Future mobility (0.008) (0.008) Corruption (0.000)*** (0.000)*** Observations Pseudo R PROBIT estimates Additional controls age, gender, education, citizenship, religiosity, head of household, economic problems, income quintile (and constant) No clear POUM, counterintuitive results on institutions 16
17 Fiscal policy, desired level of taxation: Do you think taxes are too high? (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Satisfaction with democracy (0.029)*** (0.029)*** Satisfaction with health care (0.027)*** (0.031)** Satisfaction with education (0.027)*** (0.031)* Satisfaction with pension system Past mobility (0.026)*** (0.027) (0.008)*** (0.008)*** Future mobility (0.008)*** (0.008)** Observations Pseudo R PROBIT estimates Additional controls age, gender, education, citizenship, religiosity, head of household, economic problems, income quintile (and constant) No POUM. Democracy and good public services may allow higher taxes 17
18 Fiscal policy, desired level of taxation: Do you think taxes are too high? (1) (2) (3) (4) Satisfaction with democracy (0.030)*** (0.030)*** (0.030)*** (0.030)*** Satisfaction with health care (0.032) (0.032) (0.032) (0.032) Satisfaction with education (0.032)** (0.032)** (0.032)* (0.032)* Satisfaction with pension system (0.028) (0.028) (0.028) (0.028) Past mobility (0.009)*** (0.009)*** (0.009)*** (0.009)*** Future mobility (0.008)** (0.008)** (0.008)** (0.008)** Success depends on hard work rather than connections (0.028)*** (0.028)*** A poor person in my country can become rich if she works (0.030)* (0.030) Life chances are independent of origin (0.029)*** (0.029)*** Observations Pseudo R PROBIT estimates. Additional controls age, gender, education, citizenship, religiosity, head of household, economic problems, income quintile (and constant) meritocracy reinforces it: lowers the perception of bearing too heavy taxes 18
19 Fiscal policy, demand for redistribution: state/market Dependent Variable (1) (2) (3) (4) State should intervene in health State should intervene in education State should intervene in pension Market should solve all problems Left Right (0.005)*** (0.005)*** (0.005)*** (0.005) Distribution of income is fair (0.030)*** (0.030)*** (0.031)*** Satisfaction with health care (0.025)*** Satisfaction with education (0.025)*** Satisfaction with pension system (0.024)*** Past mobility (0.007)* (0.007) (0.007) (0.009) Future mobility (0.007) (0.007) (0.007)*** (0.008)** Opportunities independent of origin (0.026)* (0.026)*** (0.026)*** A poor person can become rich (0.026)*** (0.027)** (0.027) Corruption (0.000)*** Observations Pseudo R PROBIT estimates. Additional controls age, gender, education, citizenship, religiosity, head of household, economic problems, income quintile (and constant) No clear proxy, and no clear results (e.g. political preferences) 19
20 1 Main hypothesis 2 Empirical analysis Data Democracy Fiscal policy 3 Conclusions and policy implications 20
21 Conclusions Social class doesn t play a key role in taxation (once controlled for other factors) Perspectives of upwards mobility hypothesis is not confirmed People who perceive a higher past mobility, and forecast a higher future mobility agree to pay (more) taxes Meritocracy pays: impacts positively Those who think perceive living in a meritocracy also think that taxes are not too high Perceived link tax/benefits are key. From generic (corruption) to specific (health and education) Education (years of) impacts positively 21
22 Policy implications Need to build better institutions (corruption, meritocracy) Potential demand for a stronger social contact (no POUM) Potential role of the middle sectors (Support of democracy, and politically moderate) Double dividends from better public services More educated citizens support stronger fiscal policy Better services (education and health) may trigger a virtuous circle 22
23 Taxation and more representation? On fiscal policy, social mobility and democracy in Latin America Christian Daude y Ángel Melguizo Centro de Desarrollo de la OCDE XXIII Seminario Regional de PolItica Fiscal CEPAL, Naciones Unidas Santiago de Chile, Enero 2011
24 Annex Results at a glance Legitimacy Tax are too high More redistribution Education + - +/- Middle sectors +/+ -/- -/- Public services (educ., health) POUM +/+ - - Meritocracy n.a. - + PROBIT modeling. Latinobarómetro 2007 and All regressions include country, ethnicity, marital status and employment status Bold: significant at 5 per cent (at least) 24
