The Advent of Antibody-Drug Conjugates
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1 The Advent of Antibody-Drug Conjugates MacMillan Group eting 4 June 2015 Tracy Liu
2 Traditional Cancer Therapy The Double Edged word Anti-cancer treatments should be as aggressive as possible to fully eradicate the tumor......but it is precisely this aggressiveness that often causes severe side effects Common Chemotherapeutic Agents F C C 2 Cl 3 Pt Cl 3 5-fluorouracil thymidylate synthase inhibitor methotrexate anti-folate cisplatin DA crosslinking agent lack of tumor selectivity - killing of proliferating normal cells requires administration at near the maximum tolerated dosage 99% of cells in a tumor must be killed to achieve complete remission
3 Traditional Cancer Therapy Maximizing the Therapeutic Window Limited clinical efficacy of chemotherapeutics is due to an insufficient therapeutic window - lack of ability to kill enough cancel cells without causing toxicity to normal cells Current most critical need: Maximization of the Therapeutic Window increase MTD = increase selectivity Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) Dosage Therapeutic Window Minimum Effective Dose (MED) decrease MED = increase potency Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 3796.
4 Targeted Cancer Therapy Direct Approaches Targeting tumor-associated or specific proteins to directly alter their signaling by: monoclonal antibody F antigen tumor cell protein direct binding of monoclonal antibody to antigen expressed on tumor cell surface to induce immune responses binding of small molecule drugs to active site of a protein to disrupt normal function ature Rev. 2006, 5, 147.
5 Targeted Cancer Therapy Indirect Approaches Reliance on proteins specifically expressed or overexpressed on tumor cell surfaces that function as a targeting platform for fusion proteins bearing different effector molecules monoclonal antibody (fusion protein) prodrug drug antigen (overexpressed protein) tumor cell = enzyme antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy seletive activation of a mildly toxic prodrug to a toxic drug at the tumor site through conjugation of an enzyme to a tumor-specific antibody ature Rev. 2006, 5, 147.
6 Targeted Cancer Therapy Indirect Approaches Reliance on proteins specifically expressed or overexpressed on tumor cell surfaces that function as a targeting platform for fusion proteins bearing different effector molecules monoclonal antibody (fusion protein) effector molecule antigen (overexpressed protein) tumor cell effector molecule small molecule drug (antibody-drug conjugate) toxin (immunotoxins) radionucleotides (radioimmuno conjugate) immunoregulatory cytokines (antibody-cytokine fusion protein) ature Rev. 2006, 5, 147.
7 Antibody-Drug Conjugates A Brief Introduction and istory Anatomy of an Antibody-Drug Conjugate A. Antibody A B C B. Linker C. mall-molecule drug warhead umber of Publications in Antibody-Drug Conjugate Research present day present
8 Antibody-Drug Conjugates A Brief Introduction and istory first chimeric mab first therapeutic mab (unconjugated) - Rituxan Genentech/Biogen FDA approves Adcetris eattle Genetics advent of murine mab first FDA approved ADC - Mylotarg Wyeth (Pfizer) FDA approval of Kadcyla Genentech/ Immunogen mab = monoclonal antibody ADC = antibody-drug conjugate Pfizer withdraws Mylotarg Part I. First Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates and Lessons Learned Part II. econd Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates and Their Improvements Part III. Current Challenges and verview of Clinical Performance ature Rev. 2006, 5, 147.; Bioconjugate Chem. 2015, 26, 176.
9 Antibody-Drug Conjugates A Brief Introduction and istory first chimeric mab first therapeutic mab (unconjugated) - Rituxan Genentech/Biogen FDA approves Adcetris eattle Genetics advent of murine mab first FDA approved ADC - Mylotarg Wyeth (Pfizer) FDA approval of Kadcyla Genentech/ Immunogen mab = monoclonal antibody ADC = antibody-drug conjugate Pfizer withdraws Mylotarg Part I. First Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates and Lessons Learned Part II. econd Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates and Their Improvements Part III. Current Challenges and verview of Clinical Performance ature Rev. 2006, 5, 147.; Bioconjugate Chem. 2015, 26, 176.
