Chapter 15. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) TCP/IP Protocol Suite 1
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1 Chapter 15 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) TCP/IP Protocol Suite 1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
2 OBJECTIVES: To introduce TCP as a protocol that provides reliable stream delivery service. To define TCP features and compare them with UDP features. To define the format of a TCP segment and its fields. To show how TCP provides a connection-oriented service, and show the segments exchanged during connection establishment and connection termination phases. To discuss the state transition diagram for TCP and discuss some scenarios. To introduce windows in TCP that are used for flow and error control. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 2
3 OBJECTIVES (continued): To discuss how TCP implements flow control in which the receive window controls the size of the send window. To discuss error control and FSMs used by TCP during the data transmission phase. To discuss how TCP controls the congestion in the network using different strategies. To list and explain the purpose of each timer in TCP. To discuss options in TCP and show how TCP can provide selective acknowledgment using the SACK option. To give a layout and a simplified pseudocode for the TCP package. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 3
4 Chapter Outline TCP/IP Protocol Suite 4
5 15-1 TCP SERVICES Figure 15.1 shows the relationship of TCP to the other protocols in the TCP/IP protocol suite. TCP lies between the application layer and the network layer, and serves as the intermediary between the application programs and the network operations. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 5
6 Topics Discussed in the Section Process-to-Process Communication Stream Delivery Service Full-Duplex Communication Multiplexing and Demultiplexing Connection-Oriented Service Reliable Service TCP/IP Protocol Suite 6
7 Figure 15.1 TCP/IP protocol suite TCP/IP Protocol Suite 7
8 TCP/IP Protocol Suite 8
9 Figure 15.2 Stream delivery TCP/IP Protocol Suite 9
10 Figure 15.3 Sending and receiving buffers Stream of bytes TCP/IP Protocol Suite 10
11 Figure 15.4 TCP segments Segment N H Segment 1 H TCP/IP Protocol Suite 11
12 15-2 TCP FEATURES To provide the services mentioned in the previous section, TCP has several features that are briefly summarized in this section and discussed later in detail. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 12
13 Topics Discussed in the Section Numbering System Flow Control Error Control Congestion Control TCP/IP Protocol Suite 13
14 Note The bytes of data being transferred in each connection are numbered by TCP. The numbering starts with an arbitrarily generated number. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 14
15 Example 15.1 Suppose a TCP connection is transferring a file of 5,000 bytes. The first byte is numbered 10,001. What are the sequence numbers for each segment if data are sent in five segments, each carrying 1,000 bytes? Solution The following shows the sequence number for each segment: TCP/IP Protocol Suite 15
16 Note The value in the sequence number field of a segment defines the number assigned to the first data byte contained in that segment. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 16
17 Note The value of the acknowledgment field in a segment defines the number of the next byte a party expects to receive. The acknowledgment number is cumulative. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 17
18 15-3 SEGMENT Before discussing TCP in more detail, let us discuss the TCP packets themselves. A packet in TCP is called a segment. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 18
19 Topics Discussed in the Section Format Encapsulation TCP/IP Protocol Suite 19
20 Figure 15.5 TCP segment format TCP/IP Protocol Suite 20
21 Figure 15.6 Control field TCP/IP Protocol Suite 21
22 Figure 15.7 Pseudoheader added to the TCP segment TCP/IP Protocol Suite 22
23 Note The use of the checksum in TCP is mandatory. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 23
24 Figure 15.8 Encapsulation TCP header Application-layer data IP header Frame header Data-link layer payload TCP payload IP payload TCP/IP Protocol Suite 24
25 15-4 A TCP CONNECTION TCP is connection-oriented. It establishes a virtual path between the source and destination. All of the segments belonging to a message are then sent over this virtual path. You may wonder how TCP, which uses the services of IP, a connectionless protocol, can be connection-oriented. The point is that a TCP connection is virtual, not physical. TCP operates at a higher level. TCP uses the services of IP to deliver individual segments to the receiver, but it controls the connection itself. If a segment is lost or corrupted, it is retransmitted. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 25
26 Topics Discussed in the Section Connection Establishment Data Transfer Connection Termination Connection Reset TCP/IP Protocol Suite 26
27 Figure 15.9 Connection establishment using three-way handshake seq: 8000 U A P R S F SYN seq: 8000 ack: rwnd: U A P R S F ACK U A P R S F seq: ack: 8001 rwnd: 5000 SYN + ACK TCP/IP Protocol Suite 27
28 Note A SYN segment cannot carry data, but it consumes one sequence number. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 28
29 Note A SYN + ACK segment cannot carry data, but does consume one sequence number. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 29
30 Note An ACK segment, if carrying no data, consumes no sequence number. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 30
31 Figure Data Transfer Connection Termination TCP/IP Protocol Suite 31
32 Figure Connection termination using three-way handshake TCP/IP Protocol Suite 32
33 Note The FIN segment consumes one sequence number if it does not carry data. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 33
