How To Get A Parking Ticket In A City Of Zurich

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1 Europe s Parking U-Turn Gabrielle Hermann May 17, 2011 POLIS-EPA Workshop Stuttgart, Germany

2 Introduction 1. Regulatory Mechanisms: 1. Parking Standards: Minimums and Maximums 2. Supply Caps 3. Linking Parking Provision to Transit Access 4. New Residential Parking Requirements 5. On-Street Space Reclamations 2. Economic Mechanisms: 1. On-street Pricing 2. Enforcement 3. Earmarking of Parking Funds 4. Residential Parking Permits 3. Technology: Mobile Phone Parking Payments 4. Physical Design

3 Regulatory Mechanism Parking Standards Minimums: Least amount of parking developers are required to include based on land use. Maximums: Limit how much parking a developer can include in a construction project.

4 Regulatory Mechanism Hamburg: Sealed inventory in Central Business District at roughly 30,000 spaces in Supply Caps Amsterdam: Every spot created off-street should remove a spot from on-street. Zurich: Historic Compromise instituted in 1996 resulted in new public plazas and on-street improvements

5 Supply Zurich Parking Supply in Kreis 1 (1990 & 2009) On-Street Parking Off-Street Parking Year

6 Regulatory Mechanism Linking Parking Provision to Public Transit Paris: 100% discount if a development is 1,600 ft. from a metro stop. Approximately every 1,600 ft. there is a metro. Strasbourg: 50% discount for centrally located neighborhoods or neighborhoods less than 1,600 ft. from a public transportation stop. Dutch ABC Location Policy Zurich Transit Access Plot

7 Dutch ABC Location Policy: Transit Access & Parking Discounts Location Description Regulation A B C Excellent public transport facilities, surrounding main train stations Good public transport and also good accessibility by car Mainly well accessible by car 1 parking place per 250 m2 1 parking space per 125 m2 Tailor made, no norms

8 Zurich Transit Access Plot RED: Very good access to public transport YELLOW: Good access to public transport BORDER LINE: Emphasizes the capacity gaps

9 Parking Requirements Based on Access to Transit Area Minimum (%) Maximum (%) *Maximum 2 (%) A B C D Remaining Areas *Related to clean air regulations and road capacity

10 Percentage of Mode Share Zurich Mode Split Trend (2000 & 2005)

11 Regulatory Mechanisms New Residential Parking Requirements City Amsterdam Antwerp Barcelona Copenhagen Hamburg Madrid Munich Stockholm Strasbourg Vienna Minimum Residential Standards 1 spot/housing unit added for guests 1.1 spots/dwelling unit 1 spot/2-6 apartments (depending on area) 1 spot/100 sq. meters 0.2/living unit in CBD, 0.8/living unit outside CBD 1 spot/unit 1 spot/unit 0.14 spots/room 0.5 spots/apartment if within 500 meters of PT, 1 spot/apartment otherwise 1 spot/dwelling

12 Regulatory Mechanism: On-Street Space Reclamations Paris 4,000 removed to accommodate 1,451 new Velib stations that hold about 20,000 public rental bikes. 70+ miles of new bicycle lanes installed. Space was also reallocated for motorcycle parking, bicycle parking, disabled parking and tramway corridor access.

13 Paris On-Street Parking Supply Trend Number of On-Street Parking Spaces in Paris s U P P L Y Overall on-street parking supply was reduced by 9% (14,300 spaces) Year Data Data Source: Source: Paris Paris Transport Transport and and Travel Travel Report Report (2007) (2007)

14 Free Parking Spaces in Paris s U P P L Y Year Data Source: Paris Transport and Travel Report (2007) 95% of free spots were turned into paid parking spaces

