Status of Fuel Quality and Light Duty Vehicle Emission Standards in East Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia

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1 Albania* (since July 2005) ppm legislated in 21 March 2007 with Decision Nr. 147 of the Prime Minister EN 228 and EN 590 adopted, fuel is imported from Italy and Croatia but quality is inconsistent due to lack of monitoring. Investments of US$250 million are planned through 2017 to bring domestic fuel production to 10ppm. None No info Albania imports fuels and vehicles and there are no vehicle emission importation or age restrictions. However, an import tax is assessed based on vehicle age and engine size, favouring newer and small petrol vehicles ( achments/the%20main%20taxes%20in% 20THE%20ALBANIAN%20TAX%20SYSTEM.p df) Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus* (since Oct 2001) (since 1995) (since 1998) Since 1 January 2010, only 10 ppm sulfur imported fuels The Azerbaijan Standardization and Certification Institute announced in 2013 that the quality of the fuel produced in Azerbaijan will be brought up to Euro-3 standard by late 2014, Euro 5 by ( html, html) According to the Standard of Belarus - STB Fuels for internal All vehicles to be produced or to be imported into the country from 1 January 2010, depending on groups and fuel types, must comply with the norms of the following UN ECE regulations: N level B, N24-03, N49-04-level B, CO -4 g / kwh, CmHn- 0,55 g / kwh, NOx -2 g / kw h (UNECE rules N ESC test cycle) Vehicles (M 1, more than 3.5 tons of maximum mass, M 2, M 3, N 1, N 2, N 3, gas and diesel engine) to be produced or imported into the country, after 1 January 2015, must comply with the norms of the following UN ECE regulations (5-the ecological class): UNECE rules N of the B levels ( ) UNECE rules N 24-03, addendum 1 (only for diesel engines) Euro 4 for LDV, IV HDV standards. On 15 January 2014 Azerbaijani Prime Minister Artur Rasizade signed the Order No 2 on the country's transition to Euro 4 (amending AZS state standard Road Transport. Ecological Classes has been confirmed under the order of the State Committee for Standardization, Metrology and Patent). According to the decision, the Euro 4 standard enters into force from 1 April 2014 ( ECC%20Newsletter%20January- February% pdf, ies_euro- 4_standard_from html) Euro 4 LDV and IV HDV since On the Technical No info The country relies on imports of fuels and vehicles, but national legislation on the books does not currently support low sulfur fuels or European-equivalent vehicle (light and heavy duty) standards. For more information, see r/uploads/files/eng_report_concordance% 20table%20and%20recommendations_2_NI.pdf Import taxation favors smaller cars, but also incentivises older cars: Import duty on new vehicles (less than a year) is charged at a rate of US$0.4 per cm 3 of engine volume, while the corresponding rate for used vehicles (more than one year of used) is US$0.7. Euro 4/IV required for imported vehicles. Euro 5/V required for cars produced in 1-Apr-16 1

2 Bosnia and Herzegovina* Bulgaria Croatia* Cyprus Czech Republic Estonia Georgia (since 2011) (since 2006) (since 2000) combustion engines/ petrol/ Technical conditions adopted 1 July 2011 the maximum allowable sulfur level in petrol is 10ppm for fuel type I and for fuel type II. The standard STB 1658/PR Fuels for Internal combustion engines/euro Fuel/Technical conditions came into force on January 1, 2013 and defines the maximum allowable sulfur level in diesel as 10ppm for fuel type I and for fuel type II. See Mozyr refinery product specs: Plans to transition to 10 ppm for gasoline and petrol in 2016 according to CIS Customs Union Technical Regulation 013/ National legislation sets fuel quality at Euro 3 standards. However, the situation at the pump is significantly better. 186 million was spent on Brod refinery upgrades between As a result the refinery is able to produce some fuel in compliance with Euro 5 quality (10 ppm). However, it still needs to bring down aromatics for petrol BMB 98 and will invest an additional 732 million in 2015 in rehabilitation to nameplate capacity of 64,000 b/d, add an isomerisation unit, as well as a 45 kb/d hydrocracker by Independent pump testing revealed 10 ppm sulfur in fuels in all cases tested. See for more info. Regulation of the Customs Union 018/2011 On Safety of Wheel Motor Vehicles will come into force. The Regulation envisages a Euro 5 vehicle standard for all vehicles but without determining the terms of introduction. There are no plans for Euro VI HDV standards. ditor/uploads/files/eng_report_concor dance%20table%20and%20recommend ations_2_ni.pdf Euro 5 LDV for new vehicles, Euro 3 for used vehicles since ("OGRM of BiH", No. 89/10). HDV standards unknown Imports fuel Adopted 50 ppm in petrol from January 2015 through amendments made by decree N731 on December 26, 2014 and None: At present, Georgia is not ready for European emission standards. Such measures will have quite a hard impact on the population, Ministry of No information Belarus and for export markets. Custom duties increase on cars older than 10 years. Registration tax is based on engine size. Inspection of light-duty vehicles in private ownership is voluntary prior to 1 January Cars imported into Georgia are subject to 1-Apr-16 2