10 Deconstruction of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Key Domains of the Immunoglobulin G Antibody caffold The majority of antibody-drug conjugates are built upon the immunoglobulin G (IgG) scaffold antigen binding complementarity determining region (CDR) V represents 75% of serum antibodies in humans hinge region C protein complex of 4 peptide chains in a Y shape 2 identical heavy chains (light purple) 2 identical light chains (dark purple) F C region F ab region C 2 domain C 3 domain F ab = Fragment antigen-binding domain Consists of variable (V) and constant (C) domains Antigen binding CDR domains found at termini F c = Fragment crystallizable/constant domain Ideal location for drug conjugation - far from CDR Consists of a C 2 domain and a C 3 domain Domains of a Typical IgG Antibody Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 3796.
11 Deconstruction of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Key Domains of the Immunoglobulin G Antibody caffold Relevant to Drug Conjugation ature of the chemistry between antibody and linker is primarily determined by the naturally occuring functional groups present on the surface of the antibody Linking through native cysteine residues Domains of a Typical IgG Antibody Bioconj. Chem. 2015, 26, 176.
12 Deconstruction of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Traditional thods of Linker Conjugation to Antibody Linking through native Cysteine residues Pros igh nucleophilicity of sulfur - naturally high reactivity for conjugation chemistry Low abundance of cysteine in primary sequence - easier control of drug to antibody ratio (DAR) 4 interchain disulfide bridges - easier to reduce 12 intrachain disulfide bridges - harder to reduce Cons o free thiols naturally present - partial reduction required elective reduction of the 4 interchain disulfide bridges is most common, but this partial reduction can result in a destabilized antibody Bioconj. Chem. 2015, 26, 176.
13 Deconstruction of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Traditional thods of Linker Conjugation to Antibody Linking through native Cysteine residues Common disulfide bridge reducing agents C 2 2 C P C 2 dithiothreitol (DTT) tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) 2-mercaptoethanol 2 C P C 2 C 2 Corresponding oxidized byproducts
14 Deconstruction of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Key Domains of the Immunoglobulin G Antibody caffold Relevant to Drug Conjugation ature of the chemistry between antibody and linker is primarily determined by the naturally occuring functional groups present on the surface of the antibody Linking through native cysteine residues Requires reduction to access free thiol 4 interchain disulfide bridges - easier to reduce 12 intrachain disulfide bridges - harder to reduce Domains of a Typical IgG Antibody Bioconj. Chem. 2015, 26, 176.
15 Deconstruction of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Key Domains of the Immunoglobulin G Antibody caffold Relevant to Drug Conjugation ature of the chemistry between antibody and linker is primarily determined by the naturally occuring functional groups present on the surface of the antibody Linking through native cysteine residues 2 Requires reduction to access free thiol 4 interchain disulfide bridges - easier to reduce 2 12 intrachain disulfide bridges - harder to reduce Linking through native lysine residues 2 2 Domains of a Typical IgG Antibody Bioconj. Chem. 2015, 26, 176.
16 Deconstruction of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Traditional thods of Linker Conjugation to Antibody Linking through native Lysine residues Pros aturally nucleophilic functional handle o requirement for pre-functionalization prior to conjugation with linker Cons Greater natural abundance of lysine - control of drug to antibody ratio significantly more difficult ~86 lysine residues total spanning all domains ~20 accessible for functionalization Low levels of competitive cysteine and tyrosine conjugation observed in some cases Lysine Cysteine Tyrosine Garbaccio, R. M. Chemistry of Antibody-mall Molecule Drug Conjugates. From Comprehensive rganic ynthesis II, 2014, 9, 438.
