Assign: Unit 1: Preparation Activity page 4-7. Chapter 1: Classifying Life s Diversity page 8

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1 Assign: Unit 1: Preparation Activity page 4-7 Chapter 1: Classifying Life s Diversity page 8 1.1: Identifying, Naming, and Classifying Species page 10 Key Terms: species, morphology, phylogeny, taxonomy, binomial nomenclature, genus, classification, hierarchical classification, rank, and taxon. There are millions of species of organisms that inhabit the Earth. Scientists have identified approximately 2 million to date. New species are being discovered each day, it is estimated that there is a range of 5 to 20 million species on this planet. Identifying and Naming New Species Species: a group of organisms that can interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring. How do you determine a species of an organism? What methods would you use to determine how closely they are related to other species? What methods would you use to classify them and give them scientific names? Scientist over time, have established different methods to classify organisms. These methods have been modified and refined over time, usually comparing different characteristics.

2 Identifying Species: Using Species Concepts Scientists have been unable to agree on a single definition of what a species is. Instead they have proposed various definitions of species, which make up the species concepts. There are three species concepts that scientists commonly used, each having advantages and disadvantages. a) Morphological species concept b) Biological species concept See Table 1: Species Concepts, pg. 11 c) Phylogenetic species concept Morphology: the branch of biology that deals with the structures or form of organisms. Phylogeny: the evolutionary history of a species. Naming Species Once the new species has been identified, it must be named. Some organisms may have more then one name, depending on where the organism resides. (Continent to continent, country to country, and region to region) e.g.: ground hog, woodchuck, whistle pig, and forest marmot, same species. The multiple names leads to confusion, scientists have created a standardized system of naming organisms.

3 A system of Standard Names for Species: Binomial Nomenclature Taxonomy: the branch of biology that identifies the names and classifies species based on natural features. Binomial Nomenclature: the system of giving a two-word Latin name to each species the first part is the genus and the second part is the species. Genus: taxonomic group of a closely related species. Carolus Linnaeus is referred as the Father of Taxonomy. He developed the system for naming a specie using two names. Binomial means two parts, and nomenclature means naming system. Each species will be identified using two names, species name, but better known as the Scientific name. The first name is known as the genus name, and the second name is the particular species. The scientific name is italicized when typed, with the genus name first letter capitalized, and the second name in lower case. If the name is hand written, both the genus and species names are underlined. Learning Check: Page 13 Questions 1 6.

4 Classifying Species page 13 Classification: the grouping of organisms based on a set of criteria that helps to organize and indicate evolutionary relationships. Species concepts (morphological, biological, and phylogeny) help to determine which groups of organisms make up a species. Binomial nomenclature allows scientist to name these species. What are the criteria used to determine these groups? Hierarchial Classification The method of classifying organisms in which species are arranged in categories from most general to most specific. A hierarchy is an arrangement of items in which the items are identified as being above, below, or at the same level. - Nest System, group items by their characteristics. This system is based on a hierarchy of categories. - Items are arranged into categories, which lie above, below, or on the same level. Nest System: Sports Team Sports Non-team Sports Hockey Soccer Tennis Golf

5 Taxonomic Categories Used to Classify Organisms (Table 1.2) - Taxonomic categories are the groupings, arranged in a hierarchy, that are used to classify organisms that have been named and identified. - There are usually 8 Nested categories, where each of the 8 categories is known as a rank. - Ranks: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. - As the organism pass from one rank to the next, the category becomes more exclusive, to a point where the organism is the only one left in the rank. eg. The Wolf (Canis lupus) Learning Check: questions 1 6, pg. 13 Section 1.1 Review: questions 1 11, pg. 16

6 CHAPTER 1 Taxa Graphic Organizer BLM 1-1 Procedure Each circle in the diagram below represents a larger group for classification. For example, domains contain kingdoms and kingdoms contain phyla, so the phyla circle is inside of the kingdom circle. Enter the names of the taxa from the outside (most general) to the inside (most specific). The centre circle should contain species.

7 DATE: NAME: CLASS: CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary Builder BLM 1-2 Procedure Use the table below to create your own science dictionary. Write the term, the text definition, and the term used in a sentence to build your understanding. Term Text Definition Example in a Descriptive Sentence