Tropical Rainforest Biome
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1 Structure of the vegetation: Herbs 70-90% of species are trees low light levels discourage herbs some common families Tropical Rainforest Biome Melastomataceae - melastome family Gesneriaceae - African violet family
2 Structure of the vegetation: Herbs 70-90% of species are trees low light levels discourage herbs other common families Tropical Rainforest Biome Commeliniaceae - spiderwort family Begoniaceae - begonia family
3 Structure of the vegetation: Herbs Tropical Rainforest Biome velvety, variegated, or metallic shimmer leaves common adaptive in low light conditions
4 Structure of the vegetation: Herbs Tropical Rainforest Biome coarse herbs common in riparian (river edge) or gap habitats order Zingiberales (banana families: heliconias, gingers, etc.) Heliconia (Heliconiaceae) Costus (Costaceae)
5 Structure of the vegetation: Herbs Tropical Rainforest Biome saprophytes (mycorrhizal parasites) common adaptation to low nutrients (mycorrhizal) and low light (non-photosynthetic) Voyria (Gentianaceae)) Triuris (Triuridaceae)
6 Structure of the vegetation: Herbs Tropical Rainforest Biome parasites common adaptation to low nutrients (parasitize plants) and low light (non-photosynthetic) Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) Mitrastemma (Mitrastemmaceae) Heliosis (Balanophoraceae)
7 Structure of the vegetation: Herbs fungi common non-photosynthetic Tropical Rainforest Biome Stinkhorn Bracket fungus
8 Tropical Rainforest Biome Structure of the vegetation: Lianas a cost effective method in struggle for light exploit tree as support for rapidly growing flexible stem profusely branched crowns in canopy rope-like (20cm, 8in) but with pliable secondary thickenings 90% of all lianas confined to wet tropical rainforests - why? Bauhinia (Fabaceae) Ficus - fig (Moraceae) Combretum (Combretaceae)
9 Tropical Rainforest Biome Structure of the vegetation: Lianas other common liana families Apocynaceae - dogbane family Cucurbitaceae - gourd family Bignoniaceae - catalpa family Gurania and other cucurbit flowers are sole source of nectar for adult heliconid butterflies
10 Structure of the vegetation: Lianas other common liana families Tropical Rainforest Biome Passiflora leaves are sole source of food for heliconid butterfly larvae Passifloraceae - passion flower family
11 Tropical Rainforest Biome Structure of the vegetation: Epiphytes a cost effective method in struggle for light germination in top most branches of host tree host solely as means of physical support flowering plants, ferns, mosses, liverworts, lichens, algae (epiphylls) Epiphytes in Costa Rica canopy walk
12 Tropical Rainforest Biome Structure of the vegetation: Epiphytes a cost effective method in struggle for light the study and collection of epiphytes one of the most challenging in science Alec Barrow - Princeton U in Barro Colorado Island Scott Mori - NY Bot Gard in Guyana
13 Structure of the vegetation: Epiphytes a cost effective method in struggle for light dominant angiosperm epiphytes: Tropical Rainforest Biome Orchidaceae - orchids Cactaceae - cacti
14 Structure of the vegetation: Epiphytes a cost effective method in struggle for light dominant angiosperm epiphytes: Tropical Rainforest Biome Piperaceae - peperomias Araceae - aroids
15 Structure of the vegetation: Epiphytes a cost effective method in struggle for light dominant angiosperm epiphytes: Tropical Rainforest Biome Gesneriaceae - African violets Bromeliaceae - pineapples
16 Tropical Rainforest Biome Structure of the vegetation: Epiphytes a cost effective method in struggle for light adaptations to epiphytic condition the problem of obtaining and storing water water tanks (water storage) - Bromeliaceae Scales (water & nutrient uptake) - Bromeliaceae
17 Tropical Rainforest Biome Structure of the vegetation: Epiphytes a cost effective method in struggle for light adaptations to epiphytic condition the problem of obtaining and storing water Orchid root velamen (water storage) leaf tubers (water storage) - Orchidaceae
18 Tropical Rainforest Biome Structure of the vegetation: Epiphytes a cost effective method in struggle for light adaptations to epiphytic condition the problem of obtaining and storing water Succulence & CAM photosynthesis - Cactaceae trash baskets & aerial roots - staghorn ferns (above) and Araceae (right)
19 Tropical Rainforest Biome Structure of the vegetation: Stranglers a cost effective method in struggle for light start as epiphytes and grow roots down host tree Ficus (strangler fig - Moraceae)
20 Tropical Rainforest Biome Structure of the vegetation: Stranglers a cost effective method in struggle for light start as epiphytes and grow roots down host tree shoot elongates and roots thicken, coalesce Ficus (strangler fig - Moraceae)
21 Tropical Rainforest Biome Structure of the vegetation: Stranglers a cost effective method in struggle for light start as epiphytes and grow roots down host tree shoot elongates and roots thicken, coalesce strangulation of host via root stem Ficus (strangler fig - Moraceae)