34 Note The FIN + ACK segment consumes one sequence number if it does not carry data. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 34
35 Figure Half-Close TCP/IP Protocol Suite 35
36 15-6 WINDOWS IN TCP Before discussing data transfer in TCP and the issues such as flow, error, and congestion control, we describe the windows used in TCP. TCP uses two windows (send window and receive window) for each direction of data transfer, which means four windows for a bidirectional communication. To make the discussion simple, we make an assumption that communication is only unidirectional; the bidirectional communication can be inferred using two unidirectional communications with piggybacking. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 36
37 Topics Discussed in the Section Send Window Receive Window TCP/IP Protocol Suite 37
38 Figure Send window in TCP TCP/IP Protocol Suite 38
39 Figure Receive window in TCP TCP/IP Protocol Suite 39
40 15-7 FLOW CONTROL As discussed in Chapter 13, flow control balances the rate a producer creates data with the rate a consumer can use the data. TCP separates flow control from error control. In this section we discuss flow control, ignoring error control. We temporarily assume that the logical channel between the sending and receiving TCP is error-free. Figure shows unidirectional data transfer between a sender and a receiver; bidirectional data transfer can be deduced from unidirectional one as discussed in Chapter 13. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 40
41 Topics Discussed in the Section Opening and Closing Windows Shrinking of Windows TCP/IP Protocol Suite 41
42 Figure TCP/IP protocol suite Messages are pushed 1 5 Flow control feedback 3 Messages are pulled 2 Segements are pushed 4 Flow control feedback TCP/IP Protocol Suite 42
43 Figure An example of flow control TCP/IP Protocol Suite 43
44 Example 15.2 Figure shows the reason for the mandate in window shrinking. Part a of the figure shows values of last acknowledgment and rwnd. Part b shows the situation in which the sender has sent bytes 206 to 214. Bytes 206 to 209 are acknowledged and purged. The new advertisement, however, defines the new value of rwnd as 4, in which < When the send window shrinks, it creates a problem: byte 214 which has been already sent is outside the window. The relation discussed before forces the receiver to maintain the right-hand wall of the window to be as shown in part a because the receiver does not know which of the bytes 210 to 217 has already been sent. One way to prevent this situation is to let the receiver postpone its feedback until enough buffer locations are available in its window. In other words, the receiver should wait until more bytes are consumed by its process. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 44
45 Figure Example 15.2 TCP/IP Protocol Suite 45
46 15-8 ERROR CONTROL TCP is a reliable transport layer protocol. This means that an application program that delivers a stream of data to TCP relies on TCP to deliver the entire stream to the application program on the other end in order, without error, and without any part lost or duplicated. Error control in TCP is achieved through the use of three tools: checksum, acknowledgment, and time-out. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 46
47 Topics Discussed in the Section Checksum Acknowledgment Time-out TCP/IP Protocol Suite 47
48 Note ACK segments do not consume sequence numbers and are not acknowledged. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 48
49 Note Data may arrive out of order and be temporarily stored by the receiving TCP, but TCP guarantees that no out-of-order data are delivered to the process. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 49
50 Note The receiver TCP delivers only ordered data to the process. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 50
51 Retransmission After retransmission time-out (RTO) After three duplicate ACK segments TCP/IP Protocol Suite 51
52 15-9 CONGESTION CONTROL Congestion may occur if the load on the network (the number of packages sent to the network) is greater than the capacity of the network (the number of packages a network can handle). TCP uses a congestion window and a congestion policy that avoid congestion and detect and alleviate congestion after it has occurred. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 52
53 Topics Discussed in the Section Congestion Window: Actual window size = minimum(rwnd, cwnd) Congestion Policy Slow start Congestion avoidance Congestion detection TCP/IP Protocol Suite 53
54 Figure Slow start, exponential increase TCP/IP Protocol Suite 54
55 Note In the slow start algorithm, the size of the congestion window increases exponentially until it reaches a threshold. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 55
56 Figure Congestion avoidance, additive increase TCP/IP Protocol Suite 56
57 Note In the congestion avoidance algorithm the size of the congestion window increases additively until congestion is detected. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 57
58 Figure TCP Congestion policy summary TCP/IP Protocol Suite 58
59 Figure Congestion example TCP/IP Protocol Suite 59
60 15-10 TCP TIMERS To perform its operation smoothly, most TCP implementations use at least four timers as shown in Figure (slide 83). TCP/IP Protocol Suite 60
61 Topics Discussed in the Section Retransmission Timer Persistence Timer Keepalive Timer TIME-WAIT Timer TCP/IP Protocol Suite 61
62 Figure TCP timers TCP/IP Protocol Suite 62
63 Note In TCP, there can be only one RTT measurement in progress at any time. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 63
64 Figure No-operation option Smoother RTT RTT Deviation Retransmission Time-out (RTO) D TCP/IP Protocol Suite 64
65 Figure Example 15.3 TCP/IP Protocol Suite 65
