Future Internet Technologies
|
|
- Spencer Mills
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Future Internet Technologies Traditional Internet Dr. Dennis Pfisterer Institut für Telematik, Universität zu Lübeck Internet Protocol v4 (IPv4)
2 IPv4 Model Packet-Switched Datagram Service Each packet is independent from any other packet Routing is done on a per-packet basis yx yx yx yx yx yx Routing Tables used to select next hop i.e., which link to use Best-effort Service No guarantees regarding QoS, in-order delivery, real-time, Routing tables Router R1 DA Next hop y R3, R Router R3 DA Next hop y R Router R6 DA Next hop y IPv4 packet format Version (4 bit) IPv4 (0x04), IPv6 (0x06) HdrLen (4 bit) Header Length in multiples of 32-bit (>5) Type of Service (8 bit) now obsolete Precedence ToS 0 Precedence: 7=High, 0=Normal ToS: 8=min. Delay, 4=max. Throughput, 2=max. Reliability, 0=normal Bits: Version HdrLen Type of service Total length Identification Flags Fragment offset 20 Time to live Protocol Header checksum octets Source address Destination address Options + padding Data (! octets)
3 IPv4 packet format Total length (16 bit) Including Header Identification (16 bit) Used for fragmentation D M Flags (3 bit) D = Don t fragment, M = More Fragments Fragment offset Offset in multiples of 8 Byte Bits: Version HdrLen Type of service 20 octets Time to live Identification Protocol Flags Source address Destination address Options + padding Data (! octets) Total length Fragment offset Header checksum 6-5 IPv4 packet format Time To Live (8 bit) Decremented at each hop, packet dropped if zero is reached Protocol (8bit) Indicates next protocol (upper layer protocol such as UDP=17/TCP=6) Header Checksum (16 bit) CRC-16 (complete header) Source- and Destination IP-Address (32 bit) Options Security, Source routing, Bits: Version HdrLen Type of service 20 octets Time to live Identification Protocol Flags Source address Destination address Options + padding Data (! octets) Total length Fragment offset Header checksum 6-6
4 Some Protocol Numbers See for reference Unix lists these well-known numbers in /etc/protocols 7 IPv4 Fragmentation
5 IPv4 Fragmentation IP packets are transported over a variety of networks Each network has a maximum transmission unit (MTU) Examples Ethernet (1500 bytes) ATM (multiples of 48 bytes) PPPoE (1480 bytes) X.25 (576 bytes) FDDI (4352 bytes) Sender and receiver only know the link s local MTU The maximum path MTU is unknown 9 IPv4 Fragmentation IP packets may exceed a link s MTU IP packet size > MTU Must be split into fragments smaller than the current MTU Fragmentation options Transparent fragmentation Non-transparent fragmentation 10
6 IPv4 Fragmentation Transparent fragmentation Fragmentation and reassembly performed on each link Non-transparent fragmentation Fragmentation at each intermediate station, reassembly at destination IP: Non-transparent fragmentation Relevant fields in IP packet header: Ver HL TOS Total length Identification D,M Fragment offset TTL Protocol Header checksum... Flags: D = Don t fragment M = More fragments 11 IP Packet Fragmentation Split up packets into segments smaller than MTU (including IP header, bytes) Compute new value for Total Length Set More Fragments -bit, except for the last fragment Compute Fragment Offset value Multiple of 8 bytes, offset of the data in the original packet Re-Compute header checksum Relevant fields in IP packet header: Ver HL TOS Total length Identification D,M Fragment offset TTL Protocol Header checksum... Flags: D = Don t fragment M = More fragments 12
7 IPv4 Reassembly Fragmented packet arrives if either More Fragments" flag is set Fragment Offset" field is non-zero Store all related packets (final size yet unknown) Wait until packet with MF=0 arrives Original IP packet length: Fragment Offset + Total Length Reassemble packet in original order Relevant fields in IP packet header: Ver HL TOS Total length Identification D,M Fragment offset TTL Protocol Header checksum... Flags: D = Don t fragment M = More fragments 13 Internet Addressing
8 IPv4 Adressing 32-bit " 2 32 # 4.29 Billion addresses (in theory) Some reserved (e.g., private networks: ~18 million, multicast : ~270 million) Binary value: Dotted decimal notation: Types of Addresses Unicast Identifies a single network interface (multiple interfaces: multi-homing) May be used as source- and destination address Broadcast Addresses all hosts in a certain scope (e.g., on a link), only as destination Multicast Addresses a group of interfaces (hosts) Evolution of IPv4 Addressing How to structure the address space? Goals Hierarchical address allocation and routing Support for multi- and broadcasting History ARPANET: highest 8 bit as network identifier: 254 networks RFC 791, 1981: Classful IP addressing Later: additional levels of hierarchy ( ) 1993-Until today: Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) 6-16
