EuroNNAc2011. Leonida A. GIZZI. Istituto Nazionale di OTTICA INO - CNR, Pisa, Italy INFN, Pisa and LNF-Frascati, Italy

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1 SELF-INJECTION Test Experiment (SITE) Leonida A. GIZZI Istituto Nazionale di OTTICA INO - CNR, Pisa, Italy INFN, Pisa and LNF-Frascati, Italy

2 CONTENTS Scenario and motivations FLAME laser system Self-injection test experiment (S.I.T.E.) Plans and forward look Conclusions

3 THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OPTICS Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO) Milano Trento Venezia Sesto F. Pisa FIRENZE Napoli Lecce U.O.S. INO-CNR Firenze, Polo Scientifico Sesto Fiorentino Trento, BEC centre Pisa, Adriano Gozzini Area della Ricerca CNR di Pisa Napoli, Area della Ricerca CNR di Pozzuoli Lecce, Arnesano

4 The Intense Laser Irrad. INO-Pisa CNR - DIPARTIMENTO MATERIALI E DISPOSITIVI (Dir. M. Inguscio) Progetto: OPTICS, PHOTONICS AND PLASMAS (Resp. S. De Silvestri) Unit (Commessa): HIGH FIELD PHOTONICS (Head: Leo A. Gizzi) High field photonics for the generation of ultrashort radiation pulses and high energy particles; Development of broadband laser amplifiers for stategic studies on Inertial Confinement Fusion; PEOPLE Antonio Giulietti (CNR) Head of INO-Pisa Danilo GIULIETTI (Univ. Pisa, CNR)* Leonida A. GIZZI (CNR)* Luca LABATE (CNR)* Petra KOESTER (CNR & Univ. of Pisa)* Giancarlo BUSSOLINO (CNR) Gabriele CRISTOFORETTI (CNR) Moreno VASELLI (CNR-Associato)* Walter BALDESCHI (CNR) Tech. Antonella ROSSI (CNR) Tech. The 3TW laser The compressor The Laboratory Tadzio LEVATO (LNF-INFN), Ass. Naveen PATHAK (UNIPI & CNR), PhD * Also at INFN View of Lungarni Marina di Pisa Chiesa della Spina

5 CNR: Italian Research Network Extreme Light Infrastructure ELI-Italy Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN, Milano-Padova) Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO, Firenze-Pisa) Aims Forefront research on lasers and photonics Link to pan-european research infrastructures (ELI) Training of qualified personnel on lasers and photonics Technology transfer to high tech SME (national and international)

6 ELI-Italy - Research Topics High energy radiation and particles Optimization of electron laser driven accelerator -ray source by laser accelerated electrons Radiotherapy applications Attosecond science and applications Schemes for attosecond pulse generation in XUV Diagnostics for attosecond pulse characterization XUV beam lines for attosecond spectroscopy of atoms and molecules Frequency combs Frequency comb from Near-IR to IR Spectral purity and tunability of laser sources locked to the combs Solid state and fiber amplifiers of frequency combs

7 Pursue LPA in the medium term to OUR PLANS FOR LPA a) establishing LPA for future high energy accelerators (collaboration with INFN PLASMONX project); Injector-like approach: seek conditions for compact, all-optical ultra-high gradient, multi-gev, 10 Hz accelerator under controlled laserplasma interaction conditions; Implement plasma schemes (ext. inj., comb.) to enhance existing conventional accelerators; b) bio-medical (industrial) applications of table-top configurations installation in Pisa); Explore the physics of LPA at TW level and 10s of MeVs and find optimum conditions for efficient acceleration with long term operation and stable averaged output applicable to therapy (e.g. IORT).

