How To Write A Dissertation

Transcription

1 Using Turabian Style Kate L. Turabian s A Manual for Writers, 7th edition, is used for most Seminary papers and some studies in Religious Education. This manual contains complete rules and many helpful examples for preparing footnote entries, bibliographic entries, and tables and figures. Noted below are just a few rules to keep in mind as you prepare your document. Footnotes/Bibliography 1. Footnotes are numbered consecutively for each chapter. This is a new rule! (Smaller projects and term papers may use endnotes instead of footnotes.) 2. Every source that appears in the footnotes should be included in the bibliography. Additional material not cited may also be included in the bibliography. 3. Place footnotes below the text, not the bottom of the page. To do this, use footnote options, advanced, and position for WordPerfect, and footnote options, place at, for Microsoft Word. 4. Turabian together with AU s Standards for Written Work (pp , and 52-56) provides comprehensive guidance for footnotes. Additional manuals, such as Nancy Vyhmeister s Quality Research Papers, are also very helpful. Sample footnotes for books, journals, magazines, and much more, appear at the bottom of this document. Some of the most common problems occur with footnoting entries for dictionaries, encyclopedias, and commentaries, and Internet material. a. Dictionary and encyclopedia articles that are signed are treated different from ones that are unsigned. b. Commentaries fall into at least four categories: (i) signed articles within a one-volume or multi-volume set, (ii) separately titled and numbered volumes, (iii) separately titled volumes but with no volume numbers indicated, and (iv) single-author commentaries. Each type is presented in a different way. See samples below. c. Internet material: Refer to electronic sources only when items 1

2 are not published elsewhere. Make sure the Internet address is correct! Place the date you retrieved the item in parentheses at the end of the footnote entry. Retain copies of downloaded material until after defense. Tables and Figures 1. Consider the limitations of the margins and eye appeal when typing tables. Use single spacing, double spacing, or space and a half to produce the best-appearing, most-readable, and practical table. In some cases, the size of the font may be reduced to show the table to best advantage. (See pp in Standards for Written Work for more tips on preparing tables.) 2. Every table must be numbered and named. Tables are numbered consecutively throughout the dissertation, even into the appendix material. Designations such as 2a, 3-4, etc., are not used. 3. Each table and figure must be introduced before it can appear. Once it has been introduced it must appear on that page or the next page. 4. A table may be continued to a second page only if it filled the first page completely. If the table needs to be continued, type this at the very top of the continued part: Table X Continued. 5. A solid line at the bottom of the table signifies that it is complete. 6. Sometimes it is easier and more prudent to just type the table than to use the software s table functions. 7. Tables too wide for a page made be turned broadside. However, the page number appears in its usual place. The table faces out, rather than in. 8. Two styles for presenting the table number and name are acceptable: (a) The title number and name are placed in capital letters and centered over the table called traditional style, or (b) the title number and name are placed at the left margin, on one line, and capitalized in either headline style or sentence style called run-in style. See sample tables below. 9. A source note follows a table that is not the writer s own, introduced by the word Source (in italics), followed by a colon. Give the source in complete bibliographic form, even if the source has been cited earlier in a footnote. 2

3 TABLE 1 SMOKING AMONG AMERICAN ADULTS, BY AGE [Traditional style] Age N Smoke Don t Smoke (%) (%) , , , , Total 7,308 Source: Adapted from Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Term th Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 6 ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 89, table 3. Table 2. Population by State [Run-in style with headline capitalization] County Males Females Berrien 22,515 33,189 Grayling 9,624 10,122 Saginaw 42,167 43,090 3

4 Miscellaneous 1. Use Seminary abbreviations for Scripture references that contain a chapter, or chapter and verse. No periods are used with the abbreviations. See AU s Standards for Written Work for a complete list of the abbreviations. When the Bible book starts a sentence, the abbreviation is not used. This is true also for titles and subheads. In Dan 12:2, however, one finds that the fate... Revelation 7 shows that we can Use words for numbers for one hundred and below, unless the particular section or paragraph contains statistical material. With percentages, use a numeral and the word percent. About seventy-five years ago, at the beginning of the twentieth century, only 22 percent of the Enumerations: Use enumerations for material that will be clearer to the reader if presented in a list. Do not use bullets. For a short list that is contained within one sentence, use (1), (2), and (3) before the numbered elements. For a longer list that contains complete sentences or lengthy material, use numbered paragraphs such as I have used in this document. The individual gave two reasons for the accident: (1) his brakes failed, and (2) the roads were slippery. site. 4. Subheads: See Andrews University s Formatting Rules at this web 5. Ellipses points: a. Are used only in quoted material b. Use either 3 dots or 4 dots. When 4 dots are used, this means that the sentence ended. The fourth dot is the period that ended the sentence. c. The dots cannot be broken between two lines, except when the period that ends the sentence falls on one line, and the 3 ellipses points then fall on the next line. d. Are not used at beginning of quote or end of a quote. We know something came before the quote. We know something came after the 4

