Earth Sciences: Course Presenters
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1 Earth Sciences: Course Presenters Geology Dr Stephen Gallagher Prof Andrew Gleadow Dr Malcolm Wallace Prof Ian Plimer Course Coordinator Room 214
2 Series - Lecture Topics 1. Mineralogy and Crystals 2. Atomic Structures of Minerals 3. Silicate Mineralogy 4. Igneous Rocks 5. Volcanoes and volcanic rocks 6. Igneous Intrusions 7. Metamorphism 8. Contact and Regional Metamorphism 9. Conditions of Metamorphism
3 GEOLOGY Lecture 1 Mineralogy and Crystals Melbourne Earth Sciences
4 Minerals and Rocks MINERALS - are naturally occurring inorganic chemical compounds with a specific internal structure and regular chemical composition ROCKS - are natural mixtures or aggregates of minerals 1-01
5 Minerals: are mostly crystalline with a regular atomic structure,, eg Quartz, Feldspar are the major solid constituents of the Earth have physical properties which reflect their composition and atomic structure Silicates are the most common minerals (95% of the earth s s crust) 1-02
6 Ions and Atomic Bonding Ions are atoms with an excess positive or negative charge due to loss or gain of electrons An Ionic Bond is formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions eg between Na + and Cl - in NaCl (Halite) A Covalent Bond is formed where two atoms share an electron eg between Si 4+ and O 2- in the silicate unit SiO 4 Most minerals share both Ionic and covalent characteristics
7 Physical Properties 1 Crystal form the characteristic shape of a crystal reflects the internal arrangement of its atoms Cleavage the tendency for a mineral to split along a particular plane cleavage occurs along layers of weak bonds Fracture appearance of broken surface when no cleavage is present eg Quartz has a Conchoidal fracture ( shell-like( shell-like )
8 Physical Properties 2 Hardness the resistance of a mineral to abrasion reflects overall strength of the atomic bonds Estimated by scratching one against another Mohs Hardness Scale Density the mass per unit volume of a mineral controlled both by the kinds of atoms present and especially how closely packed they are
9 Physical Properties 3 Colour an obvious but variable property of a mineral influenced by small variations in the composition Streak colour of a powdered sample of a mineral seen by scratching on an unglazed porcelain plate usually more diagnostic than colour Lustre intensity and quality of light reflected from a mineral surface Described as metallic, glassy, earthy, pearly etc
10 Crystals Crystals are solid materials naturally bounded by flat faces meeting at sharp edges Crystalline shapes reflect the regular arrangement of their constituent atoms This arrangement is called the Crystal Lattice
11 Crystal Symmetry Crystal symmetry Crystals are usually described in terms of their Symmetry Symmetry elements Symmetry is expressed by reference to: rotation axes mirror planes Rotation axes Axes about which a crystal can be rotated so that it occupies an exactly similar position more than once every rotation. These may be: Two-fold (Diad( Diad), Three-fold (Triad), Four-fold (Tetrad) or six-fold (Hexad) 1-10
12 Axes of Symmetry 4-fold axes (3) 2-fold axes (6) 3-fold axes (4)
13 Mirror Planes Planes of Symmetry (mirror planes) Divide a crystal into two parts which are exact mirror images of each other eg a Cube has 9 planes Type 1 (6) Type 2 (3)
14 Crystal Systems There are just seven different ways in which symmetry elements can be combined These define seven different Crystal Systems All crystals belong to one of these crystal systems
15 Seven Crystal Systems Cubic System Tetragonal Hexagonal Trigonal Orthorhombic Monoclinic Triclinic or and/or - four Triad axes - a single Tetrad axis - a single Hexad axis - a single Triad axis - three mutually perpendicular diad axes - two perpendicular mirror planes and one diad - a single diad axis - a single plane of symmetry - no planes or axes of symmetry
16 REFERENCES Hamblin & Christiansen, Chapter 3, p Skinner and Porter, Chapter 3, p Clark and Cook, Chapter 6a, 6b, 6c
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