Effects of Extreme-Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on the Weight of the Hg at the Superconducting State.

Transcription

1 Effects of Etreme-Low Frequency Electromagnetc Felds on the Weght of the at the Superconductng State. Fran De Aquno Maranhao State Unversty, Physcs Department, S.Lus/MA, Brazl. Copyrght 200 by Fran De Aquno All Rghts Reserved A sample of at the superconductng state has been subjected to Etreme-Low Frequency Electromagnetc Felds. Upon coolng, the sample ehbts a decrease n the weght drectly proportonal to ampltude of the electrc feld and nversely proportonal to ts frequency. The observed phenomenon appears to be absolutely new and unprecedented n the lterature and can not be understood n the framework of the general relatvty. It s ponted out the possblty of ths unepected effect to be connected wth a possble correlaton between gravtatonal mass and electromagnetsm. I. INTRODUCTION The nteracton of a superconductor wth gravtatonal felds was orgnally consdered by DeWtt [1]. In 198, Ross [2] derved the modfed London equatons for a superconductor n a gravtatonal feld, and showed that these equatons are consstent wth the results found earler by DeWtt n On the other hand, several eperments showng possble anomalous weght behavor n hgh-t c ceramc superconductors have been carred out snce 1992 [,4,5,6,7]. However, the detected decrease n the weght of the samples was very slght ( less than 1%) and for that very reason, t has been attrbuted to a so called "gravty modfcatons', because the reported effects mmc well the propertes of the gravtatonal nteracton. Here, we wll descrbe an eperment, n whch there has been observed a strong decrease n weght of a metallc superconductor when t has been subjected to an eternal electromagnetc feld wth etremelylow frequency (ELF). Ths unepected phenomenon appears to be absolutely unprecedented n the lterature. On the other hand, the eperment s smply of beng performed, and can be easly replcated. II. EXPERIMENTAL 1. General descrpton of the epermental set-up. A sample (10.46kg) has been placed nsde a cylndrcal delectrc bo ( outer dameter φ out 144mm ; nner dameter φ n 140mm; outer heght d 54mm; nner heght 50mm). Ths cylndrcal bo has two alumnum plates on ts lateral faces n order to obtan a parallel-plate capactor wth the nsde the delectrc. Ths capactor was then placed nto a lqud helum bath n order to make the a superconductor ( T c 4.15 K). The alumnum plates are connected wth a Functon Generator whch provdes voltage rectangular waves ( ampltude range: 10.0mpp to 24.0pp ; pulse wdth: 10ns to 1s ). The delectrc bo s connected to a mechancal

2 dynamometer by means of a rgd tube as shown n Fg.1. The scale of the dynamometer has been adapted to ehbt only the weght of the sample. 2. Conductvty Measurements. The conductvty was measured by the four-pont method. Rectangularshaped samples (nsde rectangular delectrc boes placed nto the lqud helum), were provded wth gold electrodes and contacted by In wres. Our measurements between 00 and 4.2 K were performed n a contnuousflow cryostat (Leybold-Hereaus) ncorporated n a computer-controlled ( PC ) fully-automatc system for temperature varaton, data acquston and processng. The conductvty measurements have shown smlar results to the wellknown results obtaned the frst tme by H.K.Onnes [8]. The low-temperature conductvty ehbted by the H g samples were σ S / m for dfferent current denstes. The crtcal magnetc feld was appromately 411gauss. 2. The eternal electromagnetc feld nsde the sample. As we know, the eternal electromagnetc feld nsde a metal sn't null durng the relaaton tme. It becomes null just after the relaaton tme. Thus, the electrc feld nsde the superconductng sample durng the relaaton tme wll be E d where s the effectve (rms) voltage and d the dstance between the plates ( d 54mm). The relaaton tme, τ, for conductors can be calculated by the well-known epresson[9]: m e σ τ ( 1) 2 ne Where σ s the electrc conductvty 2 and n s the concentraton of electrons. The concentraton of electrons s calculated usng the equaton n ZD AN A, where Z s the most frequent valence number, D s the mass densty, A s the atomc mass, and N A s the Avogadro's number. In general for conductors 28 n 10 electrons/ m so that τ < 10 1 s. However, the relaaton tme s strongly ncreased n superconductng materals due to ther hgh conductvty. For eample, n the present case of the superconductng sample, 22 where σ 1 10 S / m and 28 n electrons/ m we have τ 5s. Therefore, f the half-perod of llaton (rectangular waveform) of the eternal electromagnetc feld, 1 2T, s such that 1 τ 2T, ths feld always wll be present n the sample. In other words, ths wll occur when the frequency, f, of the eternal electromagnetc feld s such that 1 2τ. For the superconductng we must have 0. 1Hz. Meanwhle, the mamum pulse wdth produced by the Generator s 1second.Thus 1 ma mn 2T 1s f 0. 5Hz We wll assume the epermental frequency range: 0.5Hz to 12Hz; and the ampltude range: 4rms to 8rms. III. RESULTS We have started wth effectve voltage 4rms and varyng at the range 12Hz down to 0.5Hz. Net, the voltage has been ncreased to 6rms and agan the f has been vared at the range 12Hz down to 0.5Hz. Ths process has been repeated for 8rms. Table1 presents the epermental results observed at the dynamometer.