5 quote. We need to know if you removed something within the quote. See sample footnote and bibliographic entries below. Samples for footnotes and bibliography are taken from Andrews University s Standards for Written Work, pp For each kind of entry, a footnote entry appears first, followed by a bibliographic entry. 1. Book (see Turabian N & B) 1 A. M. Allchin, The Kingdom of Love & Knowledge (London: Darton, Longman & Todd, 1979), 46. Allchin, A. M. The Kingdom of Love & Knowledge. London: Darton, Longman & Todd, Book more than one author (see Turabian N & B) 2 Mary Lyon, Bryce Lyon, and Henry S. Lucas, The Wardrobe Book of William de Norwell, 12 July 1338 to 27 May 1340, with the collaboration of Jean de Sturler (Brussels: Commission Royale d Histoire de Begique, 1983), 42. Lyon, Mary, Bryce Lyon, and Henry S. Lucas. The Wardrobe Book of William de Norwell, 12 July 1338 to 27 May With the collaboration of Jean de Sturler. Brussels: Commission Royale d Histoire de Begique, Book more than one volume published in more than one year 3 Paul Tillich, Systematic Theology, 3 vols. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ), 1:9. Tillich, Paul. Systematic Theology. 3 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Note: If date is of special concern, include the date of the specific volume cited; i.e., 1 (1951): 9 instead of 1:9. 5

6 4. Book in a series (see Turabian N & B) 4 Verner W. Clapp, The Future of the Research Library, Phineas W. Windsor Series in Librarianship 8 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1964), 92. Clapp, Verner W. The Future of the Research Library. Phineas W. Windsor Series in Librarianship 8. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, Book with component part by one author in a book edited by another (see Turabian ) 5 D. A. Shipley, The European Heritage, in The History of American Methodism, 3 vols., ed. E. S. Bucke (New York: Abingdon Press, 1964), 1:12. Shipley, D. A. The European Heritage. In The History of American Methodism, edited by E. S. Bucke, 1:9-42. New York: Abingdon Press, Book with secondary source of quotation 6 Clark H. Pinnock, A Defense of Biblical Infallibility (Philadelphia, PA: Presbyterian & Reformed, 1967), quoted in Avery Dulles, Models of Revelation (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1983), 45. Pinnock, Clark H. A Defense of Biblical Infallibility. Philadelphia, PA: Presbyterian & Reformed, Quoted in Avery Dulles, Models of Revelation. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., Commentaries authored volumes (Commentary title written out in footnote) 7 E. D. Burton, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians, International Critical Commentary (Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark, 1921), 65. Burton, E. D. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians. International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark, Note: The use of abbreviations in footnotes for well-known and/or frequently used commentaries, dictionaries, encyclopedias, journals, and magazines (even in the first footnote) is usually permitted, but only when a list of abbreviations is included in the paper. A list of 6

7 abbreviations should not include references that are used only once. Such a practice would make the list long and defeat its purpose. Be sure to check with your adviser and committee as to their preference. Full titles for all works are always written out in the bibliography. 8. Commentaries authored volumes 8 Edwin R. Campbell, Jr., Ruth, Anchor Bible (AB), vol. 7 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1975), 27. Campbell, Edwin R., Jr. Ruth. Anchor Bible, vol. 7. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., Commentaries with signed articles 9 G. E. Wright, Exegesis of the Book of Deuteronomy, Interpreter s Bible, ed. George Arthur Buttrick (New York: Abingdon Press, 1954), 2:332. Wright, G. E. Exegesis of the Book of Deuteronomy. Interpreter s Bible. Edited by George Arthur Buttrick. New York: Abingdon Press, : Commentaries with unsigned articles (Commentary title shortened in footnote) Note: Articles that have a specific title are referenced with that title (note first example 10); articles that comment on a Bible text only are referenced by the Bible book title (note second example 10). 10 "Interpretation of Daniel, SDA Bible Commentary, ed. F. D. Nichol (Washington, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., ), 4: "Isaiah, SDA Bible Commentary, ed. F. D. Nichol (Washington, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., ), 4:287. Interpretation of Daniel. Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary. Edited by F. D. Nichol. Washington, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., : Isaiah. Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary. Edited by F. D. Nichol. Washington, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., :287. 7