25 Annex Net payers of the personal income tax (Percentage of households with labour income) MEX CRI CHL ARG URU PER COL Source: OECD (2010) 25
OECD DEVELOPMENT CENTRE
OECD DEVELOPMENT CENTRE Working Paper No. 294 TAXATION AND MORE REPRESENTATION? ON FISCAL POLICY, SOCIAL MOBILITY AND DEMOCRACY IN LATIN AMERICA by Christian Daude and Ángel Melguizo Research area: Latin
relating to household s disposable income. A Gini Coefficient of zero indicates
Gini Coefficient The Gini Coefficient is a measure of income inequality which is based on data relating to household s disposable income. A Gini Coefficient of zero indicates perfect income equality, whereas
Expenditure on Health Care in the UK: A Review of the Issues
Expenditure on Health Care in the UK: A Review of the Issues Carol Propper Department of Economics and CMPO, University of Bristol NIERC 25 April 2001 1 Expenditure on health care in the UK: The facts
Economic Crisis in Latin America: Recent Events and Outlook
Abril 1, 9 Economic Crisis in Latin America: Recent Events and Outlook Based on the Latin American Economic Outlook 9 Sebastián Nieto Parra Research Associate OECD Development Centre Centro de la OCDE
TAXATION. 1. More Growth-Friendly Tax Structures: tax shifts 1.1. The evolution of total tax burden in the European Union
TAXATION The Annual Growth Survey identifies several categories of tax policy challenges currently faced by EU Member States. These tax policy challenges concern the potential of Member States for making
Transfer issues and directions for reform: Australian transfer policy in comparative perspective
Transfer issues and directions for reform: Australian transfer policy in comparative perspective Peter Whiteford, Social Policy Research Centre, University of New South Wales p.whiteford@unsw.edu.au 1
On What Resources and Services Is Education Funding Spent?
Indicator On What Resources and Services Is Education Funding Spent? In primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education combined, current accounts for an average of 92% of total spending in
Social insurance, private insurance and social protection. The example of health care systems in some OECD countries
Social insurance, private insurance and social protection. The example of health care systems in some OECD countries References OECD publications on Health care Swiss Re publications Sigma No 6/2007 on
WTM Origin Market Seminar 2013. Brazil
WTM Origin Market Seminar 2013 Brazil Brazil s Population Population 198.7 million (5 th in the world) Annual growth rate: 1.1% Relatively young population Diverse Ethnicity strong cultural links between
How many students study abroad and where do they go?
From: Education at a Glance 2012 Highlights Access the complete publication at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eag_highlights-2012-en How many students study abroad and where do they go? Please cite this chapter
2015 Country RepTrak The World s Most Reputable Countries
2015 Country RepTrak The World s Most Reputable Countries July 2015 The World s View on Countries: An Online Study of the Reputation of 55 Countries RepTrak is a registered trademark of Reputation Institute.
What Is the Total Public Spending on Education?
What Is the Total Public Spending on Education? Indicator On average, OECD countries devote 12.9% of total public expenditure to, but values for individual countries range from less than 10% in the Czech
Mario Torres Jarrín Director European Institute of International Studies Associate Lecturer Department of Romance Studies and Classics and Associate
Mario Torres Jarrín Director European Institute of International Studies Associate Lecturer Department of Romance Studies and Classics and Associate Researcher, Institute of Latin American Studies Stockholm
Expenditure and Outputs in the Irish Health System: A Cross Country Comparison
Expenditure and Outputs in the Irish Health System: A Cross Country Comparison Paul Redmond Overview This document analyzes expenditure and outputs in the Irish health system and compares Ireland to other
Government at a Glance 2015
Government at a Glance 2015 Size of public procurement Strategic public procurement E-procurement Central purchasing bodies 135 Size of public procurement Public procurement refers to the purchase by governments
41 T Korea, Rep. 52.3. 42 T Netherlands 51.4. 43 T Japan 51.1. 44 E Bulgaria 51.1. 45 T Argentina 50.8. 46 T Czech Republic 50.4. 47 T Greece 50.