9 IPv4: Classful Addressing Address space divided into 5 classes 5 classes: A-E Fixed prefix (1-4 bit) depending on the network class Class Prefix Address Range Networks Hosts A M B k 65k C M 256 D M groups E reserved 17 IPv4: Classful Addressing Networks assigned by Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Host identifiers assigned by local authority (e.g., an administrator) 8 bits (128 nets) 24 bits (2 24 # 16M hosts) 0 network host 16 bits (2 14 nets # 16K hosts) 16 bits (2 16 # 65K hosts) 10 network host 24 bits (2 21 # 2 M nets) 8 bits (256 hosts) 110 network host 28 bits (2 28 groups) 1110 multicast group address 1111 reserved 18
10 IPv4: Classful Addressing: Special Addresses Network Host Description net-id All 0 Network Address: Not a source/destination but defines a network (e.g., for routing). Example: (net-id 212: Class C) net-id All 1 All 1 All Arbitrary Broadcast Address: Destination of a packet. Addresses all stations of a network. Example: Network-Broadcast Address: Destination address only. Addresses all hosts of a network. Not forwarded by routers. Example: Loopback Address: Useful for tests, local host. Example: , All 0 host-id or all 0 Special address for bootstrapping (e.g., DHCP) Example: IPv4: Subnetting Network sizes Class C: 256 hosts! to few for an organization Class B: 65K hosts! too much for most organizations Class A: 16mio. hosts! only for large ISPs Problems Fixed class sizes led to IP address exhaustion Many IP addresses were unused but could not be reassigned Routers experienced heavy loads Large routing tables: No route aggregation possible! Sub-networks were created by splitting the host into sub-network/host 20
11 IPv4: Subnetting Advantages Subnetworks give additional structure to the host part Routers are agnostic to this structure! only one routing table entry Subnetmasks describe structure of IP addresses Information no longer contained in the IP address Address Structure for address block assigned to a network: network host Address structure for subnetted network: network subnet host Example: Assigned Class B network address block network host Example: Subnetting with 8 subnet bits, 8 host bits (256 hosts/subnet) network subnet host Binary subnet mask: Dotted-decimal subnet mask: IPv4: Subnetting Subnetting creates sub-networks of equal size Problems Still an inefficient use of IP addresses IP address space exhausted in the 1990s Nearly no route aggregation possible (Backbone router would need to store 2mio. entries only for Class C networks) Solution Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) 22
12 Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) Replaces fixed <network, sub-network, host> structure Arbitrary network/host size (2 N, 2 32-N ) Networks are specified using /N syntax Example: /24 Allows upstream path aggregation Smaller routing tables 24
13 Example: Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) ISP-0 Aggregated route /18 s2 R0 s1 (128 class C blocks, from up to ) R addresses /21 8 class C (0-7) Aggregated route /17 ISP-2: /18 s1 s0 R2 s2 R addresses /22 4 class C (8-11) ISP-1: /17 R1 s3 s4 R addresses /23 2 class C (12-13) R addresses /24 1 class C (14) Router R0 - Routing table Route Interf. Next hop /17 s1 R /18 s2 R Router R1 - Routing table Route Interf. Next hop /21 s1 R /22 s2 R /23 s3 R /24 s4 R CIDR: Properties Routing decision based on prefixes Prefix length not evident from IP address (use of CIDR /xx syntax mandatory) Address allocation based on topology (ISP! reseller! customer) Must be signaled out of band (e.g., BGP) Routing tables entries may contain overlapping entries A longer prefix is more specific Routing uses longest prefix match to select outgoing link 26
14 CIDR: Longest Prefix Match (Examples) Entries: /28 & /16 IP-Address to match: Both network masks match! /28 is used IP / Netmask IP / Netmask [binary notation] /28 / Entry IP /16 / Entry IP CIDR: Limitations CIDR provides better address space utilization Without CIDR: address space exhaustion in the 1990s Still, the 2 32 limit sustains Prediction: Last IP addresses assigned 2012 [potaroo.net] Current countermeasures Network address translation (NAT) Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) HTTP Name-based virtual hosting Network renumbering (reclaim IP address blocks space allocated in the early days of the Internet) Use of IPv6 28
15 Literature [potaroo.net] IPv4 Address Report, #29
8.2 The Internet Protocol
TCP/IP Protocol Suite HTTP SMTP DNS RTP Distributed applications Reliable stream service TCP UDP User datagram service Best-effort connectionless packet transfer Network Interface 1 IP Network Interface
More informationIP Addressing. IP Addresses. Introductory material.
IP Addressing Introductory material. An entire module devoted to IP addresses. IP Addresses Structure of an IP address Classful IP addresses Limitations and problems with classful IP addresses Subnetting
More informationLecture Computer Networks
Prof. Dr. H. P. Großmann mit M. Rabel sowie H. Hutschenreiter und T. Nau Sommersemester 2012 Institut für Organisation und Management von Informationssystemen Thomas Nau, kiz Lecture Computer Networks
More informationLecture 15. IP address space managed by Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
Lecture 15 IP Address Each host and router on the Internet has an IP address, which consist of a combination of network number and host number. The combination is unique; no two machines have the same
More informationIP Addressing Introductory material.