17 Deconstruction of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Key Domains of the Immunoglobulin G Antibody caffold Relevant to Drug Conjugation ature of the chemistry between antibody and linker is primarily determined by the naturally occuring functional groups present on the surface of the antibody Linking through native cysteine residues 2 Requires reduction to access free thiol 4 interchain disulfide bridges - easier to reduce 2 12 intrachain disulfide bridges - harder to reduce Linking through native lysine residues 2 ~86 lysine residues total spanning all domains ~20 accessible for functionalization 2 Domains of a Typical IgG Antibody Bioconj. Chem. 2015, 26, 176.
18 Deconstruction of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Key Domains of the Immunoglobulin G Antibody caffold Relevant to Drug Conjugation ature of the chemistry between antibody and linker is primarily determined by the naturally occuring functional groups present on the surface of the antibody Linking through native cysteine residues Requires reduction to access free thiol 4 interchain disulfide bridges - easier to reduce 12 intrachain disulfide bridges - harder to reduce Linking through native lysine residues ~86 lysine residues total spanning all domains Asn ~20 accessible for functionalization Fucose Linking through conserved glycans in C 2 domain GlcAc Mannose Domains of a Typical IgG Antibody Bioconj. Chem. 2015, 26, 176.
19 Deconstruction of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Traditional thods of Linker Conjugation to Antibody Linking through native Glycan residues Pros Post-translational glycosylation of 297 (Asparagine) residue provides facile site-specific conjugation Glycosylation site is in C 2 domain - well removed from antigen binding domain Cons Glycosylation is a heterogenous post-translational modification - difficult to control drug to antibody ratio Requires pre-oxidation of vicinal diol moiety on glycan to access the bioorthogonal aldehyde handle Ac Ac C 2 C 2 Ac Ac mannose fully elaborated glycan GlcAc Ac GlcAc Ac fucose 297 sialic acid galactose GlcAc Bioconj. Chem., 2015, 26, 176.
20 Deconstruction of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Key Domains of the Immunoglobulin G Antibody caffold Relevant to Drug Conjugation ature of the chemistry between antibody and linker is primarily determined by the naturally occuring functional groups present on the surface of the antibody Linking through native cysteine residues 2 Requires reduction to access free thiol 4 interchain disulfide bridges - easier to reduce 2 12 intrachain disulfide bridges - harder to reduce Linking through native lysine residues Asn 2 ~86 lysine residues total spanning all domains ~20 accessible for functionalization 2 Fucose GlcAc Mannose Linking through conserved glycans in C 2 domain Post translational modification glycosylates 297 xidation of terminal sugar furnishes aldehyde Domains of a Typical IgG Antibody Bioconj. Chem. 2015, 26, 176.
21 Deconstruction of Antibody-Drug Conjugates More on the Antibody Advances in recombinant DA technology have enabled the generation of engineered antibodies mouse CDR human CDR murine mab chimeric mab humanized mab human mab F c region of murine mab replaced with corresponding human constant domain only the essential murine CDR regions are retained increasing humanization replacement of protein sequences of a mouse antibody with naturally occuring sequences in humans significantly reduces undesired immune responses Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 3796.
22 First Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates Transition from Chemotherapeutics In an attempt to achieve greater selectivity for chemotherapy drugs, first generation antibody-drug conjugates took clinically established cancer drugs as warheads 2 C methotrexate anti-folate R = R = C doxorubicin antibiotic C 2 Ac R C 2 vinca alkaloids anti-mitotic/microtubule agent urvey of 4 clinically evaluated first generation antibody-drug conjugates K1/4 - methotrexate K1/4 - DAVLB K1/4 - DAVLBYD BR96 - doxorubicin Adv. Drug Delivery Rev., 1998, 31, 89.
23 First Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates K1/42 - thotextrate Conjugate C Lys 2 methotrexate K1/42 murine mab K1/4-methotrexate non-cleavable amide linker formed through non-selective EDC coupling C 2 significant localization to tumor 2 2 Lys Phase I clinical trials revealed little therapeutic benefit potentially due to non-cleavable linker murine mab illicited a human anti-murine antibody (AMA) response in patients Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care d., 1994, 150, 1114.