3 N124 of December 31, ppm petrol planned from January 2017, 150 ppm diesel from January Economy and Sustainable Development in July /georgian-news/item/38330-ministryof-economy-georgia-not-ready-foreuro-level-vehicle-emissions Hungary (since 1999) Kazakhstan 500/ / /10 ppm fuel from 1 January 2016, according to CIS Customs Union Technical Regulation 013/2011. Euro 4 for LDV vehicles to be imported (as of July 2013). Euro 4 for LDV vehicles for domestically produced vehicles as of July Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Montenegro* Poland Moldova (since 2002) (since 2002) In 2008 Gazprom introduced 150 ppm for petrol, 350 ppm for diesel. The country imports fuel from Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan. Majority of fuel sold meets Euro 2 and Euro 3 fuel standards Fuel importer. Low sulfur fuel since Euro 5 LDV from Jan HDV January unknown EU Member State Euro 6 LDV/Euro VI HDV No date All major fuel distributors (Lukoil, Petrom, Rompetrol) sell Euro 5-grade diesel and petrol fuel (10 ppm). However, national fuel quality legislation does not support clean fuels. GOST R Motor Vehicles Equipped with Compression-Ignition Engines. Opacity of Exhaust Fumes. Norms and Methods of Control adopted by the Resolution of Gosstandard (State Committee for Standards) of Russia # 375-st of harmonized with Directive 72/306/EEC. The Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Moldova On Adoption of Rules Related to Harmonisation of National Standards and Ecological Requirements to Emissions and Noise from Motor Vehicles with EU Standards is drafted.. two types of taxation, which are not directly linked to fuel economy but do vary according to the engine volume and age of the vehicle. Imported vehicles are subject to an excise tax, according to vehicle age. In addition, cars are subject to an import tax of 0.05 GEL per engine cm3, as well as an additional 5% of this initial amount per year of use of the imported car. The CIS Customs Union Technical Regulation (TR) 013/2011 took effect Jan. 1, 2013 and was amended in June It supersedes national fuel quality regulations in Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus and sets requirements for automotive and aviation gasoline, diesel and marine fuel, jet fuel and fuel oil. Uses Russian GOST standard system: Gasoline: GOST : GOST ; GOST Review of national legislation planned in No local production of vehicles or fuels. In 2010 Moldova abolished customs taxes for vehicles less than 7 years old imported or produced within neighbourhood NIS countries. Increased taxes are applied for vehicles older than 3 years. Currently an age limit of 10 years is applied for all imported automobiles. 1-Apr-16 3

