Stato dei Progetti Speciali SPARC/SPARX e NTA-PLASMONX

Transcription

1 Stato dei Progetti Speciali SPARC/SPARX e NTA-PLASMONX Luca Serafini - INFN / Milano SPARC inizia a produrre fisica con misure sul fascio ad alta brillanza prime evidenze sperimentali della teoria inviluppo invariante, misura diretta di battimenti di emitt. PLASMONX avanza nella fase di acquisizione - Sistema Laser (300 TW) in consegna a marzo edilizia per sistemi laser in fase di costruzione - linea protoni (INFN-MIB, POLIMI) - MOU con Univ. of Tokyo su Thomson Source Transizione a SPARC-Lab (dal 2009) SPARX approvato e finanziato (45 Meuro): TDR giugno 2008

2 GUN PARAMETERS LINAC PARAMETERS FEL PARAMETERS Frequency: 2856 MHz Frequency: 2856 MHz Wavelength: 530 nm Peak Field: 120 MV/m Accelerating Field: 25 MV/m Undulator period 2.8 cm Beam Energy: 5.6 MeV Beam Energy: 155 MeV Charge: 1 nc Energy Spread 10-3 Emittance < 2 mm-mrad Peak Current 100 A Laser: 10 ps (Flat Top with <2 ps rise time)

3 Pumps Verdi Nd:YVO 4 Evolution Nd:YLF Continuum Nd:Yag LASER SYSTEM ed Line Se Mira Ti:Sa Oscillator 800 nm 10 nj 80 MHz 100 fs Hidra CPA Ti:Sa Amplifier THG UV Stretcher RGA + 2 MP DAZZLER TeO nm 50 mj 10 Hz 100 fs 266 nm 3 mj 10 Hz 100 fs 266 nm 100 μj 10 Hz ps Ext t. Synch. Synchro Lock PLL f/36 RF Reference R&S 2,856 GHz

4 Modified UV stretcher to obtain shorter rise time

5 Cu Cathode QE ~ 10-4 improved by laser cleaning 1 nc with 50 μj laser pulse energy at 120 MV/m peak field on the cathode with a time jitter standard deviation of 350 fs

6 Emittance evolution for different pulse shapes σ = 0 Optimum injection in to the linac with: γ = ee acc mc 2 = 2 σ I 2γI A

7 The SPARC Emittance Meter ~1250 mm 7X 50 μm 500 μm spaced 1X 100 μm 1X 50 μm

8 Phase space reconstruction X X

9 Beam Envelope automatic measurement QuickTime and a decompressor are needed to see this picture.

10 Beam Emittance automatic measurement QuickTime and a decompressor are needed to see this picture.

11 T= 5.6 MeV, I= 92 A, ε n = 1.6 μm ==> B= 7x10 13 A/m 2 charge pulse length (FWHM) rise time rms spot size 0.83 nc 89ps ps 0.36 mm RF phase (ϕ-ϕ max ) -8 C. Ronsivalle, Comparison E-meter Measurements and Simulations TUPMN034

12 phase space - simulation and measurements

13 Flat top vs gaussian pulse shape charge pulse length (FWHM) rise time 0.74 nc 8.7 ps 2.6 ps rms spot size mm RF phase (ϕ-ϕ max ) -8

14 Looking for the double minimum charge 0.5 nc pulse length (FWHM) 5 ps rise time rms spot size 1.5 ps 0.45 mm RF phase (ϕ-ϕ max ) +12 Milano, C. Wang 5 luglio et 2007 al., Criteria for Emittance Compensation in HB Photoinjectors TUPMN103

15 Solenoid scan at a fixed position z = 150 cm 194 A 199 A 203 A

16 Emittance measurements with the selected solenoid current I=198 A

17 Z-Scan B-Scan Z~1500 mm, I sol =198 A Z~1500 mm, I sol =198 A

18 Commissioning of the system Flat top UV generation Nominal beam parameters Good agreement with simulations Phase space evolution Energy spread evolution Flat top vs Gaussian Emittance oscillation Will continue in other Labs..