22 Structure of the vegetation: Stranglers a cost effective method in struggle for light other stranglers Tropical Rainforest Biome Clusia (Clusiaceae)
23 Structure of the vegetation: Stranglers a cost effective method in struggle for light other stranglers Tropical Rainforest Biome Metrosideros robusta - Northern rata (Myrtaceae)
24 Tropical Rainforest Biome Structure of the vegetation: Hemi-epiphytes germinate on ground, grow up as lianas (root climbers) bottom dies, becomes epiphytes walk or snake through forest looking for light Anthurium & Philodendron (aroid - Araceae) Philodendron (aroid - Araceae)
25 Cloud Forest or Tropical Montane Biome Form when moisture laden winds encounter mountains
26 Cloud Forest or Tropical Montane Biome Form when moisture laden winds encounter mountains Elevation and humidity related - not precise location Andean cloud forests higher Panamanian cloud forests lower
27 Cloud Forest or Tropical Montane Biome epiphytes most abundant here trees smaller, lianas rare
28 Cloud Forest or Tropical Montane Biome characteristic groups of cloud forests tree ferns Cyathea
29 Cloud Forest or Tropical Montane Biome characteristic groups of cloud forests Hymenophyllum - filmy fern filmy ferns (Hymenophyllaceae) club mosses, spike mosses, true mosses Selaginella - spike moss
30 Cloud Forest or Tropical Montane Biome characteristic groups of cloud forests Gunnera (Gunneraceae) Rubiaceae (coffee family) Ericaceae (blueberry family)
31 Above Tropical Montane Forests Ruwenzoris Costa Rica - Cerro de la Muerte Elfin forest - Costa Rica Tropical subalpine, paramo
32 Above Tropical Montane Forests Sierra Nevada del Cocuy National Park, Colombia [4,638 m] Lupinus alopecuroides growing with Senecio niveoaureus in a superparamo Photo: Mauricio Diazgranados
33 Reproductive Strategies in Tropical Forests Pollination biology outcrossing mechanisms in trees well developed, usually animal-mediated e.g., dioecy - separate male and female plants Level of dioecy Costa Rica 20% tall trees 12% small trees Sarawak 26% trees Nigeria 40% trees dioecious Clusia
34 Reproductive Strategies in Tropical Forests Pollination biology wind pollination rare in mature rain forests common in early seral stages (light gaps, cut-over forests) wind pollination dropped from 38% to 8% in two years after light gap formed in Costa Rica Wind pollinated Cecropia
35 Reproductive Strategies in Tropical Forests Pollination biology animal pollination involves bats, birds, bees, moths, beetles Carrion insect/bat pollinated Aristolochia Hummingbird pollinated Fuchsia
36 Reproductive Strategies in Tropical Forests Pollination biology animal pollination involves bats, birds, bees, moths, beetles many bat-pollinated trees are cauliflorous - flowers on stem or with pendant flowers (Parkia - Fabaceae)
37 Reproductive Strategies in Tropical Forests Seed or fruit dispersal fleshy fruits dominate (90% +) wind dispersal (5-10%) water dispersal (1-2%) frugivorous birds bat-dispersed figs primate dispersed durian
38 Tropical Coastal Communities Relationships to other tropical forest systems specialized swamp forests: Mangrove and beach forests confined to tropical and subtropical zones at the interface of terrestrial and saltwater
39 confined to tropical and subtropical ocean tidal zones Mangrove Forests water temperature must exceed 75 F or 24 C in warmest month unique adaptations to harsh environment seen around the world and in different families of plants - convergent Queensland, Australia Moluccas Venezuela
40 Mangrove Forests stilt roots - support Rhizophora mangle - red mangrove
41 Mangrove Forests stilt roots - support pneumatophores - erect roots for O 2 exchange salt glands - excretion Rhizophora mangle - red mangrove
42 Mangrove Forests stilt roots - support pneumatophores - erect roots for O 2 exchange salt glands - excretion viviparous seedlings Rhizophora mangle - red mangrove Xylocarpus (Meliaceae) & Rhizophora
43 Mangrove Forests 80 species in 30 genera (20 families) 60 species Old World & 20 New World (Rhizophoraceae - red mangrove - most common in Neotropics) Rhizophora mangle - red mangrove Xylocarpus (Meliaceae) & Rhizophora
44 Mangrove Forests 80 species in 30 genera (20 families) 60 species Old World & 20 New World Avicennia - black mangrove; inner boundary of red mangrove, better drained Avicennia nitida (black mangrove, Acanthaceae)
45 Mangrove Forests 80 species in 30 genera (20 families) 60 species Old World & 20 New World Four mangrove families in one Neotropical mangrove community Avicennia - Acanthanceae Rhizophora - Rhizophoraceae Laguncularia - Combretaceae Maytenus - Celastraceae
46 Beach Forests salt and sand - species often seen in mangrove community Hibiscus tiliaceus Terminalia catappa Cocos nucifera
47 Beach Forests salt and sand - species often seen in mangrove community Hippomane (Euphorbiaceae) - machaneel
48 woody climbers or runners Beach Forests Coccoloba uvifera (Polygonaceae) - seaside grape
49 woody climbers or runners Beach Forests Ipomoea pes-caprae (Convolvulaceae) - morning glory
50 woody climbers or runners Beach Forests Scaevola (Goodeniaceae) Solanum (Solanaceae) Chamaesyce (Euphorbiaceae)
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