24 First Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates K1/4 4-Desacetylvinblastine Conjugates C 2 C 2 2 Lys 4-desacetylvinblastine succinic anhydride K1/42 murine mab K1/4-DAVLB esterase-labile hemisuccinate linker highly potent in vivo activity with greater efficacy than unconjugated drug Et C 2 Lys Phase I clinical trials using radiolabeled conjugate indicates localization of drug to tumor cells no increased therapeutic effect patients developed immune responses to both the antibody and vinca alkaloid Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 1990, 47, 36. Cancer Res., 1991, 51, 2286.
25 First Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates K1/4 4-Desacetylvinblastine Conjugates C 2 Asn Fucose GlcAc Mannose 2 4-desacetylvinblastine derivative K1/42 murine mab treated with ai 4 K1/4-DAVLBYD cleavable acid-labile hydrazone linker highly potent in vivo activity with greater efficacy than unconjugated drug Phase I clinical trials indicates localization drug to tumor cells Et Asn no increased therapeutic effect - premature cleavage of hydrazone patients developed immune responses to both the antibody and vinca alkaloid Cancer Res., 1991, 51, 2286.
26 First Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates BR96 - Doxorubicin Conjugate 2 2 doxorubicin linker with hydrazide and maleimide BR96 chimeric mab BR96 - doxorubicin acid-labile hydrazone linker highly potent in vivo activity with greater efficacy than unconjugated drug advanced to Phase II clinical trials significant gastrointestinal toxicity - target antigen expression on normal tissue cells 50% of patients developed immune responses despite chimeric mab J. Clin. ncol., 1999, 17, 478.
27 First Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates Universal hortcomings and Lessons Learned All four case studies successfully demonstrated localization of drug payload to tumor sites, but in all cases no significant improvement in therapeutic activity was observed... I. Low in vitro potency - conjugation results in decreased cytotoxicity compared to free drug Different mechanisms of cellular uptake Free drugs can diffuse through cell membrane Conjugated drugs require efficient internalization after binding to antigen eed 10 6 molecules/cell of a moderately potent cytotoxic drug to effect cell kill Limited expression of antigen - tumor cells typically express 1 x 10 5 receptors/cell II. tability of the linker was inadequately tuned ydrazone linkers were too labile - prone to cleavage prior to cellular uptake Amide linker not labile enough - no cleavage to release drug after internalization III. Antibodies of murine or chimeric origin illicited undesired immune response Generation of human anti-murine antibodies Rapid clearance of antibody-drug conjugate upon repeat dosing Acc. Chem. Res., 2008, 41, 98.
28 Improving Antibody-Drug Conjugates Ideal Characteristics of an Antibody-Drug Conjugate A. Antibody B. Linker B C C. mall-molecule drug A selective for antigens with high copy numbers (>10 5 /cell) on target cell selective for antigens uniquely expressed on tumor cell homogeneous expression of antigen on tumor cell induces minimal immunogenic response table to circulation in vivo electively cleaved only once internalized inside target cell disulfide linkers protease labile linkers Designed to release drug in its active form (without linkers) self immolative linkers table to long-term storage in aqueous environments highly potent in vitro - potency in picomolar range required sensitive to the ideal mechanism of action for specific tumor types amenable to introduction of functional groups for linking water soluble Acc. Chem. Res., 2008, 41, 98.
29 Antibody-Drug Conjugates A Brief Introduction and istory first chimeric mab first therapeutic mab (unconjugated) - Rituxan Genentech/Biogen FDA approves Adcetris eattle Genetics advent of murine mab first FDA approved ADC - Mylotarg Wyeth (Pfizer) FDA approval of Kadcyla Genentech/ Immunogen mab = monoclonal antibody ADC = antibody-drug conjugate Pfizer withdraws Mylotarg Part I. First Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates and Lessons Learned Part II. econd Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates and Their Improvements Part III. Current Challenges and verview of Clinical Performance ature Rev. 2006, 5, 147.; Bioconjugate Chem. 2015, 26, 176.
