How To Understand The Greenhouse Effect In The Rh\U00F4Ne-Alpes Region

Transcription

1 Greenhouse gas and energy observatory of the Rhône-Alpes region Key figures - May 2013

2 Contents The greenhouse effect and its consequences in the Rhône-Alpes region page 4 Regional key figures Final energy consumption in 2010 page 6 Greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 page 8 Production of energy in 2011 page 9 Analysis of final energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions by sector Residential page 10 Tertiary page 12 Industry page 14 Transport page 16 Agriculture page 18 Production of renewable energy in 2011 page 20 Production of electricity from renewable energy page 21 Production of heat from renewable energy page 23 Carbon sinks page 26 Glossary page 27 2

3 OREGES Rhône-Alpes (Regional greenhouse gas and energy observatory of Rhône-Alpes) OREGES Rhône-Alpes : an observation and information tool Created in 2002, OREGES Rhône-Alpes was set up in response to the desire to make available, on a regional basis, a relevant observation and information tool to members of the general public, local authorities and players in the world of energy. Its steering committee is co-chaired by the State and the Region, and is financed by the regional Council of Rhône-Alpes and the ADEME (French environment and energy management agency). The work is conducted by two technical organizations: Rhônalpénergie-Environnement (since 2002) and Air Rhône-Alpes (since 2009). OREGES Rhône-Alpes : a platform for exchanging information about energy and greenhouse gases OREGES Rhône-Alpes constitutes a network of various players: The State, represented by the DREAL (regional authority for the environment, planning and housing) on the one hand, and the ADEME regional authority on the other. The Rhône-Alpes regional Council. Rhônalpénergie-Environnement (The regional environment and energy agency). Air Rhône-Alpes, an association approved for monitoring air quality. Public corporations and local authorities responsible for energy supply. Representatives of suppliers, carriers and distributors of energy (EDF, ErDF, GDF Suez, GrDF, GRTgaz, RTE). The IERA (Info Energie Rhône-Alpes) network. Professional unions in the energy sector (UFE French electricity union, UFIP oil industry union). Regional environmental, social and economic council, CESER. CLCV, representing consumers. Regional Chamber of commerce and industry. Representatives of universities. Those involved with the observatory meet every month to discuss current topics relating to OREGES: «small wind turbine sector», «the place of gas in the Rhône-Alpes region», «the Aarhus convention»... These exchanges allow a shared vision of the situation concerning energy consumption, the production and emissions of greenhouse gas in the Rhône-Alpes region to gradually be created. This vision is built up from data shared by all players, within the scope of a data exchange agreement. Local authorities have also recently got involved in this process. 3

4 The greenhouse effect Some gases, naturally present in the atmosphere, act as a greenhouse by capturing solar radiation, in this way increasing the earth s temperature. Without these gases, the average temperature of the earth would be - 18 C! This natural phenomenon, called the «greenhouse effect» is therefore conducive to life on earth. However, its balance is fragile. There is a broad consensus that climate change is due to intensification of the greenhouse effect caused by human activity. Since the start of the industrial era (end of the 18 th century), greenhouse gas concentrations have continued to rise and have never been so high for several hundreds of thousands of years. 30% sent towards space 20% absorbed by the atmosphere Radiation transmitted towards space GREENHOUSE EFFECT 50% towards the earth s surface Natural Greenhouse effect 4

5 Climate consequences in the Rhône-Alpes region These gases, mainly derived from fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal), reinforce the greenhouse effect and have an impact on the climate. Not all greenhouse gases are from energy sources, they can be produced by chemical processes (industry) and agricultural activities (fertilizer for crops, livestock breeding). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) states that : It is at least 90% certain that global warming is due to human activity. The average temperature observed on the earth s surface over the past century has risen by 0.74 C. Greenhouse gas emissions have considerably increased worldwide since the pre-industrial period. From alone they increased by 70%. According to the 2010 Météo-France study «Overview of the regionalization of results of the Arpège-climat climate model on the 3 greenhouse gas emission scenarios proposed by the IPCC (A1B, A2 and B1)», the main climate changes in the Rhône-Alpes region at the end of the 21 st century will be notably: Less harsh winters. Risk of fire doubled overall. According to scenarios, a modelled increase in the annual average temperature from 1 C - 2 C by 2030, 1.5 C 2.5 C by 2050 and 2 C - 5 C by A fairly uniform increase in the average temperature over the entire region. A significant increase in summer minimum temperatures. An increase in maximum temperatures. A sizeable decrease in the number of days of frost in spring. A dramatic rise in heatwaves in the second half of the century. A downward trend in terms of total annual precipitation. A significant increase in the number of consecutive days of dry weather. A reduction in snow cover in duration, spatial extent and thickness. A significant decrease in the amount of glaciers. 5