Overall Results Climate Change Performance Index 2012 Table 1 Rank Country Score** Partial Score Tendency Trend Level Policy 1* Rank Country Score** Partial Score Tendency Trend Level Policy 21 - Egypt***
The Determinants of Global Factoring By Leora Klapper
The Determinants of Global Factoring By Leora Klapper Factoring services can be traced historically to Roman times. Closer to our own era, factors arose in England as early as the thirteenth century, as
Foreign Taxes Paid and Foreign Source Income INTECH Global Income Managed Volatility Fund
Income INTECH Global Income Managed Volatility Fund Australia 0.0066 0.0375 Austria 0.0045 0.0014 Belgium 0.0461 0.0138 Bermuda 0.0000 0.0059 Canada 0.0919 0.0275 Cayman Islands 0.0000 0.0044 China 0.0000
What Proportion of National Wealth Is Spent on Education?
Indicator What Proportion of National Wealth Is Spent on Education? In 2008, OECD countries spent 6.1% of their collective GDP on al institutions and this proportion exceeds 7.0% in Chile, Denmark, Iceland,
NERI Quarterly Economic Facts Summer 2012. 4 Distribution of Income and Wealth
4 Distribution of Income and Wealth 53 54 Indicator 4.1 Income per capita in the EU Indicator defined National income (GDP) in per capita (per head of population) terms expressed in Euro and adjusted for
B Financial and Human Resources
Chapter B Financial and Human Resources Invested In Education Education at a Glance OECD 2011 203 chapter B Classification of al expenditure Educational expenditure in this chapter is classified through
The U.S Health Care Paradox: How Spending More is Getting Us Less
The U.S Health Care Paradox: How Spending More is Getting Us Less Elizabeth H. Bradley Yale School of Public Health Lauren A. Taylor Harvard Divinity School 1 The paradox Then there's the problem of rising
VULNERABILITY OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
VULNERABILITY OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS 2 December 2014 Paris Seminar in Demographic Economics Falilou FALL Senior Economist OECD Economics Department 1 Introduction and outline Social institutions and the
4 Distribution of Income, Earnings and Wealth
4 Distribution of Income, Earnings and Wealth Indicator 4.1 Indicator 4.2a Indicator 4.2b Indicator 4.3a Indicator 4.3b Indicator 4.4 Indicator 4.5a Indicator 4.5b Indicator 4.6 Indicator 4.7 Income per
The redistributive effect and progressivity of taxes revisited
The redistributive effect and progressivity of taxes revisited An international comparison across the EU with EUROMOD Gerlinde Verbist University of Antwerp, Centre for Social Policy Francesco Figari University
2012 Country RepTrak Topline Report
2012 Country RepTrak Topline Report The World s View on Countries: An Online Study of the Reputation of 50 Countries RepTrak is a registered trademark of Reputation Institute. Global Reputation Knowledge
European perspective
Fiscal policy challenges from a European perspective Ludger Schuknecht Director General Economic and Fiscal Policy Strategy; International Economy and Finance Federal Ministry of Finance, Germany Banco
What Is the Student-Teacher Ratio and How Big
What Is the Student-Teacher Ratio and How Big Are Classes? The average class in primary education in OECD countries has more than 21 students. Among all countries with available data, this number varies
World Consumer Income and Expenditure Patterns
World Consumer Income and Expenditure Patterns 2014 14th edi tion Euromonitor International Ltd. 60-61 Britton Street, EC1M 5UX TableTypeID: 30010; ITtableID: 22914 Income Algeria Income Algeria Income
HAS BRAZIL REALLY TAKEN OFF? BRAZIL LONG-RUN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND CONVERGENCE
HAS BRAZIL REALLY TAKEN OFF? BRAZIL LONG-RUN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND CONVERGENCE COUNTRY PROFILE: A COUNTRY IN TRANSFORMATION POLICY RECOMENDATIONS COUNTRY PROFILE Brazilian Equivalent Population in The World
Preventing fraud and corruption in public procurement
Preventing fraud and corruption in public procurement CRIM, European Parliament 24 September 2012 Brussels János Bertók Head of division Public Sector Integrity OECD Data on trends in procurement Size
Structural policy indicators
Economic Policy Reforms Going For Growth Interim Report OECD Chapter Structural policy indicators This chapter contains a comprehensive set of quantitative indicators that allow for a comparison of policy
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE CANADA HAS THE BEST REPUTATION IN THE WORLD ACCORDING TO REPUTATION INSTITUTE
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE CANADA HAS THE BEST REPUTATION IN THE WORLD ACCORDING TO REPUTATION INSTITUTE Study reveals interesting developments in countries reputations amidst the Euro crisis, the rise of Asia