30 econd Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates Most Commonly Used Drug Payloads Cl R ipr ipr R 1 R 2 maytansanoids anti-mitotic agent auristatins anti-mitotic agent X R calicheamicins DA damaging agent Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 3796.
31 econd Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates Maytansanoid Antibody-Drug Conjugates Cl 3 maytansine anti-mitotic agent 1000 fold more cytotoxic than first generation payloads Binds tubulin to suppress microtubule dynamics, resulting in cell arrest in G2/M phase Good aqueous solubility AR activity indicates that the ester at C 3 can be derivatized for linker conjugation without impacting drug activity DTT reduction maytansinol Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 3796.
32 econd Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates Maytansanoid Antibody-Drug Conjugates Cl 3 R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 2 Lys maytansine heterobifunctional linker humanized C242 mab 3 R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 3796.
33 econd Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates Maytansanoid Antibody-Drug Conjugates 3 R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 Lys Improved mechanism of selective drug release 2 C 2 glutathione disulfide bond reducing agent C2 glutathione naturally present in high concentration inside tumor cells (millimolar range), but exceptionally low (micromolar range) in blood stream - selective cleavage upon internalization disulfide linkage is stable under physiological p stability of the antibody-drug conjugate can be tuned by varying the sterics of the R groups flanking the disulfide bond Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 3796.
34 econd Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates Maytansanoid Antibody-Drug Conjugates tudy on effect of linker stability to therapeutic efficacy uc242-dm1 3 Lys uc242-dm3 3 Lys increased stability in blood stream increasing therapeutic efficacy uc242-dm4 3 Lys Extreme case - synthesis of a non-cleavable conjugate? Acc. Chem. Res., 2008, 41, 98.
35 econd Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates Maytansanoid Antibody-Drug Conjugates Cl 3 2 Lys maytansine MCC (non-cleavable) linker succinimidyl 4-(-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate humanized C242 mab uc242-mcc-dm1 3 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 3796.
36 econd Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates Maytansanoid Antibody-Drug Conjugates plasma concentration (µg/ml) % injected dose tumor size (mm 3 ) time (hrs) post administration days post tumor inoculation uc242-mcc-dm1 shows greatest stability (in vivo half life of 134 hrs) uc242-dm4 shows greatest cytotoxicity What is the mechanism of action of these maytansanoid antibody-drug conjugates? Acc. Chem. Res., 2008, 41, 98.
37 econd Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates Maytansanoid Antibody-Drug Conjugates Cellular Processing of Disulfide Linked Maytansanoids Lys R 1 R 2 X May Lys May 3 C 2 lysosomal processing disulfide reduction R 1 R 2 X May 3 C 2 lysosomal processing May R 1 R 2 X May good bystander killing poor bystander killing charged nature prevents diffusion into neighboring cells -methylation R 1 R 2 X May excellent bystander killing Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 3796.
38 econd Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates Maytansanoid Antibody-Drug Conjugates Enhanced Therapeutic Efficacy of Cleavable Disulfide Linkers is Due to Bystander Cell Killing Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 3796.
39 econd Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates Auristatin Antibody-Drug Conjugates inhibits tubulin-dependent GTP binding and microtubule dynamics ipr ipr dolastatin 10 anti-mitotic agent Ph fully synthetic series of highly potent anti-mitotic agents based on AR studies on dolastatin 10 inhibits tubulin-dependent GTP binding and AR indicates terminal 3º amine can be derivatized for conjugation AD terminal phenethyl amine can be changed without loss of efficacy ipr R1 ipr R 2 Ph monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) (R 1 =, R 2 = ) monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF) (R 1 = C 2, R 2 = ) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 3796.
40 econd Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates Auristatin Antibody-Drug Conjugates LG ipr ipr chimeric cac10 mab mal-caproyl-val-cit-pab linker monomethyl auristatin ipr ipr Mal-caproyl-val-cit-PAB-MMAE Ph Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 3796.