15 Street Reclamations Play Street Antwerp, Belgium

16 Street Reclamations Play Street Copenhagen

18 Before After Zurich, Switzerland

19 Breda, The Netherlands BEFORE AFTER

20 Economic Mechanism Pricing Matters Grosvenor Square in London Photo from TRL

21 On-Street Price Comparison City City Center Hourly Cost (Euro) Amsterdam 5.00 London 4.00 Stockholm 3.87 Copenhagen 3.86 Paris 3.60 Barcelona 2.85 Antwerp (Progressive) Munich 2.50 Hamburg 2.00 Strasbourg 1.60 Vienna 1.20 Zurich Progressive (see next slide)

22 Zurich Progressive Parking Charges 5.00 CHF 4.00 CHF CHF CHF Price of Parking (CHF) Time (minutes)

23 Two-Wheeler Parking London (Westminster): Can park for free in car parks. On-street payments can only be made by mobile. Paris: 15% on-street parking dedicated to motorbikes (will be increased to 30%) 2% of mode share Barcelona: Highest number after Rome Motorbikes permitted to park on some sidewalks Likely introduction of parking fee scheme in city center Motorbikes allowed to use bus lanes

24 Amsterdam Scan Car 6 cameras (3 on each side) Moves at 40 km/hr Takes 160 photos/sec 3 wardens on scooters follow 98% accuracy Economic Mechanism Enforcement

25 Economic Mechanisms Earmarking of Parking Funds London: Freedom Passes elderly and disabled ride for free Barcelona: Bicing Bicycle Share Program first city to use 100% of surplus from on-street parking fees to finance a public bicycle sharing scheme Bicing. Antwerp to follow. Antwerp: Parking fines are invested into public transport Photo: barna_based via flickr

26 Economic Mechanisms: Residential Parking Schemes Place Mixte experimental program that opens lorry parking to residential vehicles overnight in Paris Residential parking permit may be forfeited for a 1 year transit pass in Amsterdam (as of 2009) Carfree Housing in London CO2-based residential permits (several boroughs in London)

London Borough of Camden CO2 Based Residential Parking Permit Costs Vehicle Cylinder Capacity (cc) CO2 Emissions (g/km) 3 month 6 month 12 months 0-1299 up to 150 30.50 48.00 82.

27 London Borough of Camden CO2 Based Residential Parking Permit Costs Vehicle Cylinder Capacity (cc) CO2 Emissions (g/km) 3 month 6 month 12 months up to Motor Vehicle Motorcycle n/a n/a n/a Electric Vehicle n/a n/a

28 Technology Mobile Phone Parking Payments London (Westminster): Verrus gets 10% of revenue Lost 200,000 a week from theft before going cashless Stockholm: EasyPark gets 3% of revenue Customer pays subscription fee to EasyPark of 3 per month and a per parking transaction fee of 50 euro cents Amsterdam: Parkmobile/Parkline/SMS Parking get 4-5% of the revenue All payments in 2010 will require license plate input.

29 Physical Design Paris Bollard Measure Approximately 335,000 bollards installed on the edge of sidewalks to prevent cars from illegally parking. > $20 million invested in this initiative since 2001 Bollard costs approximately $33-$52 each + $41 each for the labor to install them

30 Parking Protected Cycle Path Münster, Germany

31 Using Parking for Street Calming Zurich, Switzerland

33 The walking distance to a parking place has to be at least as long as the walking distance to the public transport stop Hermann Knoflacher, Inventor of Walkmobile

34 Thank You Gabrielle Hermann Consultant Institute for Transportation and Development Policy Report can be found online at

Europe s Parking U-Turn. Michael Kodransky CSE Parking Reforms for a Livable City New Delhi, India August 17, 2011

Europe s Parking U-Turn. Michael Kodransky CSE Parking Reforms for a Livable City New Delhi, India August 17, 2011 Europe s Parking U-Turn Michael Kodransky CSE Parking Reforms for a Livable City New Delhi, India August 17, 2011 TDM tools that can influence driving behavior Land use reforms Fuel prices HOV lanes, Carpooling