Plato and Aristotle: Defining Rules for Western Cosmology. Raphael, School of Athens, 1510
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1 Plato and Aristotle: Defining Rules for Western Cosmology Raphael, School of Athens, 1510
2 Last time... Initial ordering of the heavens Horizon phenomena for seasonal calendars in N. Europe during Stone and Bronze Ages Zodiacal constellations for calendars in Babylonia Decans for daily clocks in Egypt Physics of the pre-socratics Underlying reality is simple, unified Two fundamental questions What is the substance of the cosmos? How is change possible? Took the gods out, natural supernatural Introduced debate, criticism, skepticism
3 Task of today s lecture Fate of physics after -500 Shift from cosmology to politics and ethics ( What is the good life? ) The gods return Influence of Plato and Aristotle Timaeus 2d best-seller (after Bible) to 1600 Aristotle provides core curriculum for universities until 1750 Defined basic conceptual frameworks for Western tradition
4 Context in -4c philosophy Socrates (d. -399), the sophist Shifted attention from physics to politics Itinerant teacher who challenged authority Plato (d. -347) and his Academy Philosophical community of scholars No fees, no fixed curricula Many religious ceremonies Aristotle (d. -322) and his Lyceum Studied for 20 years at Plato s Academy Collaborative research Train political philosophers for state
5 Plato on physics Why study physics? Practical utility Cultivation of reason Allegory of the Cave (Republic, VII) Dualism of form/matter, soul/body Pythagorean origins (geometry is true not in drawn diagrams but in abstract ideas of line)? Objectively real = unchanging perfect forms Solves problem of change Imperfect matter changes, perfect forms do not Elevates reason above empiricism Truth arises from philosophical reflection, not sensory experience, experiment or observation
6 Allegory of the cave Fire Statues Chained prisoners Eternal forms (mind) Sensory experience (body)
7 Cosmogony in the Timaeus Only coherent non-biblical cosmogony in Western tradition through 1100 An imagined story of origins, a creation myth A sensible world cannot be eternal Three explanatory entities Mind (demiurge, divine craftsmen, abstract mind--a literal but limited god?) Eternal forms Recalcitrant matter forces compromises Rational plan (telos) of geometry Four roots become Pythagorean solids
8 Plato s geometrical atomism Combines Pythagorean five regular solids & Empedocles (fl. -450) four elements (types of unchanging matter)
9 Implications of Plato s geometrical atomism Only one type of matter (like Thales) Explains change by rearranging triangles of air/water/fire atoms Mathematization of nature Plenum cosmos, no void or empty space Gods return as principle of order World Soul produces all motion in cosmos Spherical cosmos of uniform motion Creates problem of saving the phenomena (e.g., retrograde motion of planets) using ONLY uniform, circular motion Sets rules for doing astronomy for next 1900 years!
10 Platos s spherical cosmos
11 Eudoxus s nested spheres First working model of cosmos following Plato s rules, c Twenty-seven nested spheres for 7 planets 1 for fixed stars 3 each for Sun and Moon 4 per planet (Mer, Ven, Sun, Moon, Mars, Jup, Sat) 2 for Hippopede, figure-8 that produces retrograde 1 for annual, 1 for daily motions Mechanics very vague Saves retrograde motion of planets Does not save variable brightness of planets
12 Eudoxan Hippopede model As inner sphere rotates CW around DD and outer sphere CCW around CC, at same speeds, planet moves from 1 to 2 to 3 to 8, tracing a hippopede or horse fetter
13 Full Eudoxen planetary model A B Sphere A = daily rotation Sphere B = period of planet Spheres C, D = retrograde motions
14 Aristotle s critique of Plato Places reality in sensible objects, not invisible forms Separates objects into: Properties (color, temperature, weight,etc) Subjects (that which possesses properties) Reason downplayed; sensory experience emphasized Sought comprehensive philosophy
15 A s conceptual frameworks Explain change by 4 causes Formal, material, moving, final Natural and forced motion Matter of 4 substances combined with 4 qualities Spherical earth at the center of a spherical cosmos Separate physics for the terrestrial and the celestial realms Eternal cosmos, no beginning or end of time
16 Aristotle on matter fire hot air dry wet earth cold water
17 Aristotle s two physics Celestial realm Perfect, changeless Aetherial spheres (56 total) Natural motion =circular Unmoved mover acts continuously (God s love) Terrestrial realm Imperfect, changeable Fire-air-earth-water Natural motion = up and down Forced motion requires continuously acting movers
18 Aristotle s cosmos, 1540
19 Physics for Plato & Aristotle Differently value reason and experience Seek coherent, consistent, comprehensive explanations Brought back the gods (or agency), demiurge and unmoved mover Defined key conceptual vocabulary Separate physics for heavens/earth
20 Minority Greek cosmologies Heraclides (d. -339) Earth at center, in daily rotation Sun circles Earth, Venus/Mercury circle Sun; other planets circle Earth Aristarchus (d. -230) Sun at center (largest object) All planets circle Sun Both widely ridiculed for violating Aristotle s physics by moving the Earth
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