19 10 15 Achieved Peak Brightness Peak Brig ghtness [A/ /m^2] vel. bunch. ELSA SCSS linac BOEING PITZ DESY AFEL FNPL ATF SHI GTF SPARC SDL SPARC LEUTL PAL MIT Jlab Frequency [GHz]

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21 HB at 150 MeV, Slice emittance SASE S S & Seeding Velocity Bunching Blow Out Laser Comb Thomson backscattering Plasma acceleration QFEL

22 SPARC (Sorgente Pulsata e Amplificata di Radiazione Coerente) and PLASMONX (PLasma Sparc & MONochromatic X-rays) are funded by INFN to develop at LNF a test-facility for High Brightness e - beams and High Intensity photon beams: SPARC-lab High Brightness Electron Beams (ps to fs bunch length) B n Q b A > σ t ε nx ε ny m 2 rad 2 High Intensity Laser Beams ( fs pulses) W Laser Beams I > cm 2

23 Planned SPARC-lab Laser Wake-Field Acceleration in plasma waves driven by 300 TW laser pulses either in self-injection mode or with externally injected ultrashort electron bunches Thomson backscattering Sources of tunable mono-chromatic X-rays ( kev): mammography on phantoms SASE-FEL, seeding FEL experiments ( nm wavel.) Advanced photo-injector development at X-band (12 GHz) for ultimate beam brightness Quantum FEL operation of Thomson Source with Coherent X-Ray generation in the nm wavelength range Channeling radiation IFEL acceleration

24 Schematic layout of electron beam lines for FEL, Plasma Acceleration and Thomson Source experiments quadrupoles dipoles RF deflector collimator Photoinjector solenoid RF sections 25º 25º 1.5m 11º 10.0 m 5.4 m 14.5 m 1-6 Undulator Diagnostic Diagnostic modules

25 Experimental set-up for the generation of tunable X-ray radiation via Thomson scattering of optical photons by relativistic electron bunches 1 nc μm electron and laser beam spot size kev to MeV photons to 10 9 per pulse 0.1 to a few J laser pulses ν X ν LAS 4γ 2 tens of fs to ps long 4γ 2 X γ ν LAS 1+ θ 2 γ 2 LAS for observation angle θ << 1

26 Brilliance of X-ray radiation sources λ (nm) Compact Thomson Sources extend SR to hard X-ray range allowing Advanced Radiological Imaging inside Hospitals TTF SPARX THOMSON-FEL Coherent Thomson Sources will push the brilliance PLASMON-X if flat-top multi-j laser pulses With ΔI/I < Δω/ω = best working point will be made Bunch Laser Pulse available 2.5nC, 8ps long 5J in 6ps 13μm rms tr. size w 0 = 15 μm mm. mrad ε n 0.05% energy spread X-ray Pulse hν/pulse, rep rate 10 Hz E=20.6 kev, σ E =1.7 kev

27 Applications of tunable, quasi-monochromatic X-rays produced dby Thomson Sources Advanced Radio-logical imaging: g Mammograpy Angiography Lung CT National lsecurity Applications: K-edge imaging of fissile elements hidden in containers Environmental Applications: non-invasive imaging of pipelines Material Studies: K-edge imaging of artistic/archeological samples rock sample analysis with hard X-rays ( kev) Atomic number identification by dual-energy X-ray CT

28 DOSE REDUCTION in Mammography Dose values required by monochromatic (synchrotron light source) and quasi-monochromatic beams (Thomson source) in order to provide same SNR as obtained by X-ray tube at 30 kvp, 1.5 mgy. SNR = 5.4 Synchrotron Radiation Quasi-monochromatic (mean energy 21.5 kev)

29 courtesy of Prof. M. Uesaka, Nuclear Professional School, University of Tokyo Nuclear Professional School, School of Engineering, g, University of Tokyo