4/17/2015. Health Insurance. The Framework. The importance of health care. the role of government, and reasons for the costs increase
Health Insurance PhD. Anto Bajo Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb The Framework The importance of healthcare, the role of government, and reasons for the costs increase Financing
Eliminating Double Taxation through Corporate Integration
FISCAL FACT Feb. 2015 No. 453 Eliminating Double Taxation through Corporate Integration By Kyle Pomerleau Economist Key Findings The United States tax code places a double-tax on corporate income with
Delegation in human resource management
From: Government at a Glance 2009 Access the complete publication at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264075061-en Delegation in human resource management Please cite this chapter as: OECD (2009), Delegation
TO ASSET AFTER FISCAL
PUBLIC SERVICE: FROM COST TO ASSET AFTER FISCAL CONSOLIDATION Mario Marcel, Deputy Director Public Governance and Territorial Development, OECD Lisbon 24 January 2014 Contents Changes in the fiscal environment
Early Childhood Education and Care
Early Childhood Education and Care Participation in education by three- and four-year-olds tends now to be high, though coverage is a third or less of the age group in several OECD countries. Early childhood
A Comparison of the Tax Burden on Labor in the OECD By Kyle Pomerleau
FISCAL FACT Jun. 2014 No. 434 A Comparison of the Tax Burden on Labor in the OECD By Kyle Pomerleau Economist Key Findings Average wage earners in the United States face two major taxes: the individual
What Are the Incentives to Invest in Education?
Indicator What Are the Incentives to Invest in Education? On average across 25 OECD countries, the total return (net present value), both private and public, to a man who successfully completes upper secondary
COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION
EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 17.9.2014 C(2014) 6767 final COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION Updating of data used to calculate lump sum and penalty payments to be proposed by the Commission to the Court
Voluntary health insurance and health care reforms
Voluntary health insurance and health care reforms Sarah Thomson Senior Research Fellow, European Observatory Deputy Director, LSE Health IMF conference, Paris, 21 st June 2011 Health financing policy
Reporting practices for domestic and total debt securities
Last updated: 4 September 2015 Reporting practices for domestic and total debt securities While the BIS debt securities statistics are in principle harmonised with the recommendations in the Handbook on
Executive summary. Global Wage Report 2014 / 15 Wages and income inequality
Executive summary Global Wage Report 2014 / 15 Wages and income inequality Global Wage Report 2014/15 Wages and income inequality Executive summary INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE GENEVA Copyright International
Consumer Credit Worldwide at year end 2012
Consumer Credit Worldwide at year end 2012 Introduction For the fifth consecutive year, Crédit Agricole Consumer Finance has published the Consumer Credit Overview, its yearly report on the international
- 2 - Chart 2. Annual percent change in hourly compensation costs in manufacturing and exchange rates, 2010-2011
For release 10:00 a.m. (EST) Wednesday, December 19, 2012 USDL-12-2460 Technical Information: (202) 691-5654 ilchelp@bls.gov www.bls.gov/ilc Media Contact: (202) 691-5902 PressOffice@bls.gov INTERNATIONAL
Global Effective Tax Rates
www.pwc.com/us/nes Global s Global s April 14, 2011 This document has been prepared pursuant to an engagement between PwC and its Client. As to all other parties, it is for general information purposes
Supported Payment Methods
Supported Payment Methods Global In the global payments market, credit cards are the most popular payment method. However, BlueSnap expands the payment selection by including not only the major credit
A Comparison of the Tax Burden on Labor in the OECD
FISCAL FACT July 2015 No. 475 A Comparison of the Tax Burden on Labor in the OECD By Sam Jordan & Kyle Pomerleau Research Assistant Economist Key Findings Average wage earners in the United States face
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS
For release 10:00 a.m. (EST) Tuesday, March 8, 2011 USDL-11-0303 Technical Information: (202) 691-5654 ilchelp@bls.gov www.bls.gov/ilc Media Contact: (202) 691-5902 PressOffice@bls.gov INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS
Appendix 1: Full Country Rankings
Appendix 1: Full Country Rankings Below please find the complete rankings of all 75 markets considered in the analysis. Rankings are broken into overall rankings and subsector rankings. Overall Renewable
The big pay turnaround: Eurozone recovering, emerging markets falter in 2015