6 Final energy consumption in million tonnes of oil equivalent (toe) were consumed in 2010 in the Rhône-Alpes region. Final energy consumption, which continuously increased from , reached its «peak» in In 2010, consumption continued to fall (-1% between 2009 and 2010, -6% between 2005 and 2010). Buildings were the main final energy consumers, the tertiary and residential sectors consuming 41% of final energy, all uses taken into account. Transport consumed the same amount as industry. Petroleum products were by far the most consumed form of energy, fossil energy representing 68% of the total. 20, , , , 000 Evolution of final energy consumption 12, , 000 (In kt of oil equivalent) 8, 000 6, 000 4, 000 2, Renewable heat energy Electricity Gas Petroleum products Solid mineral fuel Rate of evolution of final energy consumption : -1% : -6% : +8% The European objective of improving energy efficiency by 20% consists, in concrete terms, of ensuring that primary energy consumption in 2020 is 20% lower than the consumption corresponding to a «business-as-usual scenario». The work carried out as part of the Schéma Régional Climat Air Energie (SRCAE regional energy, air and climate plan) allowed the creation of a business as usual scenario, which corresponds to a primary energy consumption in 2020 of 22.8 million tonnes of oil equivalent. To observe the European objective, it would therefore be necessary to achieve a primary energy consumption of 18 million tonnes of oil equivalent in 2020 (against 21.7 in 2010, i.e. a 17% decrease by 2020). 6

7 Distribution of final energy consumption by sector 213 1% 4,809 29% 4,426 27% Residential Tertiary Waste management and industry Transport Agriculture, silviculture and aquaculture 2,190 14% 4,794 29% (In kt of oil equivalent) Energy consumed 438 3% 1,062 6% 149 1% Solid mineral fuel Petroleum products Gas Electricity Waste Renewable thermal energy 4,336 26% 6,490 40% 3,957 24% (In kt of oil equivalent) 7

8 Greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 Greenhouse gas emissions since 1990 and European objectives Greenhouse gas emissions in the Rhône-Alpes region in 2010 amounted to 44.8 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent, down by 3.7% compared with , ,000 45,000, (in kilotonnes of CO 2 equivalent) 43,000 41,000 39,000 37,000, In order to meet European objectives aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 20% compared with 1990, greenhouse gas emissions must reach no more than 37,000 tonnes of CO 2 equivalent in 2020, i.e. a reduction of 17.2 % compared with International comparisons of CO 2 emissions from energy sources in tonnes of CO 2 per inhabitant in 2010 Greenhouse gas emissions from energy sources per inhabitant were slightly higher in the Rhône-Alpes region compared with the French average. A Rhône-Alpes inhabitant emitted on average three times less than a North American and 6 times more than an African. Because of the large amount of French nuclear power stations, emissions in France and the Rhône-Alpes region are much lower than the European average Africa Latin America China France Rhône-Alpes region Europe 8 Middle East Germany North America Oceania

9 73.8% Production of energy in 2011 The production of energy was 115,380 GWh in the Rhône-Alpes region in The production of renewable energy represented 24.5% of total energy production. The Rhône-Alpes region is an area which produces a lot of electricity, notably owing to its nuclear power stations (73.8% of energy production) and hydraulic power (15.3%). The Rhône-Alpes region is a net exporter of electricity. Structure of the production of energy in the Rhône-Alpes region 1.6% 15.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.0% 8.4% 7.5% 0.7% 0.1% 0.1% Nuclear Hydraulic energy (excluding pumped storage) Photovoltaic solar energy Electricity from biogas Energy wood Heat from biogas Thermal with fossil fuels Wind energy Electricity from waste Other electricity produced using renewable fuel Heat from waste Thermal solar energy Hydraulic power (excluding pumped storage) Wind energy Photovoltaic solar energy Electricity from waste Electricity from biogas Other electricity produced using renewable fuel Total renewable electricity production Energy wood Heat from waste Heat from biogas Thermal solar energy Total renewable heat production Total renewable production , ,559 8, ,896 28,455 (in GWh) Production of renewable energy in 2011 The third European objective consists of raising the share of renewable energy to 20% of final energy consumption by using notably biofuels and other renewable sources for transport. Over the past few years, the penetration rate of renewable energy in final energy consumption has been in the region of 17%. It was 15% in This decrease is notably explained by the considerable reduction in hydraulic production (-25% between 2010 and 2011) due to high temperatures and low rainfall. 9