41 econd Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates Auristatin Antibody-Drug Conjugates 5 mal-caproyl valine-citrulline dipeptide 2 3 p-aminobenzyl ipr ipr Mal-caproyl-val-cit-PAB-MMAE Ph Improved mechanism of selective drug release Valine-citrulline dipeptide moiety is known to be selectively cleaved by the protease cathepsin B p-aminobenzyl group is self immolating - fragments to release the MMAE drug without any residual groups Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 3796.
42 econd Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates Auristatin Antibody-Drug Conjugates chanism of cellular processing of mal-caproyl-val-cit-mmae conjugate 5 mal-caproyl valine-citrulline dipeptide 2 3 p-aminobenzyl ipr ipr Mal-caproyl-val-cit-PAB-MMAE Ph cathepsin B mediated peptide cleavage 2 ipr ipr self immolation -PAB -C 2 ipr ipr free MMAE good bystander killing Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 3796.
43 econd Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates Auristatin Antibody-Drug Conjugates ipr ipr chimeric cac10 mab mal-caproyl (non-cleavable) linker monomethyl auristatin Cys ipr ipr Ph Mal-caproyl-MMAF Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 3796.
44 econd Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates Auristatin Antibody-Drug Conjugates Cellular Processing of on-cleavable Mal-caproyl-MMAF Conjugates Cys ipr ipr Ph lysosomal processing 3 C 2 ipr ipr Ph poor bystander killing charged nature prevents diffusion into neighboring cells Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 3796.
45 econd Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates Calicheamicin Antibody-Drug Conjugates X R C 2 calicheamicins DA damaging agent calicheamicin β Br 1 - X = Br, R = ipr calicheamicin 1 γ Br - X = Br, R = Et calicheamicin 1 γ I - X = I, R = Et insanely cytotoxic class of anti-tumor antibiotics (0.15µg/kg dose) aryl tetrasaccharide moiety binds in minor groove of DA, placing enediyne warhead within double helix -acetyl calicheamicin γ 1 I - X = I too toxic for use as drug warhead - 20 fold less potent -acetyl analogue developed for applications to ADCs trisulfide converted to disulfide - provides a handle for conjugation Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 3796.
46 econd Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates Calicheamicin Antibody-Drug Conjugates chanism of Action of the Calicheamicins I C 2 glutathione mediated thiol reduction sugar C 2 Michael addn C 2 DA C 2 cycloaromatization C 2 sugar double stranded DA diradical sugar (relief of ring strain) sugar 2 double stranded DA cleavage cell death Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 3796.
47 econd Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates Calicheamicin Antibody-Drug Conjugates Lys 2 2 C 2 sugar hp67.6 humanized mab AcBut linker (4-(4'acetylphenyl)butanoic acid) -acetyl calicheamicin Lys sugar C 2 hp67.6 -Ac- γ-calicheamicin DM AcBut Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 3796.
48 econd Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates Calicheamicin Antibody-Drug Conjugates Lys sugar C 2 hp67.6 -Ac- γ-calicheamicin DM AcBut Improved mechanism of selective drug release Linker specifically designed to provide high stability prior to internalization into tumor cells, but is readily cleaved once inside the lysosome - hydrazone formed from ketone rather than aldehyde only 6% hydrolysis observed at p = % hydrolysis observed at p = 4.5 at 37ºC over 24 hrs Inclusion of a hindered disulfide moiety in the linker provides a second handle for selective drug cleavage via glutathione reduction upon internalization inside cell Bioconj. Chem., 2002, 13, 47.
49 Antibody-Drug Conjugates A Brief Introduction and istory first chimeric mab first therapeutic mab (unconjugated) - Rituxan Genentech/Biogen FDA approves Adcetris eattle Genetics advent of murine mab first FDA approved ADC - Mylotarg Wyeth (Pfizer) FDA approval of Kadcyla Genentech/ Immunogen mab = monoclonal antibody ADC = antibody-drug conjugate Pfizer withdraws Mylotarg Part I. First Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates and Lessons Learned Part II. econd Generation Antibody-Drug Conjugates and Their Improvements Part III. Current Challenges and verview of Clinical Performance ature Rev. 2006, 5, 147.; Bioconjugate Chem. 2015, 26, 176.