30 Compact Compton Scattering Monochromatic X-ray Source based on X- band(11.424ghz) Linac and YAG laser 3-D image of rat by dual-energy X-ray CT (X-ray: 40keV,70keV) Electron density Effective atomic number John Lewin, M.D.- University of Colorado Health Sciences Center: Supported by Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Sciences, and Technology and Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare from Subtraction imaging by X-ray drug delivery system High Energy - Low Energy = Iodine Image レーザー Laser X-ray X 線 E-beam 電子ビーム Electron beam: Laser: X-ray : X-ray 30 MeV, 20 pc/bunch, 10 4 bunches/rf pulse, 10 pps Q-switch Nd:YAG 1064 nm, 2.5 J, 10 pps 21.9 kev, 1.7x10 9 photons/s 532 nm, 1.4 J, 10 pps 42.9 kev, 1.0x10 9 photons/s First achievement X-band thermionic RF-gun in the world A. Fukasawa et. al., Nucl. and Meth. B 241, p.921 (2005) K. Dobashi et. al., Jpn.J.Appl.Phys., 44, p.1999 (2005) F. Sakamoto et. al., J. Korean Phys. Soc. 49, p.286 (2006)

31 Memorandum of Understanding concerning collaborative research on Development of Thomson X-ray Sources for Advanced X-ray Applications between Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) and The University of Tokyo (UT) In recognition of the desire of both Parties to th is Agreement to d eepen a successful ongoing relationship in the areas of X-Ray Sources based on Thomson backscattering of ultra-intense laser pulses by high brightnes s electron beams and their related applications in the area of advanced X-ray imaging, we generate, with this Memorandum of Understanding, a formal Agreement on how to pursue futur e collaborations. We agree that the following guidelines be employed to govern the interaction between INFN and UT in our collaboration:

32 1) There exist areas in high brightnes s electron be am sources and Thomson X- ray sources, with their applications, in which INFN and UT have worldleading efforts. The aim of this Agreement is to facilitate the transfer o f expertise between the two partners, in p articular concerning experimental, computational or theoretical tools, so to boost the research potentialities of both institutions in these areas. 2) This Agreement is to remain in place as long as both Parties are actively engaged in the relevant research, and are funded to do so. 3) Initial expectations of e ffort to aid the partner laboratory is made clear in Appendix 1to this document. New scenarios for collaboratio n will subsequently develop, and expectations conce rning approaches to these scenarios shall be added to this Agreement. 4) Transfer of expertise between bt labs lb refer s to t he use of human resources, knowledge of experimental techniques, and computer codes. Development of significant experimental resources, due to thei r cost, shall be subject t o specific Addenda.

33 1) The joint work arising from this collaborati on will entail exchange of scientific personnel. It shall be agreed that the host I nstitutions will provide local housing, office, laboratory and comp uting support for visiting collaborators, as needed. The expenses on the I NFN side, shall be charged t o the FAI funds yearly assigned to the each Section or Laboratory, taking into account the availability of budgetary funds and the respective internal procedures. Prof. Roberto Petronzio Prof. Hiroshi Komiyama President President Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare The University of Tokyo

34 More Details in: it/homepage html

35 2008 SPARC-MI PLASMONX-MI BEATS F. Alessandria 10% A. Bacci 60% 20% 20% I. Boscolo 30% F. Broggi 20% 20% 20% F. Castelli 30% SCildi S. Cialdi 30% M. Cola 30% 30% C. DeMartinis 20% A. Flacco 30% 70% D. Giove 30% C. Maroli 30% 30% 40% M. Passoni 20% 20% V. Petrillo 30% 30% 30% (10%) N. Piovella 30% 30% R. Pozzoli 20% M. Rom 20% A. Rossi 40% 40% (20%) L. Serafini 40% 30% 30% Totale FTE P. Tomassini 40% 30% R. Bonifacio 50% (LNF) 50% (LNF) Richieste Funzionamento gruppo ( FTE) (MI,ME,cons,inv),, kū ( ) Tot. 104

36 SPARX - Site map

37 SPARX general parameter list Energy (GeV) 1 2 Current (ka) ε nx slice (μrad) 1 ε slice ny (μrad) 1 σ δ (%) 0.1 λ r (nm)

38 Flexible design SASE & Seeded configurations Seed source to improve coherence length with respect to SASE Extended use of higher order harmonics Short pulses (fs range) Extendable operation range to the sub-nm wavelengths (0.5 nm)

39 Schematic layout 1-2 GeV RF gun IV Linac 150 MeV RFD Laser heater Linac 300 MeV IV Linac 600 MeV BC1 Linac 1 GeV DL1 IV RFD BC2 to 1 GeV undulator IV BC3 Linac 2 GeV DL2 2 GeV undulator RFD