8 PLASMONX PROJECT LOCATIONS Theo. Exp.

9 LINAC AND LASER AREA AT LNF-FRASCATIFRASCATI

10 LINAC - LASER AREA AT LNF-FRASCATIFRASCATI A dedicated area for LINAC and LASER combined operations LWFA with external injection + Thomson scattering; COMB FLAME lab Newly established LWA with selfinjection + Thomson Scattering SPARC bunker Previously existing FLAME beam e - -beam FLAME Target area Following talks by Luca SERAFINI and Massimo FERRARIO

11 SPARC LINAC at LNF Acceleration with external injection LASER LASER Photoinjector solenoid RF sections quadrupoles dipoles RF deflector collimator 25º 25º 11º 1.5m 10.0 m 5.4 m 14.5 m Diagnostic 1-6 Undulator modules

12 FLAME LASER LABORATORY STATUS OF COMMISSIONING March 2007 Building construction starts October 2010 First LPA electrons 10 mrad December 2010 LPA at >100 MeV level LASER HARDWARE INSTALLATION COMPLETED TEST EXPERIMENT (SELF-INJECTION) STARTED < 50 TW AWAITING SAFETY AND RADIATION PROTECTION AUTHORIZ.

13 FLAME A NEW LASER INSTALLATION Frascati Laser for Acceleration and Multi-disciplinary Experiments

14 FLAME A NEW LASER INSTALLATION Frascati Laser for Acceleration and Multi-disciplinary Experiments LASER UNDERGROUND TARGET AREA (LASER ONLY) TO LINAC

15 FLAME LAB: OVERVIEW LAB INCLUDES LASER, RADIOPROTECTED TARGET AREA FOR LASER-TARGET EXPERIMENTS AND TRANSPORT OF LASER TO SPARC FOR LASER-LINAC OPERATION TRANSPORT TO SPARC TARGET AREA LASER INSTALLATION

16 FLAME TARGET AREA Main beam ( up to 250 TW) vacuum transport line

17 FLAME TARGET AREA Radiation protection walls Main beam (>250 TW) Vacuum transport line Beam transport to sparc bunker Interaction vacuum chamber Compressor vacuum chamber

18 FLAME TARGET AREA: SHIELDING Main beam (>250 TW) Vacuum transport line Radiation protection walls Interaction point Main turning mirror Off-axis parabola Interaction vacuum chamber Electron spectrometer

19 TARGET CHAMBER TOP VIEW

20 ELECTRON SPECTROMETER Finalita : misura spettro energetico elettroni accelerati Energia massima: - Primi test di prova con p 10 MeV, esperimenti a piena potenza possono raggiungere l energia di 10 GeV - L accelerazione di ioni prevede la produzione di protoni con T 10Mev Risoluzione: 1% su largo range Forma del fascio iniziale: -Sorgente puntiforme con 1mrad dispersione angolare iniziale Magnete Il Prototipo rivelatore Working principle R. Faccini et al., Multi-GeV electron spectrometer Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res, A 623, (2010). EXPECTED PERFORMANCE RELATIVE ERROR ON MOMENTUM

21 VERT. AND HORIZ. SHIELDING 10 Hz operation

22 LASER: PROJECT REQUIREMENTS FLAME to operate a 250 TW, 10 Hz system Basic issues/challenges (project driven): Pulse contrast (>10 10 ) Pulse duration (<30 fs) Performance stability to compare with LINAC Mechanical stability (< 2 µm at focal spot)

23 LASER BANDWIDTH CONTROL 7J FLAME spectrum With mazzler Without mazzler

24 LASER PULSE COMPRESSION Corner cube Big Grating Output Little Grating PH53 PH52 Periscope PH51 Input Efficiency of the vacuum compressor >70% Pulse duration with the test compressor Spider measurements natural duration < 55 fs corrected duration < 25 fs

25 LASER PULSE CONTRAST Best pulse duration (<25 fs) (with Mazzler loop) Natural pulse duration (<55 fs) Contrast well within specs; ASE contrast at natural pulse duration compares with plasma mirror!

