How To Understand Conditioning
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1 Classical Conditioning: Special Procedures n Excitatory/ Inhibitory Conditioning n Effects of experiences that precede ClassCon n Latent Inhibition n Higher-order Conditioning n Sensory Pre-conditioning n Compound stimuli n Blocking n Overshadowing n Timing
2 Excitatory/Inhibitory Conditioning n Excitatory Conditioning: CS+ n NS -> presentation of US E.g. bell -> food
3 Excitatory/Inhibitory Conditioning n Inhibitory Conditioning: CS- n NS -> absence or removal of US n E.g. owner of scary dog is there -> dog doesn t bite n Occasion setting: signals CS-US contingency n Presence or absence of stimulus affects CR n E.g. light: bell: food; n Light on -> salivation; n The Look-- : ) or : ( no light: bell: no food light off -> no salivation
4 Higher-order Conditioning (aka Second Order Conditioning) US UR Metronome : Food à Salivation CS CR Metronome à Salivation CS 1 CR 1 Light : Metronome à Salivation CS 2 CR 2 Light à Salivation
5 Higher-order Conditioning cont. n Pairing a new stimulus with an established CS to elicit an established CR n The new stimulus becomes a CS 2, and elicits a CR 2 n CR 2 is usually lower in magnitude than the CR 1
6 Latent Inhibition (aka CS Pre-exposure) n novel stimulus more effective for conditioning n Explanation for the dreaded Just a Friend zone?
7 Sensory Pre-conditioning n Like Higher-order Conditioning, stimulus becomes a CS even though it was never paired with US n Difference: here, two stimuli paired before US was ever presented neither had yet become a CS
8 n Overshadowing: Compound Stimuli n The stronger component of a compound stimulus becomes a CS, but the weaker component will not. n Gunfire + light tapping: candy -> salivation n Gunfire -> salivation n Light tapping -> no salivation n Blocking n Presence of an established CS interferes with conditioning a new CS n Red light: candy -> salivation n Red light + green light: candy -> salivation n Green light -> no salivation
9 Similarities and Differences between n Higher Order and Sensory Pre-conditioning n Overshadowing and Blocking n Sensory Pre-conditioning and Blocking n Higher Order and Blocking n Latent Inhibition and Blocking
10 Timing of Classical Conditioning n Delayed Conditioning: most effective n CS onset, US onset, CS offset, US offset n Trace Conditioning: 2nd most effective n CS onset, CS offset, US onset, US offset n Simultaneous Conditioning: not very effective n CS & US onset at same time n Backwards Conditioning: least effective n US onset, then CS onset n Predictive value (contingency) > contiguity!
11 Theories of Classical Conditioning n Two Types of Theories n Type of Association Formed (S-S vs. S-R) n Nature of the CR n Pavlov s Stimulus Substitution Theory n Siegel s Compensatory CR Theory n Rescorla-Wagner theory
12 Two Types of Theories n Type of association formed as a result of classical conditioning n S-S (stimulus-stimulus) n S-R (stimulus-response) n Research emphasizes S-S associations more n Form / Nature of the CR (eye blink, wing beats)
13 Pavlov s Stimulus Substitution Theory n US stimulates a US center in the brain, which excites a response center n CS stimulates a different part of the brain than US n After pairings, CS-US neural connection made n CR should take form of UR: light-food: dog licks light n Preparatory response theory n the form of the CR is dependent on type of S n Rat-shock: jump; light-shock -> light: freeze
14 Siegel s Compensatory CR Theory n US = Drug + Primary effect of drug n Coffee example: US = Caffeine + Alertness n UR = Response that opposes drug s primary effect n Coffee example: UR = Sleepiness n UR is a compensatory response n UR occurs after the drug s primary effect
15 Siegel s Compensatory CR Theory cont. n The situation / environment in which you take your drug that always precedes your drug intake becomes a CS n Coffee example: Starbucks becomes a CS n CR = UR (sleepiness); both are compensatory
16 Siegel s Compensatory CR Theory cont. Another conditioning example: [Beer Intake + Reduced HR (primary effect)] (US) Bar Setting (CS) à Increased HR (CR) n Note: CR occurs before primary effect n Size of CR increases with training n Opposes 1 0 effect more => drug has lesser effect n This is known as Chronic Tolerance
17 Siegel s Compensatory CR Theory cont. Chronic Tolerance n Results from learning association between drug intake & environment, NOT from repeated exposure to drug n Depends on context of drug intake: situational specificity n Context becomes CS & elicits compensatory CR
18 Rescorla-Wagner theory n US supports limited amount of conditioning n Associative value distributed among CS s n Stronger US s support more conditioning n overshadowing, blocking, over-expectation effect Tone (V = 0->10): Food (max=10)-> salivation Light (V = 0->10): Food (max=10)-> salivation [Tone + Light] (V = 10) -> salivation Then: Tone (V=5) -> salivation Light (V=5) -> salivation n Limits of love to give (as a classically Cond. Emo. R)?
![Food (max=10)-> salivation Light (V = 0->10): Food (max=10)-> salivation [Tone + Light] (V = 10) -> salivation](/docs-images/42/22840941/images/page_18.jpg "Then: Tone (V=5) -> salivation Light (V=5) -> salivation n Limits of love to give (as a classically Cond. Emo.")
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