10 RESIDENTIAL SECTOR Final energy consumption The residential sector was the second largest consumer of energy in the Rhône-Alpes region in 2010, with 4.4 million tonnes of oil equivalent, i.e. 27% of final energy consumption. If we add to this the energy consumption of the tertiary sector, the building sector becomes the largest consumer of energy, with 41% of consumption (against 44% nationally). In 2010, consumption in the residential sector was the same level as 2000, dropping since 2009 (-6.7%). The main form of energy used was gas, followed by electricity and petroleum products. The shares of electricity and gas have been constantly increasing since 1990, to the detriment above all of petroleum products and more surprisingly, of renewable thermal energy. The main use of energy in the residential sector is heat (heating, air-conditioning, domestic hot water, cooking). 5, 000 4, 500 4, 000 3, 500 3, 000 2, 500 > Evolution of consumption in the residential sector (in kilotonnes of oil equivalent) 2, 000 1, 500 1, Renewable thermal energy Electricity Gas Petroleum products Solid mineral fuel % 3,836 86% > Energy consumption usage in the residential sector Heat Specific electricity (appliances and lighting) (in ktoe) 10

11 Greenhouse gas emissions The residential sector represented 19% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the Rhône-Alpes region in Emissions have been dropping since 2005, and in terms of the number of inhabitants, they have dropped slightly since, with 1.28 tonnes of CO 2 equivalent / inhabitant in 2010 against 1.31 tonnes of CO 2 equivalent / inhabitant in Emissions are mainly due to petroleum products and vary by county 1, depending on the number of inhabitants. (in kilotonnes of CO 2 equivalent) 1 French «départements» (8 counties in the Rhône-Alpes region : Ain, Ardèche, Drôme, Isère, Loire, Rhône, Savoie and Haute-Savoie) 10, , 000 9, 500 9, 000 8, 500 8, 000 7, 500 7, 000 6, 500 6, 000 5, 500 5, 000 Rate of evolution of GHG emissions in the residential sector : -10% : -14% : +8% > Evolution of GHG emissions in the residential sector 1,80 1,60 1,40 (in tonnes of CO 2 equivalent/inhabitant) 1,20 1,00 0,80 0,60 0,40 0,20 0,00 > Evolution of GHG emissions in the residential sector per inhabitant 11

12 TERTIARY SECTOR Final energy consumption Energy consumption in the tertiary sector represented 14% of regional consumption. In this sector, gas was the most consumed form of energy in Whilst the share of petroleum products has been dropping since 2000, it was more than made up for by the use of gas and electricity. Just as in the residential sector, 2010 saw a small drop compared with 2009 (-2.7%). Energy intensity per employee, which calculates the share of energy consumed per employee in the tertiary sector, varies according to the county. This variation depends on the type of tertiary activity: winter sport tourist activities, large consumers of energy, have a not insignificant share for the Savoie counties. 2, 500 2, 000 1, 500 Evolution of tertiary sector consumption (in ktoe) 1, Renewable thermal energy Electricity Gas Petroleum products Solid mineral fuel Rate of evolution of final energy consumption in the tertiary sector : -3% : -8% : +14% Energy intensity (in toe per employee) Ain Ardèche Drôme Isère Loire Rhône Savoie Haute-Savoie Rhône-Alpes region