4 Romania Russia* ditor/uploads/files/eng_report_concor dance%20table%20and%20recommend ations_2_ni.pdf EU Member State Euro 6 LDV/Euro VI HDV ppm diesel fuel available from 1/1/2016, but 10 ppm gasoline delayed to July See delay-implementation-of-euro-5- gasoline/ All LDV sales and registrations will require Euro 5 from January 2016 onwards. Euro IV HDVs approved before the 01/01/2014 can be produced and entered into use until the 31/12/2015. Euro 4 standard for new manufactured and imported LDV and Euro IV HDV introduced in 1/1/2010. An age-based taxation system is in place for imported vehicles: 30% tax increase on imported cars older than 1 year; 35% tax increase for imported vehicles from 3 to 5 years old; for vehicles older than 5 year the tax is within 2.5 and 5.8 Euro per cm3 of engine volume. Serbia* (since 2011) As of July 2013, 10 ppm fuels available as upgrades completed at Pancevo refinery. Over 540 million were invested into the modernization of NIS refining capacities. Euro 5 for new LDV vehicles from 2011, Euro 3 for used vehicles since HDV standard unknown. The Serbian eco-tax for first registration of vehicles is lower for vehicles meeting Euro 4 or Euro 5 emission standards as well as for those using LPG. Slovakia Slovenia Tajikistan The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia* (since 1995) (since 2010) (since 2009) Most imported fuel meets Euro 2 standard. No information OKTA Macedonia produces 10ppm fuel. In Government set the limit for used LDV vehicles at Euro 2 and Euro 4 for new ones. The deadline for these restrictions was In 2014, due to extremely polluted air in Skopje, the government set a new deadline and allowed import of Euro 2 (used) vehicles by December Now, the deadline for imports of used vehicles of Euro 3 standard is June From July 2015 the limits for used vehicles will be Euro 4 and Euro 5 for new LDV s. Taxation of used vehicles (upon registration) based on engine size is currently under parliamentary review (March 2015). There is an excise exemption for hybrid electric vehicles in place. Turkey* Turkmenistan Ukraine* (since 2006) Major regional refiner. Euro 5 LDV from 2010, Euro VI HDV effective January 2015 ( tr/). Importation of used vehicles is banned. Major regional auto manufacturer No information National refinery standards: TŞ ТŞ On 31 December 2013 Naftogaz Ukrayiny, Ukraine's national oil and gas company, Euro 5/V from From January 1, 2013 the import of LDV vehicles below Euro 3 is banned. 1-Apr-16 4

5 Uzbekistan (since 201 announced that its largest oil refinery by capacity, located in Kremenchuk, has completed modernization of its equipment in order to start production of diesel fuel that meets Euro 5 quality standards with 10 ppm sulfur content. Plans for nationwide standard update to 50 ppm in diesel and gasoline from 2016, 10 ppm from 2018 (Technical Regulation No.927 on Fuel Quality). 50 ppm (diesel class 4) and 10 ppm diesel (class 5) available. Negligible diesel blending with biodiesel. Euro 5 LDV for January 1, 2016, Euro 6 LDV for January 1, Excise taxes are lower for vehicles with smaller engine volume and lower CO 2 emissions Euro 3 fuels from 2015, Euro 4 from 2016 Euro 3 from 2018, Euro 4 from 2019 Follow Russian GOST standards: Gasoline: GOST : GOST ; GOST Notes: * The UNECE Working Party on Pollution and Energy on 19 January 2012 approved a proposal to align the requirements on emissions from heavy-duty vehicle engines to the Euro VI legislation (EC Regulations 595/2009 and 582/2011), which entered into force in the European Union (EU) in January The amendment to Regulation Nº 49 ( Uniform provisions concerning the measures to be taken against the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants from compression-ignition engines and positive-ignition engines for use in vehicles which covers the emission of pollutants by heavy duty vehicle engines) of the 1958 UNECE agreement on vehicle type approval and its mutual recognition (see all 49 Contracting Parties here: will allow all non-eu parties to the agreement, including Albania, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Malaysia, Montenegro, Norway, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Switzerland, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey and Ukraine to accept type-approval certificates awarded according to UNECE Regulation 49, as equivalent to certificates based on the European legislation. ( **The information in this document represents our best available knowledge at this time. We welcome corrections and updates; please contact elisa.dumitrescu[at]unep.org References: Regional Environmental Center (REC) and Caucasus Environmental NGO Network research staff. UNEP national questionnaires, national ministries, fuel distributor and producer websites. Trade publications, Delphi Vehicle Standards Booklet; Michael Walsh CarLines: The Association of Emission Control by Catalyst Newsletter, Stratas Advisors/Hart Energy 1-Apr-16 5