26 LASER BEAM QUALITY Active spatial phase control technique can be used to correct moderate distortions; Sensors are used to measure intensity and phase map of the beam; Deformable mirrors are used to correct the measured wave front distortions in a close loop; wavefront S.-W. Bahk et al., Optics Letters 29, 2837 (2004)

27 ADAPTIVE OPTICS AT FLAME FLAME will be equipped with mechanical deformable mirror

28 ADAPTIVE OPTICS AT FLAME FLAME ADAPTIVE OPTICS WILL CORRECT AT 1% WAVELENGTH

29 FINAL AMPLIFIER: FULL ENERGY Final amplifier operational with all YAG pump lasers Pulse energy: 7.34 J (before compression)

30 LASER AT TARGET CHAMBER CENTER Pointing stability at TCC

31 SUMMARY OF FLAME LASER Summary of performance (to date) Energy before 7.3 J Vacuum compressor transmission > 70% Pulse duration down to 23 fs ASE Contrast ratio: better than 2x10 9 Pre-Pulse Contrast better than 10 8 RMS Pulse 0.8 % Pointing Stability (incl. path) < 2µrad Phase front correction needed adaptive optics; Full power vacuum compression to be performed;

32 SELF-INJECTION DESIGN* *L. A. Gizzi et al., Laser-plasma acceleration with self-injection: A test experiment for the sub-pw FLAME laser system at LNF-Frascati, Il Nuovo Cimento C, 32, 433 (2009).

33 FLAME TEST EXPERIMENT ON SELF-INJECTION

34 SIMULAZIONI SELF-INJECTION (DI C. BENEDETTI ET AL.,)

35 ALADYN SIMULATIONS (DI C. BENEDETTI ET AL.,)

36 INPUT parameters L gasjet = 4 mm n e = W/cm 3 t = 30 fs I 0 = W/cm 2 w 0 = 16 µm S.I.T.E. ACCELERATION GOAL Keywords: Compactness, medium to high energy electrons Reliability (reproducibility and stability) Moderate to small energy spread Expected OUTPUT param. E = 900 MeV DE D = 3.3 % Q = 0.6 nc Bunch length = 1.8 µm Average current = 50 ka Beam divergence = 2.8 mrad

37 SELF-INJECTION TEST EXPERIMENT: OPERATION PRESCRIPTIONS Test experiment carried out under supervision of Radiation Safety Officer Laser power so far limited to 50 TW; Test on reliability of laser alignement procedures, operation and performance; Minimum set of experimental diagnostics to establish key physical paramenters: laser propagation and focusing, target reliability, electron beam production and energy;

38 Highly collimated electron bunches are generated along the laser propagation direction with high reproducibility. 40 mrad 40 mrad

39 Due to pointing instability/intensity intensity distribution profile of the laser pulse sometimes less directional electron bunches were generated. 40 mrad 40 mrad

40 SAMPLE ENERGY SPECTRUM Recent spectra acquired at 1 J laser energy on target and 35 fs: expected intensity at focus: 7E18 W/cm2 Energy dispersion with a 0.9 T magnetic dipole Electrons at lanex screen Lineout Pixel N. Energy of LPA electrons entering the multi 100 MeV range

41 OVERALL POINTING STABILITY WITHIN 20 mrad

42 >50% shots with divergence better than 6 mrad

43 Charge in the bunch weakly dependant on overall (incl. uncollimated) charge 40 mrad

44 SELF-INJECTION TEST EXPERIMENT: PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS First test run at <50 TW laser power completed; Acceleration process established at >100 MeV level; Relatively stable production of collimated electron bunches; At higher laser energies evidence of laser beam break-out (with double bunch production!) at focal point due to phase front distortions; AO needed; Next test run at >50 TW awaiting authorization;

45 FORWARD LOOK Repetitive* and stable operation of SITE: > Control of laser stability Mechanical stability concrete basement Thermal stability stabilized clean room > Radiation protection for continuous operation; Underground target area with up to 1m top shield; Remote control of target area operations > Reliable continuous operation of gas target Continuous gas-jet target * L. A. Gizzi et al., High repetition rate laser systems: targets, diagnostics and radiation protection AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 1209, pp doi: /

46 CONTINUOUS GAS-JET TARGET Target enhancement for long-term repetitive operation; M. De Cesare et al., NIM-B, , 2010

47 FORWARD LOOK - APPLICATIONS ALL-OPTICAL THOMSON SCATTERING SOURCE Preliminary point design (mammography)*: 0.8 J pulse driving the e-beam 4 J producing TS 12 μm FWHM at W/cm 2 Q= 20 pc with a mean energy of about 32 MeV with energy spread of 10% (rms) Long rms size σ L = 0.27 μm, transverse rms size σ T = 0.47 μm transverse norm. emittance ε = 0.23 mm mrad (L.A.Gizzi et al., Eur. Phys. J. ST, 175, 3 10 (2009) 1 fs-long X-ray pulse of mean energy 20 kev energy spread of 25% rms total flux N = photons/shot (i.e Hz) * P. Tomassini, et al., Proc. of the LPAW 2007, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. (2007)

