Fish Selection for Aquaponics. Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility Department of Biology University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point

Transcription

1 Fish Selection for Aquaponics Chris Hartleb Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility Department of Biology University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point

2 Status of Global Aquaculture: Farmed and Wild

3 Selection Criteria Compatibility fish, plants, bacteria Availability source of fish & regulations Quantity how many do you need? Marketing will you sell them? To whom?

4 Compatibility with Plants & Bacteria Requirements for germination & growth Simultaneous fish & plant selection

5 Plant Requirements (lettuce as an example) Parameter Temperature Range o F / o C ph Preferred: Maximum:

6 Bacteria Requirements Bacteria Parameter Temperature: Nitrosomonas Nitrobacter ph: Nitrosomonas Nitrobacter Optimum Range o F / o C o F / o C Compromise: Temperature: o F / o C ph = 7.0 Plants Parameter Temperature Range o F / o C ph Preferred: Maximum: Fish Parameter Temperature Range o F / o C ph

7 Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) Fish Tanks Water Pump Raft Tank Clarifier Mineralization tanks Degassing Tank Air pump

8 Why control using RAS? Physical control Temperature Light intensity, daylength, spectrum Dissolved gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide) Chemical control Water quality Feeding Wastewater Biological control Viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites (pathogens) Fish Low stress = high or optimal survival & growth

9 Water Quality Temperature: poikilotherms Dissolved oxygen: limited in water ph: indicator Ammonia & Nitrite: fish waste products ph and temperature determine the proportion Alkaline ph more NH 3 (toxic) Acidic ph more NH 4 (less toxic) Bacterial nitrification converts ammonia to nitrite Fish are sensitive at levels >0.6 mg/l Hardness Influences fish osmoregulation CO 2 : product of fish respiration Regulated by aeration

10 Production Water Quality Parameters for Cool-water Fish Parameter Temperature Dissolved oxygen Range o F / o C mg/l Oxygen saturation % ph Unionized ammonia-n Total ammonia-n Nitrite-N Nitrate-N Carbon dioxide Total alkalinity <0.01 mg/l <1.0 mg/l <0.5 mg/l <250 mg/l <10 mg/l mg/l

11 Tolerance Ranges

12 Generalized Fish Categories Group Temperature DO requirement Ammonia tolerance Protein requirement Coldwater <60 o F / <15 o C >5 mg/l Low High Coolwater o F / o C >5 mg/l Low Moderate Warmwater >75 o F / >24 o C >2 mg/l Moderate Moderate

13 Tolerance Ranges for Growth of Tilapia Culture factor Range Temperature o F (17-32 o C) Dissolved oxygen 3 10 mg/l ph 7 8 Widely cultured in tropical and sub-tropical regions. A favorite for aquaponics. Ammonia-N Nitrite-N Hardness CO mg/l mg/l mg/l 0 30 mg/l

14 Growth Rate of Nile Tilapia More than tripled in weight during 104 day (3 ½ months) study. Inverse relationship between density and growth.

15 Tilapia Production Worldwide: 830,000 tons in million tons in million tons in 2008 China: 1.1 million tons in 2008

16 Tilapia Imports to U.S Frozen tilapia fillets from China (90% of market) Fresh tilapia fillets are a niche market. China Indonesia Taiwan PC Ecuador Thailand Honduras Costa Rica Others Total

17 Estimated Cost of Production Brazil, Ecuador, Cuba: $1.10 / kg Costa Rica, Jamaica: $1.20 / kg Colombia, Mexico: $1.25 / kg USA: $2.00 / kg Canada: $2.10 / kg

18 Current Market Trends U.S. and European growers will concentrate on live sales. Latin America and Southeast Asia will be primary U.S. suppliers of fillets and processed forms. Latin America, Caribbean and Africa will supply European markets. U.S. imports are growing, demand is very good and almost all supplies are coming from imports. Second most popular fish in U.S. retail stores, behind salmon, and the 5 th most popular fishery product overall. Tilapia supply will continue to expand from increased Chinese production mainly directed at U.S. markets.