The big pay turnaround: Eurozone recovering, emerging markets falter in 2015 Global salary rises up compared to last year But workers in key emerging markets will experience real wage cuts Increase in
http://mig.tu-berlin.de
Voluntary health insurance in Europe a structured introduction into objectives and status-quo Reinhard Busse, Prof. Dr. med. MPH FFPH Dept. Health Care Management, Technische Universität Berlin (WHO Collaborating
Supported Payment Methods
Sell Globally in a Snap Supported Payment Methods Global In the global payments market, credit cards are the most popular payment method. However, BlueSnap expands the payment selection by including not
Martin Hilbert, mhilbert@eclac.cl
I N F R A S T R U C T U R E I N F R A S T R U C T U R E GENERIC S E R V I C E S REG. FRAMEWORK I N F R A S T R U C T U R E GENERIC S E R V I C E S I N F R A S T R U C T U R E GENERIC S E R V I C E S I
Dualization and crisis. David Rueda
Dualization and crisis David Rueda The economic crises of the 20 th Century (from the Great Depression to the recessions of the 1970s) were met with significant increases in compensation and protection
(OECD, 2012) Equity and Quality in Education: Supporting Disadvantaged Students and Schools
(OECD, 2012) Equity and Quality in Education: Supporting Disadvantaged Students and Schools SPOTLIGHT REPORT: SPAIN www.oecd.org/edu/equity This spotlight report draws upon the OECD report Equity and Quality
How To Calculate Tertiary Type A Graduation Rate
Indicator How Many Students Finish Tertiary Education? Based on current patterns of graduation, it is estimated that an average of 46% of today s women and 31% of today s men in OECD countries will complete
BIS CEMLA Roundtable on Fiscal Policy, public debt management and government bond markets: issues for central banks
BIS CEMLA Roundtable on Fiscal Policy, public debt management and government bond markets: issues for central banks Is monetary policy constrained by fiscal policy? by Carlos Montoro 26-27 November 212
Tax Reform Trends in OECD Countries
OECD 50 TH ANNIVERSARY CHALLENGES IN DESIGNING COMPETITIVE TAX SYSTEMS Paris, 30 June 2011 Tax Reform Trends in OECD Countries 1. Introduction 1. Over the last two decades almost all OECD countries have
Consumer Over-indebtedness and Financial Vulnerability: Evidence from Credit Bureau Data
KDI International Conference on Household Debt from an International Perspective: Issues and Policy Directions Consumer Over-indebtedness and Financial Vulnerability: Evidence from Credit Bureau Data By
Social Citizenship Rights and Gender/Family Policies. Walter Korpi Swedish Institute for Social Research
Social Citizenship Rights and Gender/Family Policies Walter Korpi Swedish Institute for Social Research The Logic of Industrialism Industrialism and Industrial Man. A Study of Labor Problems in Economic
Job quality across OECD countries
HOW GOOD IS YOUR JOB? MEASURING AND ASSESSING JOB QUALITY What makes a good job? Job quality Most people spend a substantial amount of time at work, and work for a significant part of their life. The jobs
Overview of the OECD work on transfer pricing
Overview of the OECD work on transfer pricing Written contribution to the Conference Alternative Methods of Taxation of Multinationals (13-14 June 2012, Helsinki, Finland) by Marlies de Ruiter, Head of
GROWTH AND INCOME INEQUALITY: TRENDS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS
Please cite this note as: OECD (2015), Growth and income inequality: trends and policy implications, OECD Economics Department Policy Notes, No. 26 April 2015. GROWTH AND INCOME INEQUALITY: TRENDS AND
Japan 1. 0 25 50 75 100 % of students who benefit from public loans AND/OR scholarships/grants
Indicator How Much Do Tertiary Students Pay and What Public Subsidies Do They Receive? In eight OECD countries, public charge no tuition fees, but in one- third of countries with available data, public
Cross-country comparison of health care system efficiency
Cross-country comparison of health care system efficiency Isabelle Joumard, OECD, Economics Department IMF conference, June 21, 2011 Public Health Care Reforms: Challenges and Lessons for Advanced and
Health Care Systems: Efficiency and Policy Settings
Health Care Systems: Efficiency and Policy Settings Summary in English People in OECD countries are healthier than ever before, as shown by longer life expectancy and lower mortality for diseases such
GLOBAL DATA CENTER SPACE 2013
2013 CENSUS REPORT: Global Data Center Space 2013 GLOBAL DATA CENTER SPACE 2013 Top 3 data center markets account for almost half of all global data center space. In spite of a slowdown in the amount of
Health and welfare Humanities and arts Social sciences, bussiness and law. Ireland. Portugal. Denmark. Spain. New Zealand. Argentina 1.