13 Greenhouse gas emissions The tertiary sector represented a small share of greenhouse gas emissions in the Rhône-Alpes region in 2010 (9%), and emissions have been dropping since Rural mountain municipalities, notably in Haute-Savoie and Savoie, have a high rate of emissions per inhabitant. These two counties have greater heating requirements. 5, 500 5, 000 4, 500 4, 000 3, 500 3, 000 (in Kt of CO 2 equivalent) 2, 500 2, 000 1, 500 1, Evolution of GHG emissions in the tertiary sector Rate of greenhouse gas emissions in the tertiary sector : -5% : -16% : +5% GHG emissions of buildings (residential + tertiary) per municipality per inhabitant Emissions in tonnes of CO 2 equivalent per inhabitant > 4 3 to 4 2 to 3 1 to 2 0 to 1 kilometers 13

14 INDUSTRY Final energy consumption Industry is the second largest consumer, almost equal to transport. The effect of the crisis was greatly felt in the industrial sector in In 2010, energy consumption started to rise again (+5.41% compared with 2009). Electricity is the most used form of energy in industry, with a share almost equal to fossil energy. 6, 000 5, 500 5, 000 4, 500 4, 000 3, 500 Evolution of consumption in industry 3, 000 (in ktoe) 2, 500 2, 000 Rate of evolution of final energy consumption in industry : +5% : -9% : -2% 6, 000 5, 000 Energy consumed in industry 4, 000 (in ktoe) 3, 000 2, 000 1, Renewable thermal energy Waste Electricity Gas Petroleum products Solid mineral fuel 14

15 Greenhouse gas emissions Industry is the second highest emitter, with 27% of greenhouse gas emissions. Emissions have been dropping sharply since 1990 (-13%), with a very clear trend since 2005 and significant reduction, together with reductions in consumption between 2008 and Industry in the Rhône-Alpes region has brought its greenhouse gas emissions well under control since the 1990s, thanks to energy efficiency efforts and also as a result of changing its energy mix. Emissions which are not derived from energy (industrial processes, use of solvents, waste management) represent approximately 20% of GHG emissions in the sector. 14, , 500 (in kilotonnes of CO 2 equivalent) 13, , , , , , , 000 Evolution of GHG emissions in industry Rate of evolution of GHG emissions in industry : +15% : -8% : -13% 18, , , 000 (in kilotonnes of CO 2 equivalent) 12, , 000 8, 000 6, 000 4, 000 2, Share of energy and non-energy emissions in industry Emissions not derived from energy Emissions derived from energy 15

16 TRANSPORT Final energy consumption The transport sector is the largest consumer of energy, with 29% of consumption in Its consumption has been globally stable since 2000, with a slight downward trend (-0.6% between 2009 and 2010). Electricity represents only 2% of consumption in the transport sector (train, tramway), which largely relies on petroleum products (91%). Road transport is by far the largest consumer of all the types of transport in the Rhône-Alpes region, representing 94% of consumption. 6, 000 5, 500 5, 000 4, 500 4, 000 Evolution of consumption in transport 3, 500 3, 000 (in ktoe) 2, 500 2, 000 Rate of evolution of final energy consumption of transport : -0,5% : -3% : +8% 164 4% 8 0% 106 2% 4,531 94% Distribution of consumption per type of transport Air transport River transport Rail transport Road transport (in ktoe) 16

17 Greenhouse gas emissions The transport sector emits the most greenhouse gas, with 31% of emissions in 2010, a large share owing to its almost exclusive consumption of petroleum products. The road sector is by far the main contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. The emissions of the transport sector are due (approximately 99%) to the consumption of petroleum products, and are close to the level of GHG emissions are dropping faster than consumption as a result of the gradual introduction of agro-fuel. 16, , , 000 (in kilotonnes of CO 2 equivalent) 14, , , , , , , , , , 000, Evolution of GHG emissions in transport Rate of evolution of greenhouse gas emissions in transport : -1% : -8% : +2 % 531 4% 23 0% 91 1% 13,299 95% Distribution of GHG emissions per type of transport (in kilotonnes of CO 2 equivalent) Air transport River transport Rail transport Road transport 17

18 AGRICULTURE Final energy consumption and greenhouse Overall consumption of final energy in the agricultural sector remained stable and low in 2010 (1% of the total). Agriculture in the Rhône-Alpes region consumes mainly petroleum products. Dropping slightly since 2008, oil remains the most consumed form of energy in agriculture Evolution of consumption in agriculture (in ktoe) Rate of evolution of final energy consumption in agriculture : +3% : -1% : +13% (in kt of CO 2 equivalent) 7, 500 7, 000 6, 500 6, 000 5, 500 5, 000 4, 500 4, 000 3, 500 3, 000 2, 500 2, 000 Evolution of GHG emissions in agriculture Rate of evolution of greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture : +0,5% : -1% : -18% 18