3 Mechancal Dynamometer tube wres Generator Lqud Helum Bath wres Delectrc Bo Parallel-plate (capactor) Fg.1- Epermental setup.

4 4 (volts) (Hz) Weght (volts) (Hz) Weght (volts) (Hz) Weght (9) (2) (7) () (6) (2) (7) (4) (5) 9 9.9(4) 9 9.6(7) 9 9.(2) 8 9.8(9) 8 9.5(1) 8 9.2(8) 7 9.7(2) 7 9.(9) 7 9.0(1) 6 9.6(8) (4) (8) 5 9.4(6) 5 8.9(9) 5 8.4(2) 4 9.2(5) 4 8.6(4) 4 7.9(8) 8.8(2) 7.9(6) 7.1(6) 2 7.9(6) 2 6.7(8) 2 5.5(4) 1 5.5() 1.0(4) 1 0.5(2) (6) * (4) * (6) * * Repulson. Table 1 - Influence of frequency ( ) on the weght of the sample. Epermental data are the average of 10 measurements. The standard devaton of the sngle data s between and 5%. I. DISCUSSION In the frequency range nvestgated, the weght behavor of our sample shows strong varatons whch apparently can be eplaned as due to the electromagnetc feld appled on the sample. When the feld s removed the effects dsappear. The eternal feld produces momentum varatons p on the electrons and protons of the sample. However, these momentum varatons become too weak for the electrons and protons of the atoms because they are strongly absorbed by the atomc structure. For free-electrons p can become sgnfcant. In a prevous work we have deduced an equaton of correlaton between the gravtatonal and nertal masses, whch depends on the momentum varaton p on the partcle[10]. The equaton s: 2 p m m 2 1 g + 1 m. m c where m s the gravtatonal mass and g m the nertal mass of the partcle. Usually p << m c and for ths reason we beleve that m m. g ( 2)

5 In partcular, we can look on the momentum varaton ( p) as related to Lorentz's force upon the charge of the partcle,.e., q( E + v B) q( E + v B) p mgv mg t mg f where s the frequency of the llatng felds; q s the partcle's electrc charge and v ts velocty. As we have seen, the electrc feld nsde the superconductng sample sn't null durng the relaaton tme; t s E d. However, the magnetc feld nsde the sample s null durng each voltage rectangular pulse, consequently p for each free-electron of the sample s gven by: ee e p ( ) f fd By substtuton of () nto (2) we obtan the gravtatonal mass of these electrons,.e., 2 mge m 4 e me f 1 Note that n the frequency range of our eperment ( Etreme-Low Frequency ), m s strongly negatve. Therefore, f ge the observed varatons on the weght of the sample are due to the varaton n the free-electrons' gravtatonal masses, then we can wrte: 2 4 Mg M 2N fe me 4 f where M g( ) s the gravtatonal mass of the sample and M ( ) ts nertal mass; N fe s the total number of freeelectrons n the sample, gven by: N nolume ( ) ( ) ( ) fe 28 4 ( electrons / m )( m ) electrons The values of M g( ) obtaned from the Eq.(4) for 8rms are plotted 5 n Fg.2 (curve T ) to be compared wth the epermental values. Apparently, the theory appears to agree wth the epermental data..conclusion In the frequency range nvestgated, the weght of the superconductng sample decreases strongly wth the decrease of the frequency. We have verfed that ths phenomenon s not observed for hgher temperatures to transton temperature (Tc). The theoretcal eplanaton s that conductvty strongly decreased and consequently the relaaton tme also decrease strongly. Actng on so small tme nterval, the effects cannot be easly detected. The epermental observatons descrbed n ths work are absolutely new and unprecedented. They tell us about a part of Gravtaton Theory whch s unknown.

6 6 Weght T 5 T (Theory) (Hz) Fg.2 - Comparson between epermental data( ) and theory (sold lne).

7 7 REFERENCES [1] DeWtt, B.S. (1966) Phys. Rev. Lett. 16, [2] Ross, D.K. (198) J. Phys. A, 16, 11. [] Podkletnov, E. and Nemnen. R. (1992) Physca C, 20, 441. [4] Podkletnov, E.(1997) cond-mat/ [5] L, N. et al., (1999) Physca C, 281, 260. [6] Rounds, F.N. (1997) NASA Ames Research Center. Physcs/ [7] Ress, H. (1999) 15 th European Conf. Thermoph. Propertes, Wrzburg,Germany. [8] Onnes, H.K. (1911) Commun. Phys. Lab., 12,120. [9] Alonso, M., Fnn, E.J. (1972) Físca, Ed. Edgard Blücher, p.15. Translaton of the edton publshed by Addson-Wesley (1967). [10] De Aquno, F. (2002) Knetc Quantum Gravty, preprnt, physcs/02120.