19 Tolerance Ranges for Growth of Percidae (Example: Yellow perch) Culture factor Range Temperature o F (21-24 o C) Dissolved oxygen mg/l ph Ammonia-N mg/l Widely cultured in Midwest U.S. A favorite fish for the Friday-night fish fry. Nitrite-N Hardness CO mg/l mg/l 0 6 mg/l

20 Growth Rates of Yellow Perch & Pikeperch Yellow perch: 19 o C RAS, raised for 4 months Mixed vs monosex (female) Weight (g) Lake Mendota mixed sex Pikeperch: 2 months in RAS Lake Mendota mono sex female November December January February March April Month

21 Growth Rates of Walleye & Hybrids Weight gain of Hybrid Walleye R eared in R ecycle S ystem at 23 C G rowout phas e III-IV DGR =1.4 g/day Grams F ingerling phas e II DGR =0.5 g/day Da ys P ost Ha tc h

22 Tolerance Ranges for Growth of Centrarchids (Example: Bluegill) Culture factor Ranges Temperature o F (20-29 o C) Dissolved oxygen 4 10 mg/l ph Ammonia-N mg/l Nitrite-N mg/l Hardness mg/l CO mg/l Potential as temperate region tilapia. Widely cultured in Midwest U.S. Broad geographic distribution.

23 Growth Rates of Bluegill & Hybrids Bluegill and female green - male bluegill hybrids. 0.5 lbs (227 g) market-size needed in months. Feed ranges: 32-40% crude protein

24 Tolerance Ranges for Growth of Channel Catfish Culture factor Ranges Temperature o F (21-32 o C) Dissolved oxygen >4 mg/l ph 7 8 Ammonia-N mg/l Hardness mg/l CO 2 <10 mg/l Hardy and tolerant. International and national market saturation. More economical production in ponds. Sub-optimal growth in RAS.

25 Tolerance Ranges for Growth of Carp (Example: Koi & Goldfish) Culture factor Ranges Temperature o F (18-24 o C) Dissolved oxygen 4 10 mg/l Ornamental trade and sales. Hardy & tolerant. Marketing. ph 6 8 Ammonia-N Nitrite-N Hardness CO mg/l mg/l mg/l 0 25 mg/l

26 Tolerances Ranges for Growth of Salmonids Culture factor Temperature: Optimal Dissolved oxygen Ranges <71 o F / <22 o C o F / o C >6.0 mg/l ph Ammonia-N <0.01 mg/l Most popular retail fish in U.S. Well established markets. Potential in RAS being documented. Hardness CO mg/l <10 mg/l

27 Growth Rate of Rainbow Trout All female Continuous light, fed every 1-2 hours

28 Raised at 13 o C Growth Rate of Atlantic Salmon Continuous light vs 12:12 for winter

29 Triploid vs diploid Growth Rate of Arctic Char

30 Freshwater Species Most any fish can be cultured in RAS as long as it does well under medium to high density culture. Optimization data needed. Largemouth bass Markets mostly large cities Barramundi (sea bass) Australia to Southeast Asia lbs in a year Murray cod Australia, carnivorous but readily accepts feed Adaptable to crowding Jade perch Australia, require water temperature >16 o C Can grow to 500 g in under 12 months Pacu Others

31 Marketing

32 Fish Feed The fish food provides the nutrients to the entire system: Fish bacteria- plants Assimilation and conversion Fish selection affects diet choice and nutrient availability: Herbivorous fish require a diet of 22-35% protein. Omnivorous fish require a diet of 32-38% protein. Carnivorous fish may require 40-50% protein.

33 Fish Nutrition Required Elements in Fish Diet Essential Amino acids Non-essential Amino acids Vitamins Minerals Elements for Plants Arginine Alanine Thiamine Phosphorus Phosphorus Histidine Asparagine Riboflavin Manganese* Manganese* Isoleucine Aspartate Pyridoxine Copper* Copper* Leucine Cysteine Pantothenate Iron Iron Lysine Glutamate Biotin Potassium Potassium Methionine Glutamine Choline Calcium Calcium Phenylalanine Glycine Folate Magnesium Magnesium Threonine Proline Ascorbic acid Zinc* Zinc* Tryptophan Serine Vitamin A Cobalt* Boron* Valine Tyrosine Vitamin D Selenium* Molybdenum* Nutrient Percent of feed Vitamin E Iodine* Sulfur Protein 45% Fat 22% Carbohydrates 25% Moisture 10% Ash 2% Vitamin K Vitamin B12 Nitrogen *micronutrients

34 Fate of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Fish Feed Food 100% N 100% P Retained in Tissues 30% N 32% P Solids 13% N 60-90% P Effluent 70% N 68% P Dissolved 87% N 10-40% P

35 Availability Know your national, state, and local Import regulations.

36 Source & Receiving Fish Know your nursery provider. Health certificate & Quarantine Acclimate Year-round availability

37 Removing off-flavor Depuration or Purge

38 Conclusions More detailed information needed for optimizing culture performance of fish in aquaponics. Information can be garnered from studies using recirculating aquaculture. Tilapia optimization has been done, but other issues arise. Marketing awareness and consumer education. VetMedCE.org "Fish Health Courses for Producers and Veterinarians" > "Fish Producer Courses