Indicator to Which fields of education are students attracted? Women represent the majority of students and graduates in almost all OECD countries and largely dominate in the fields of education, health
How To Tax On Pension Income For Older People In European Countries
Austria Belgium Czech Republic Tax credit of EUR 400 for low pension income up to EUR 17,000; the tax credit is fully phased out once pension income equals EUR 25,000. pension income of maximum EUR 1,901.19.
PERMANENT AND TEMPORARY WORKERS
PERMANENT AND TEMPORARY WORKERS Australia Permanent worker: Permanent workers are employees with paid leave entitlements in jobs or work contracts of unlimited duration, including regular workers whose
Who wants to be an entrepreneur?
Entrepreneurship at a Glance 215 Key findings: Italy Who wants to be an entrepreneur? In all the economies of the world, entrepreneurship is key for economic development and to promoting social integration
World Leader Great schools, great teaching and how to get them
World Leader Great schools, great teaching and how to get them Professor Chris Husbands, Director, Institute of Education Professor Chris Husbands, Professor Director, Chris Husbands Institute Director,
European Citizens Initiative on Unconditional Basic Income ANNEX
European Citizens Initiative on Unconditional Basic Income ANNEX Initiators of the ECI The persons presenting the proposal for our ECI are citizens out of 15 EU Member States (Austria, Belgium, Denmark,
G20 EMPLOYMENT WORKING GROUP COUNTRY SELF-REPORTING TEMPLATE ON IMPLEMENTATION OF G20 EMPLOYMENT PLANS
G20 EMPLOYMENT WORKING GROUP COUNTRY SELF-REPORTING TEMPLATE ON IMPLEMENTATION OF G20 EMPLOYMENT PLANS Contents 1. Key economic and labour market indicators 2. Key policy indicators 3. Checklist of commitments
BT Premium Event Call and Web Rate Card
BT Managed Event and BT Self-Managed Event (also referred to as Express, Plus and Premium) Conference Bridge and Call for Booked Audio Conferencing Services will comprise the following for each phone-conference:
MERCER S COMPENSATION ANALYSIS AND REVIEW SYSTEM AN ONLINE TOOL DESIGNED TO TAKE THE WORK OUT OF YOUR COMPENSATION REVIEW PROCESS
MERCER S COMPENSATION ANALYSIS AND REVIEW SYSTEM AN ONLINE TOOL DESIGNED TO TAKE THE WORK OUT OF YOUR COMPENSATION REVIEW PROCESS MERCER S COMPENSATION ANALYSIS AND REVIEW SYSTEM www.imercer.com/cars Mercer
Health Care a Public or Private Good?
Health Care a Public or Private Good? Keith Schenone December 09, 2012 Economics & Institutions MGMT 7730-SIK Thesis Health care should be treated as a public good because it is not an ordinary commodity
INCOME INEQUALITY AND GROWTH: THE ROLE OF TAXES AND TRANSFERS
Please cite this paper as: OECD 2012, Income inequality and growth: The role of taxes and transfers, OECD Economics Department Policy Notes, No. 9. January 2012. ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT POLICY NOTE No. 9
Is Medicare sustainable? and, Is this question helpful or not?