48 S.I.T.E. - ADDRESSING QUESTIONS 1/2 Plans for development of facilities with schedule Complete FLAME commissioning at full laser power (2011) Develop hardware to enable double-beam (0, 90, 180 ) configuration (Staging, All-optical Thomson scattering ) (end ) Establish repetitive (10Hz) operation (continuous gas-jet) year perspective (level of approved support: funded/proposed/idea) Complete SITE single beam 4 mm gas-jet, full laser energy to establish acceleration performance and limitations - funded months All-optical X-ray source development (Thomson) proposals in progress Staging for all-optical external injection - concept Laser development / replace front-end with OPCPA - exploratory

49 S.I.T.E. - ADDRESSING QUESTIONS 2/2 Motivation and objectives Establish reliable and stable operation of SITE as a platform for selected applications; implement beam energy control; Acceleration goals (summary table) Stable and long term 10Hz operation of a high charge,>1gev, < 3% energy spread, <3mrad divergence Application goals All-optical Thomson scattering final specifications t.b.d. Possibilities for open access Under discussion endorsement expected also from EuroNNAc networking Expectations for network Promote delivery of reliable LPA technology Embed laser technology development strategies.

50 T. Levato, L. Labate, N. Pathak, F. Piastra, C.A.Cecchetti, D.Giulietti, L.A. Gizzi ILIL-INO, CNR, Pisa, Italy, Sez. INFN, Pisa, Italy, LNF, INFN, Frascati, Italy, Dip. di Fisica, Univ. di Pisa, Italy, N. Drenska, R. Faccini, S. Martellotti, V. Lollo, P. Valente, Sez. INFN Roma-1, Roma, Italy, Dip. Fisica, Univ. La Sapienza, Roma, Italy, C. Benedetti LOASIS Group, LBNL, Berkeley, USA

51 HEAD OF COMMISSIONING Leonida A. GIZZI (CNR, INFN) TECHNICAL MANAGER Giampiero DI PIRRO (LNF) SUBSYSTEMS (Contact persons) Laser Installation Andrea GHIGO (LNF), Leonida A. GIZZI (CNR-INFN) Danilo GIULIETTI ((UNIPI, CNR, INFN-PI) Laser operations and control command Tadzio LEVATO(LNF) and Luca LABATE (CNR & INFN-PI) FLAME-SPARC interfaces Laser, Optical, Electronics, Mechanics Giancarlo GATTI FLAME systems: clean room, water cooling and air conditioning Luigi PELLEGRINO(LNF, Servizio Impianti a Fluido della DT) Electricity network Ruggero RICCI (LNF, Servizio Impianti Elettrici della DT) Ethernet network Massimo PISTONI (LNF) FLAME software interfaces Elisabetta PACE (LNF) Beam Transport air+ vacuum - FLAME buildings Valerio LOLLO (LNF), Alberto CLOZZA (LNF, Servizio Vuoto della DA) & Andrea GAMUCCI (CNR & INFN-PI) SAFETY Sandro VESCOVI (LNF), Tadzio LEVATO (LNF), Carlo VICARIO(LNF) SAFETY (Radiation protection) Adolfo ESPOSITO (LNF) FLAME Target Area - laser beams (main and probe) control, focusing and diagnostics Luca LABATE (CNR & INFN-PI) FLAME Target Area - test experiments diagnostics and remote control Carlo A. CECCHETTI (LNF & IPCF-CNR Pisa) FLAME web site and outreach Leonida A. GIZZI & Luca LABATE Logistics Oreste CERAFOGLI (LNF, Servizio Edilizia della DT) Technical and Engineering support Luciano CACCIOTTI (LNF)

52 SUMMER SCHOOL ON LASER-PLASMA ACCELERATION Varenna, Lago di Como, Italy