8 11. Commentaries (Single Author) 12 Matthew Henry, Matthew Henry s Commentary on the Whole Bible, vol. 5, Matthew to John (New York: Fleming H. Revell, [1935]), 73. Henry, Matthew. Matthew Henry s Commentary on the Whole Bible. Vol. 5, Matthew to John. New York: Fleming H. Revell, [1935]. 12. Dictionaries with signed articles (Dictionary title abbreviated in footnote) 13 J. H. Marks, Flood (Genesis), IDB (1962), 2:279. Marks, J. H. Flood (Genesis). Interpreter s Dictionary of the Bible. Edited by G. A. Buttrick et al. Nashville: Abingdon Press, : Dictionaries with unsigned articles (Dictionary title shortened in footnote) 14 SDA Bible Dictionary (1960), s.v. Angel. Seventh-day Adventist Bible Dictionary. Edited by Siegfried H. Horn. Washington, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., S.v. Angel. 14. Encyclopedias with signed articles (Encyclopedia title written out in footnote) 15 C. A. Beckwith, Virgin Birth, The New Schaff-Herzog th Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, 4 Photolithoprinted ed. (1960), 12: Beckwith, C. A. Virgin Birth. The New Schaff-Herzog th Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. 4 Photolithoprinted ed., : Encyclopedias with unsigned articles (Encyclopedia title shortened in footnote) 16 SDA Encyclopedia, 1975 ed., s.v. Kingsway College. Seventh-day Adventist Encyclopedia ed. S.v. Kingsway College. 8

9 16. Multi-volume works with several titles by one author (see Turabian ) 17 Philip Carrington, The Early Christian Church, vol. 2 of The Second Christian Century (Cambridge: University Press, 1957), Carrington, Philip. The Early Christian Church. Vol. 2 of The Second Christian Century. Cambridge: University Press, Ancient and medieval works 1 8 Irenaeus Against Heresies (ANF, 1:361). 1 9 Josephus Jewish War (trans. Thackeray, LCL, 2:435). Irenaeus Against Heresies. The Ante-Nicene Fathers. 1: Josephus Jewish War. Translated by H. St. J. Thackeray. Loeb Classical Library. 18. Journals (see Turabian 17.2) 20 Arthur J. Ferch, The Two Aeons and the Messiah in Pseudo- Philo, 4 Ezra, and 2 Baruch, Andrews University Seminary Studies 15 (1977): 135. Ferch, Arthur J. The Two Aeons and the Messiah in Pseudo-Philo, 4 Ezra, and 2 Baruch. Andrews University Seminary Studies 15 (1977): Articles published online (see Turabian ) 21 Brian Uzzi and Jarrett Spiro, Collaboration and Creativity: The Small World Problem, American Journal of Sociology 111, no. 2 (September 2005), under Milgram s Small World Theory, AJS/journal/issues/v111n2/090090/ html (accessed December 19, 2005). Uzzi, Brian, and Jarrett Spiro. Collaboration and Creativity: The Small World Problem. American Journal of Sociology 111, no. 2 (September 2005). AJS/journal/issues/v111n2/090090/ html (accessed December 19, 2005). 9

10 20. Magazines (see Turabian 17.3) 22 Lawrence T. Geraty, The Excavations at Biblical Heshbon, 1974, Ministry, February 1975, 20. Geraty, Lawrence T. The Excavations at Biblical Heshbon, Ministry, February 1975, Article no title, author supplied 23 [A. T. Jones], editorial, Review and Herald, 5 September 1899, 572. [Jones, A. T.] Editorial. Review and Herald, 5 September 1899, Denominational minutes 24 General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists (Washington, DC), Minutes of Meetings of the General Conference Committee, 8-15 January 1970, meeting of 8 January General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists (Washington, DC). Minutes of Meetings of the General Conference Committee, 8-15 January Unpublished material in a collection 25 Howard B. Weeks, notes on J. L. Shuler, 1966, Howard B. Weeks Collection, Adventist Heritage Center, James White Library, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI. Weeks, Howard B. Notes on J. L. Schuler, Howard B. Weeks Collection. Adventist Heritage Center, James White Library, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI. 24. SDA Yearbook Year Book of the Seventh-day Adventist Denomination (Washington, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., 1905), 112. Year Book of the Seventh-day Adventist Denomination. Washington, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., 1905, 1906, SDA Yearbook ; Seventh-day Adventist Yearbook (Washington, DC: Review and 10

11 Herald Pub. Assn., 1975), 178. Seventh-day Adventist Yearbook. Washington, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., Dissertations or theses (Turabian ) 28 Arthur J. Ferch, The Apocalyptic Son of Man in Daniel 7" (ThD dissertation, Andrews University, 1979), 155. Ferch, Arthur J. The Apocalyptic Son of Man in Daniel 7. ThD dissertation, Andrews University, E. G. White research materials (a) unpublished letter, (b) manuscript with no title 29 Ellen G. White to Dr. Patience Bourdeau, 8 June 1905, Letter 177, 1905, Ellen G. White Research Center, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI. 30 Ellen G. White, MS 154, 1902, Ellen G. White Research Center, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI. White, Ellen G., to Dr. Patience Bourdeau, 8 June Letter 177, Ellen G. White Re-search Center. Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI. White, Ellen G. MS 154, Ellen G. White Research Center. Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI. 28. Interviews and personal communications (see Turabian ) Note: Unpublished, unrecoverable materials such as these generally do not go in the bibliography. 31 Nicholas Hardwick, interview by author, Washington, DC, May 5, Justin Smith, message to author, January 23, Hardwick, interview; Smith, message. 11