50 Current Trends in Research in Antibody-Drug Conjugates Controlling the Drug to Antibody Ratio (DAR) and Achieving ite-pecific Conjugation Though the underlying protein scaffold is constant in a heterogeneous population of antibody-drug conjugates, each conjugate has its own set of pharmacokinetic, toxicity, aggregation, antigen affinity, and drug release properties Forefront of research in this field currently lies in achieving: 1. Populations of antibody-drug conjugates with a homogenous DAR 2. ite-specific conjugation of drugs on a given antibody Bioconj. Chem., 2015, 26, 176.
51 Current Trends in Research in Antibody-Drug Conjugates thods of omogeneous Conjugation Using atural Antibodies -terminal conjugation leveraging differences in pk a between terminal and internal amino acids R 2 P 3 2- R ºC phosphate buffer p 6.5 Though conjugation via this method is in the antigen binding domain, drug conjugation here does not seem to impact antigen recognition and binding Resulting ketone product can be easily further functionalized through reaction with oximes bearing a linker or drug Limitation: Reaction sensitive to nature of terminal amino acid - works best for alanine, glycine, aspartate glutamate, and asparagine Limitation: ome antibodies may not be able to tolerate elevated temperatures required for transamination Garbaccio, R. M. Chemistry of Antibody-mall Molecule Drug Conjugates. From Comprehensive rganic ynthesis II, 2014, 9, 438.
52 Current Trends in Research in Antibody-Drug Conjugates thods of omogeneous Conjugation Using atural Antibodies ite-specific functionalization of glutamines through enzymatic conjugation Gln 2 1. Deglycosylation 2. 2 R, transaminase Gln R electively functionalizes only Q295 residue (flanked by a consensus recognition sequence for a bacterial transaminase) Q295 residue is distant from antigen binding domain Limitation: Requires deglycosylation in the C 2 domain prior to functionalization, which may impact function and properties of the antibody-drug conjugate Garbaccio, R. M. Chemistry of Antibody-mall Molecule Drug Conjugates. From Comprehensive rganic ynthesis II, 2014, 9, 438.
53 Current Trends in Research in Antibody-Drug Conjugates thods of omogeneous Conjugation Using Engineered Antibodies e e C C TIMABs engineered Cys at positions with minimal interference to antibody function C-terminal selenocysteine engineered selenocysteines (more nucleophilic) selectively at C-terminus aldehyde tagging engineered recognition sequence for formylglycine generating enzyme (FGE) Garbaccio, R. M. Chemistry of Antibody-mall Molecule Drug Conjugates. From Comprehensive rganic ynthesis II, 2014, 9, 438.
54 Current Trends in Research in Antibody-Drug Conjugates thods of omogeneous Conjugation Using Engineered Antibodies Protein Engineering to Incorporate Unnatural Amino Acids 3 2 p-azido Phe 2 p-acetyl Phe 2 propynyl Tyr 3 Garbaccio, R. M. Chemistry of Antibody-mall Molecule Drug Conjugates. From Comprehensive rganic ynthesis II, 2014, 9, 438.
55 Clinically uccessful Antibody-Drug Conjugates FDA Approved Antibody-Drug Conjugates ipr ipr brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris) eattle Genetics FDA approved in 2011 for odgkin lymphoma and Ph anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) Cl 3 ado-trastuzumab emtansine (Kadycla) Roche/Genentech/ImmunoGen FDA approved in 2013 for metastatic breast cancer Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 3796.
56 Clinically uccessful Antibody-Drug Conjugates FDA Approved Antibody-Drug Conjugates Lys I C 2 Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg) Wyeth/Pfizer FDA approved in 2000 for acute lymphoblastic lukemia Withdrawn in 2010 due to toxicity concerns and lack of improvement in patient survival time Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 3796.
57 Clinically uccessful Antibody-Drug Conjugates Antibody-Drug Conjugates Currently in Clinical Evaluations Candidate Drug Antigen Lead Indicator Developer/Partner Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 3796.
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