66 Example 15.3 Let us give a hypothetical example. Figure shows part of a connection. The figure shows the connection establishment and part of the data transfer phases. 1. When the SYN segment is sent, there is no value for RTTM, RTTS, or RTTD. The value of RTO is set to 6.00 seconds. The following shows the value of these variable at this moment: 2. When the SYN+ACK segment arrives, RTTM is measured and is equal to 1.5 seconds. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 66
67 Example 15.3 Let us give a hypothetical example. Figure shows part of a connection. The figure shows the connection establishment and part of the data transfer phases. 1. When the SYN segment is sent, there is no value for RTTM, RTTS, or RTTD. The value of RTO is set to 6.00 seconds. The following shows the value of these variable at this moment: 2. When the SYN+ACK segment arrives, RTTM is measured and is equal to 1.5 seconds. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 67
68 Example 15.3 Continued 3. When the first data segment is sent, a new RTT measurement starts. No RTT measurement starts for the second data segment because a measurement is already in progress. The arrival of the last ACK segment is used to calculate the next value of RTTM. Although the last ACK segment acknowledges both data segments (cumulative), its arrival finalizes the value of RTTM for the first segment. The values of these variables are now as shown below. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 68
69 15-11 OPTIONS The TCP header can have up to 40 bytes of optional information. Options convey additional information to the destination or align other options. We can define two categories of options: 1-byte options and multiplebyte options. The first category contains two types of options: end of option list and no operation. The second category, in most implementations, contains five types of options: maximum segment size, window scale factor, timestamp, SACK-permitted, and SACK (see Figure 15.41). TCP/IP Protocol Suite 69
70 Figure Options TCP/IP Protocol Suite 70
71 Figure End-of-option option TCP/IP Protocol Suite 71
72 Note EOP can be used only once. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 72
73 Figure No-operation option TCP/IP Protocol Suite 73
74 Note NOP can be used more than once. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 74
75 Figure Minimum-segment-size option TCP/IP Protocol Suite 75
76 Note The value of MSS is determined during connection establishment and does not change during the connection. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 76
77 Figure Window-scale-factor option TCP/IP Protocol Suite 77
78 Note The value of the window scale factor can be determined only during connection establishment; it does not change during the connection. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 78
79 Figure Timestamp option TCP/IP Protocol Suite 79
80 Note One application of the timestamp option is the calculation of round-trip time (RTT). TCP/IP Protocol Suite 80
81 Example 15.5 Figure shows an example that calculates the round-trip time for one end. Everything must be flipped if we want to calculate the RTT for the other end. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 81
82 Figure Example 15.5 TCP/IP Protocol Suite 82
83 Note The timestamp option can also be used for PAWS. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 83
84 Figure SACK TCP/IP Protocol Suite 84
85 Example 15.6 Let us see how the SACK option is used to list out-of-order blocks. In Figure an end has received five segments of data. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 85
86 Figure Example 15.6 TCP/IP Protocol Suite 86
87 Example 15.7 Figure shows how a duplicate segment can be detected with a combination of ACK and SACK. In this case, we have some out-of-order segments (in one block) and one duplicate segment. To show both out-of-order and duplicate data, SACK uses the first block, in this case, to show the duplicate data and other blocks to show out-of-order data. Note that only the first block can be used for duplicate data. The natural question is how the sender, when it receives these ACK and SACK values, knows that the first block is for duplicate data (compare this example with the previous example). The answer is that the bytes in the first block are already acknowledged in the ACK field; therefore, this block must be a duplicate. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 87
88 Figure Example 15.7 TCP/IP Protocol Suite 88
89 Example 15.8 Figure shows what happens if one of the segments in the out-of-order section is also duplicated. In this example, one of the segments (4001:5000) is duplicated. The SACK option announces this duplicate data first and then the out-of-order block. This time, however, the duplicated block is not yet acknowledged by ACK, but because it is part of the out-of-order block (4001:5000 is part of 4001:6000), it is understood by the sender that it defines the duplicate data. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 89
90 Figure Example 15.8 TCP/IP Protocol Suite 90
91 15-12 TCP PACKAGE The TCP header can have up to 40 bytes of optional information. Options convey additional information to the destination or align other options. We can define two categories of options: 1-byte options and multiplebyte options. The first category contains two types of options: end of option list and no operation. The second category, in most implementations, contains five types of options: maximum segment size, window scale factor, timestamp, SACK-permitted, and SACK (see Figure 15.41). TCP/IP Protocol Suite 91
92 Topics Discussed in the Section Transmission Control Block TCBs Timers Main Module Input Processing Module Output Processing Module TCP/IP Protocol Suite 92
93 Figure TCBs TCP/IP Protocol Suite 93
94 Figure TCP/IP protocol suite TCP/IP Protocol Suite 94
95 TCP/IP Protocol Suite 95
96 TCP/IP Protocol Suite 96
97 TCP/IP Protocol Suite 97
98 TCP/IP Protocol Suite 98
99 TCP/IP Protocol Suite 99
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