Is Medicare sustainable? and, Is this question helpful or not? Stephen Duckett AHHA Roundtable 30 th Anniversary of Medicare Canberra January 2014 Agenda Policy memes Some facts about costs and health
Efficient and Inefficient Welfare States
DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 5445 Efficient and Inefficient Welfare States Yann Algan Pierre Cahuc Marc Sangnier January 2011 Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit Institute for the Study of
Combating Tax Evasion through Transparency and Exchange of Information
Combating Tax Evasion through Transparency and Exchange of Information BSEC 23 November 2012 Simon Knott Global Forum Secretariat OECD What s at stake NO LEVEL PLAYING FIELD tax fraud and evasion lack
United States House of Representatives. Subcommittee on Capital Markets, Insurance, and Government Sponsored Enterprises
United States House of Representatives Subcommittee on Capital Markets, Insurance, and Government Sponsored Enterprises Credit Default Swaps on Government Debt: Potential Implications of the Greek Debt
Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers
From: OECD Journal: Economic Studies Access the journal at: http://dx.doi.org/1.1787/19952856 Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers Isabelle Joumard, Mauro Pisu, Debbie Bloch Online
Hong Kong s Health Spending 1989 to 2033
Hong Kong s Health Spending 1989 to 2033 Gabriel M Leung School of Public Health The University of Hong Kong What are Domestic Health Accounts? Methodology used to determine a territory s health expenditure
International Women's Day PwC Women in Work Index
www.pwc.co.uk International Women's Day Women in Work Index Women in Work Index UK rises four places to 14 th position within the OECD, returning to its position in 2000. The third annual update of the
PUBLIC & PRIVATE HEALTH CARE IN CANADA
PUBLIC & PRIVATE HEALTH CARE IN CANADA by Norma Kozhaya, Ph.D. Economist, Montreal Economic Institute before the Canadian Pension & Benefits Institute Winnipeg - June 15, 2007 Possible private contribution
AN ILO NOTE TO THE G20 TASK FORCE ON EMPLOYMENT 1 SEPTEMBER 2012
AN ILO NOTE TO THE G20 TASK FORCE ON EMPLOYMENT 1 SEPTEMBER 2012 This note reviews the latest available data on youth employment in G20 countries. It then makes a number of suggestions as to issues the
Country note China. More than 255 million people in OECD and G20 countries have now attained tertiary education (Table A1.3a).
Education at a Glance 2011 OECD Indicators DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eag-2011-en OECD 2011 Under embargo until 13 September, at 11:00 Paris time Education at a Glance 2011 Country note China Questions
PUBLIC VS. PRIVATE HEALTH CARE IN CANADA. Norma Kozhaya, Ph.D Economist, Montreal economic Institute CPBI, Winnipeg June 15, 2007
PUBLIC VS. PRIVATE HEALTH CARE IN CANADA Norma Kozhaya, Ph.D Economist, Montreal economic Institute CPBI, Winnipeg June 15, 2007 Possible private contribution Possible private contribution in the health
Global Economic Briefing: Global Inflation
Global Economic Briefing: Global Inflation August 7, Dr. Edward Yardeni -97-7 eyardeni@ Debbie Johnson -- djohnson@ Mali Quintana -- aquintana@ Please visit our sites at www. blog. thinking outside the
Regional characteristics of foreignborn people living in the United Kingdom
Regional characteristics of foreignborn people living in the United Kingdom By Alice Reid and Caroline Miller, Office for National Statistics Abstract This article examines the characteristics of foreign-born
ANTICIPATING POPULATION AGEING CHALLENGES AND RESPONSES. Peter Whiteford Social Policy Division, OECD www.oecd.org www.oecd.
ANTICIPATING POPULATION AGEING CHALLENGES AND RESPONSES Peter Whiteford Social Policy Division, OECD www.oecd.org www.oecd.org/els Outline z z z What is the OECD and what does it do? Anticipating the challenges
(OECD, 2012) Equity and Quality in Education: Supporting Disadvantaged Students and Schools
(OECD, 2012) Equity and Quality in Education: Supporting Disadvantaged Students and Schools SPOTLIGHT REPORT: NETHERLANDS www.oecd.org/edu/equity This spotlight report draws upon the OECD report Equity
FAQS (Frequently Asked Questions)
FAQS (Frequently Asked Questions) Index 1. General information on the project 3 What is the Erasmus Mundus Programme? 3 Which is my home institution? 3 Which is my host institution? 3 What is a Target
Country note - Greece
Education at a Glance 2011 OECD Indicators DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eag-2011-en OECD 2011 Under embargo until 13 September at 11:00 Paris time Country note - Greece Questions can be directed to:
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF PART-TIME WORK
OECD Economic Studies No. 29, 1997/II INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF PART-TIME WORK Georges Lemaitre, Pascal Marianna and Alois van Bastelaer TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction... 140 International definitions
Fiscal Redistribution and Income Inequality in Latin America
Public Disclosure Authorized Pol i c y Re s e a rc h Wo r k i n g Pa p e r 4487 WPS4487 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Fiscal Redistribution and Income Inequality in Latin America
Insurance corporations and pension funds in OECD countries
Insurance corporations and pension funds in OECD countries Massimo COLETTA (Bank of Italy) Belén ZINNI (OECD) UNECE, Expert Group on National Accounts, Geneva - 3 May 2012 Outline Motivations Insurance