40 E. Chiadroni E [GeV] σ γ 3*10-4 λ r [nm] I peak [ka] 2.5 L gain [m] P [W] z position [m] P [W W] E [GeV] σ γ 3* λ r [nm] I peak [ka] L gain [m] z position [m]

41 FEL - SASE with Harmonic Generation 8 nm 1mJ 2.7 nm 5μJ nm 80 nj Undulator Separation *Z: magnetic length 8 nm (Perseo simulation

42 2.6 nm Spectrum

43 Schematic of SPARX tunnel with undulator hall and buildings

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45 SPARX 1GeV 6-10 nm LINAC Undulator 24 m Beam Line Tunnel & Buildings Conventional plants 25.0 ME 5.0 ME 4.0 ME 10.0 ME 6.0 ME TOT ME SPARX Fundings ( ) SPARC 150 MeV 5.0 ME SPARC Undulator 12 m ME SPARC Seeding MIUR ( ) 0.5 ME 20.0 ME Regione Lazio ( ) 15.0 ME TOT 43.0 ME

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48 IS THE FIRST INGREDIENT Under INFN responsibility Under ENEA responsibility GOALS Generation of MeV e - beams (Q, σ t, ε n, Δγ/γ) Phase 1) 1 nc, 3 ps, 1 μm, 10-3 Phase 2) 1 nc, 300 fs, 2 μm, PLASMONX) 20 pc, 60 fs, 0.3 μm,

49 Frascati Laser for Acceleration and Multidisciplinary Experiments (FLAME) SECOND INGREDIENT

50 MODULATOR & KLYSTRON HALL ACCELERATOR UNDERGROUND BUNKER CONTROL ROOM 15 m 36 m SPARC Building Complex PHOTOCATHODE DRIVE LASER CLEAN ROOM

51 Type Wavelength Delivered energy Duration Contrast Phase 1 CPA Ti:Sa Phase 2 CPA Ti:Sa with OPCPA 0.8 micron 5J 50fs > micron 5J 30fs >10 8

52 Schematic layout quadrupoles dipoles RF deflector collimator 25º Photoinjector solenoid RF sections 25º 11º 1.5m 10.0 m 5.4 m 14.5 m 1-6 Undulator Diagnostic modules

53 THOMSON BACK-SCATTERING 1 β cosα ν = ν L θ ν 4γ 2 4γ 2 ν T 0 1 β cosθ 0 1+ θ 2 γ 2 γ 0 for α L = π and θ <<1 or θ = 0 L e - (1 GeV); λ 0 =1µm, E 0 =1.24 ev λ T =6 x10-8 µm, E T =20 MeV e - e - (200 MeV); λ 0 =1µm, E 0 =1.24 ev λ T =1.56 x10-6 µm, E T =800 KeV (29 MeV); λ 0 =0.8µm, E 0 =1.5 ev λ T =0.5 x10-4 µm, E T =20 KeV

54 λ = λ w FEL resonance condition ( 2 1+ a ) w (magnetostatic wiggler ) 2γ 2 Example : for λ=1a, λ w =1cm, E=3.5GeV λ = λ pump ( 2 1+ a ) w (electromagnetic wiggler ) 4γ 2 Example : for λ=1a, λ pump =1μm, E=25MeV

55 SASE-FEL + Lab BEATS (exmambo) QFEL + Channelling

56 Angular and spectral distribution of the TS radiation in the case of 3 ps laser pulse (12.5 µm beam waist) Linear Thomson Scattering

57 Mean: 20.6 kev, σ: 1.7 kev 22%FWHM 5% FWHM

58 Inverse Compton Scattering e - energy = Ε e = γ m e θ λ L λ X Normal Compton Scattering the photon has higher energy than the electron The inverse process has the Thomson cross-section when hν x < E e The scattered photon satisfies the undulator equation with period λ L /2 for head-on collisions λ X = λ (1+γ 2 θ 2 ) L 4γ 2 Therefore, the x-ray energy decreases by a factor of 2 at an angle 1/γ y gy y g γ

59 INFN scientists visit (april 2007) Laboratories of Nuclear Professional School at Tokai (The University of Tokyo), lead by Prof. Mitsuru Uesaka QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.