19 gas emissions Whilst agriculture consumes very little energy (1%) in the Rhône-Alpes region, it is a large contributor to the greenhouse gas emissions total, representing 14%. The majority of its emissions (90%) do not come from the consumption of energy products, but from livestock breeding and land cultivation. Emissions not derived from energy dropped 14% between 1990 and This drop has stabilized overall since Urban centres are obviously small contributors, but some rural regions are also very low emitters: south Ardèche, the south-east of Isère. These are regions in which livestock rearing is less prevalent. 6, 800 6, 600 (in kt of CO 2 equivalent) 6, 400 6, 200 6, 000 5, 800 5, 600 5, 400 5, 200 5, 000 Evolution of non-energy GHG emissions in agriculture GHG emissions per municipality and per hectare Emissions in tonnes of CO 2 equivalent per hectare > 4 3 to 4 2 to 3 1 to 2 0 to 1 kilometers 19

20 Production of renewable energy in 2011 Production of renewable energy in the Rhône-Alpes region in 2011 was 28,455 GWh. It is made up of electricity (65.2%) and heat (34.8%), mainly energy wood. Production of renewable electric energy represents 21.5% of total electricity production. Structure of production of renewable energy in % 0.7% 0.9% 0.3% 0.1% 30.9% 62% 34.8% 0.5% 0.3% 3% Hydraulic power (excluding pumped storage) Photovoltaic solar energy Electricity from biogas Energy wood Heat from biogas Wind energy Electricity from waste Other electricity produced using renewable fuel Heat from waste Thermal solar energy 20

21 Production of electricity from renewable energy Production of renewable electricity in the Rhône-Alpes region in 2011 was 18,559 GWh.The 534 hydraulic power stations listed in the Rhône-Alpes region (all power sources taken into account) represent the largest share of renewable electricity produced in the Rhône-Alpes region. In 2011, a year with high temperatures and low rain fall, there was a drop in the region of 25% in hydroelectric production. Wind production has been stagnating for a few years around 350 GWh produced annually. Wind farms remain at around 169 MW power output. Photovoltaic production has been rapidly developing for a few years, notably in the counties of the south of the region, and it is reaching almost 1% of total renewable energy production. The production of electricity from biogas and waste (cogeneration), with 369 GWh, is slightly greater than wind production. Hydroelectric production since 2008 Production, in GWh Hydraulic Production production hydraulique (pumped (pompages storage déduits) deducted) 25,271 21,494 23,461 17,650 Wind production per county and power output since 2009 (in GWh) Ain Ar dèche Drôme Isère Loire Rhône Savoie Wind farms (MW) Wind production (GWh) NA 21

22 Evolution of the production of photovoltaic power since 2005 and production per county (in GWh) ,9 1,07 1,6 3,63 9, (in GWh) 70,0 60,0 50,0 40,0 30,0 20,0 10,0 0,0 Ain Ardèche Drôme Isère Loire Rhône Savoie Haute - Savoie Electricity production from biomass per county (in GWh) Ain Drôme Isère Loire Rhône Savoie Haute- Rhône - Savoie Alpes region 22

23 Production of heat from renewable energy Production of heat derived from renewable energy was 9,896 GWh in the Rhône-Alpes region in Renewable energy is also produced in the form of heat. This is derived mainly from energy wood, which has been steadily growing after dropping in the first years of the new millennium. Between 1990 and 2000, heat was produced for the most part using domestic wood. Since 2000, collective wood energy plants have taken off. The production of heat derived from energy wood, which has increased by 2% annually since 2006, was estimated to be 8,805 GWh in Thermal solar energy produced 96 GWh of heat in 2011, via various types of equipment (water heating, heating, solar drying ). Evolution of the production of heat derived from energy wood 12, , 000 8, 000 6, 000 4, 000 (in GWh) 2, Power output of automatical boilers per county (in MW) Ain Ardèche Drôme Isère Loire Rhône Savoie Haute - Savoie Individual boilers Collective boilers 23

24 Production of thermal solar energy per type of plant TYPE OF EQUIPMENT NUMBER OF PLANTS SURFACE INSTALLED (m²) PRODUCTION (MWh) Thermal solar energy total 22, ,709 96,785 Solar water heating Individual solar water heating Collective solar water heating 18,238 16,186 2, ,235 78,184 71,051 59,694 31,273 28,421 Solar combi-system Individual solar combi-system Collective solar combi-system 3,549 3, ,997 45,118 6,878 25,998 22,559 3,439 Solar flooring Individual solar flooring Collective solar flooring ,963 8,498 1,465 4,981 4, Solar pond (swimming pool) 26 3,971 1,191 Solar drying of fodder ,409 4,920 Heat from waste In 2011, 9 waste incinerators out of 12 produced and sold thermal energy in the Rhône-Alpes region for a total of 852 GWh. 24

25 Distribution of the production of biogas per type of recovery 16% 2% 82% Cogeneration Injection Thermal Heat from biogas (in GWh) Ain Drôme Isère Loire Rhône Savoie Haute- Rhône - Savoie Alpes region 25

26 Carbon sinks The term «carbon sink» is used to describe natural (or artificial) reservoirs which absorb carbon in the air. Carbon sinks are an essential tool in the fight against global warming because they allow a large part of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to be captured and stored. OREGES tried to assess, as an initial approximation, the amount of CO 2 absorbed by permanent pastures and forests, per municipality and per year, in the Rhône-Alpes region. The assessment takes into account permanent pastures and forests, according to the nomenclature and land cover of the Corine Land Cover database. This mapping provides an initial overview of the distribution of CO 2 stored annually per municipality in the Rhône-Alpes region. Amount of CO 2 absorbed by permanent pastures and forests per municipality and per year in the Rhône-Alpes region (data: 2006) Absorption in tonnes of CO 2 > m15,000 10,000 to 15,000 2,500 to 10,000 0 to 2,500 kilometers 26

27 Glossary Final energy: Final energy is the energy supplied to consumers, to be converted to useful energy. For example: electricity, petrol, gas, diesel fuel, domestic fuel, etc. Primary energy: Primary energy is the crude form of energy available in nature: wood, coal, natural gas, oil, wind, solar radiation, hydraulic power, geothermal energy Primary energy is not always directly useable and is therefore often subject to conversions: for example, oil refining to obtain petrol or diesel fuel or combustion of coal to produce electricity in a thermal power plant. Useful energy: Useful energy is the energy available to the consumer after it has been converted by his equipment (boilers, electric convectors, light bulbs). The difference between final energy and useful energy resides mainly in the efficiency of the appliances used to convert this final energy. Toe: The tonne oil equivalent (toe) is a unit for measuring energy commonly used by energy economists to compare energies. One toe is the energy produced by the combustion of an average tonne of oil, which represents approximately 11,600 kwh. TCO 2 e: tonne of CO 2 equivalent. Unit allowing equivalence to be provided between the various greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in terms of the production of greenhouse effect. Energy intensity: Energy intensity measures the energy efficiency of an economy or sector of activity. It is calculated as the ratio of energy consumption to gross domestic product, or the value added of the sector of activity. The regional assessment of final energy consumption corresponds to the inventory of the use of different types of energy in regions. The measurements of the amounts of energy used express regional requirements in terms of travel, lighting, heating, the production of goods and services The assessment of consumptions differentiates energies and sectors of consumption. It is generally acknowledged that the consumption of heating is proportional to the severity of winter. The normal weather assessment corresponds to adjusted consumptions, taking into account the effects of temperature. Real weather consumptions are those which have actually been consumed over the year. The prefixes represent multiples of units: kilo (k, for a thousand, mega (M, for a million), giga (G, for a billion), tera (T, for a trillion) 27

28 The most recent regional and sub-regional mapping and statistical data, An analysis of data and its development per energy product, per consumption sector and per energy production sector, Available at For further information or requests, contact us at: The technical organisations of the Rhône-Alpes Regional Greenhouse Gas and Energy Observatory 10, rue des Archers Lyon - France Tel : Fax : raee@raee.org Web: 3 allée des Sorbiers Bron - France Tel : Fax : contact@air-rhonealpes.fr Web: May Conception B. Chiapello Printed with vegetal inks on 100% recycled paper