IP Addressing Introductory material. A module devoted to IP addresses. Addresses & Names Hardware (Layer 2) Lowest level Ethernet (MAC), Serial point-to-point,.. Network (Layer 3) IP IPX, SNA, others Transport
More informationComputer Networks. Lecture 3: IP Protocol. Marcin Bieńkowski. Institute of Computer Science University of Wrocław
Computer Networks Lecture 3: IP Protocol Marcin Bieńkowski Institute of Computer Science University of Wrocław Computer networks (II UWr) Lecture 3 1 / 24 In previous lectures We learned about layer 1
More informationICS 351: Today's plan
ICS 351: Today's plan Quiz, on overall Internet function, linux and IOS commands, network monitoring, protocols IPv4 addresses: network part and host part address masks IP interface configuration IPv6
More informationNetwork Layer IPv4. Dr. Sanjay P. Ahuja, Ph.D. Fidelity National Financial Distinguished Professor of CIS. School of Computing, UNF
Network Layer IPv4 Dr. Sanjay P. Ahuja, Ph.D. Fidelity National Financial Distinguished Professor of CIS School of Computing, UNF IPv4 Internet Protocol (IP) is the glue that holds the Internet together.
More informationNetwork layer: Overview. Network layer functions IP Routing and forwarding
Network layer: Overview Network layer functions IP Routing and forwarding 1 Network layer functions Transport packet from sending to receiving hosts Network layer protocols in every host, router application
More informationInternet Protocols Fall 2005. Lectures 7-8 Andreas Terzis
Internet Protocols Fall 2005 Lectures 7-8 Andreas Terzis Outline Internet Protocol Service Model Fragmentation Addressing Original addressing scheme Subnetting CIDR Forwarding ICMP ARP Address Shortage
More informationCS 43: Computer Networks IP. Kevin Webb Swarthmore College November 5, 2013
CS 43: Computer Networks IP Kevin Webb Swarthmore College November 5, 2013 Reading Quiz IP datagram format IP protocol version number header length (bytes) type of data max number remaining hops (decremented
More informationIP - The Internet Protocol
Orientation IP - The Internet Protocol IP (Internet Protocol) is a Network Layer Protocol. IP s current version is Version 4 (IPv4). It is specified in RFC 891. TCP UDP Transport Layer ICMP IP IGMP Network
More informationCE363 Data Communications & Networking. Chapter 6 Network Layer: Logical Addressing
CE363 Data Communications & Networking Chapter 6 Network Layer: Logical Addressing TCP/IP and OSI model APPLICATION APPLICATION PRESENTATION SESSION TRANSPORT NETWORK Host-Network TRANSPORT NETWORK DATA
More informationIP addressing and forwarding Network layer
The Internet Network layer Host, router network layer functions: IP addressing and forwarding Network layer Routing protocols path selection RIP, OSPF, BGP Transport layer: TCP, UDP forwarding table IP
More informationIP address format: Dotted decimal notation: 10000000 00001011 00000011 00011111 128.11.3.31
IP address format: 7 24 Class A 0 Network ID Host ID 14 16 Class B 1 0 Network ID Host ID 21 8 Class C 1 1 0 Network ID Host ID 28 Class D 1 1 1 0 Multicast Address Dotted decimal notation: 10000000 00001011
More informationInternet Addresses (You should read Chapter 4 in Forouzan)
Internet Addresses (You should read Chapter 4 in Forouzan) IP Address is 32 Bits Long Conceptually the address is the pair (NETID, HOSTID) Addresses are assigned by the internet company for assignment
More informationWe Are HERE! Subne\ng
TELE 302 Network Design Lecture 21 Addressing Strategies Source: McCabe 12.1 ~ 12.4 Jeremiah Deng TELE Programme, University of Otago, 2013 We Are HERE! Requirements analysis Flow Analysis Logical Design
More informationClassful IP Addressing (cont.)
Classful IP Addressing (cont.) 1 Address Prefix aka Net ID defines the network Address Suffix aka Host ID defines the node In Classful addressing, prefix is of fixed length (1, 2, or 3 bytes)! Classful
More informationNetwork layer" 1DT066! Distributed Information Systems!! Chapter 4" Network Layer!! goals: "
1DT066! Distributed Information Systems!! Chapter 4" Network Layer!! Network layer" goals: "! understand principles behind layer services:" " layer service models" " forwarding versus routing" " how a
More informationChapter 3: Review of Important Networking Concepts. Magda El Zarki Dept. of CS UC Irvine elzarki@uci.edu http://www.ics.uci.
Chapter 3: Review of Important Networking Concepts Magda El Zarki Dept. of CS UC Irvine elzarki@uci.edu http://www.ics.uci.edu/~magda 1 Networking Concepts Protocol Architecture Protocol Layers Encapsulation
More informationSavera Tanwir. Internet Protocol
Savera Tanwir Internet Protocol The IP Protocol The IPv4 (Internet Protocol) header. IP Packet Details Header and payload Header itself has a fixed part and variable part Version IPv4, IPv5 or IPv6 IHL,
More informationAddress Resolution Protocol (ARP), Reverse ARP, Internet Protocol (IP)
Tik-110.350 Computer Networks (3 cr) Spring 2000 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), Reverse ARP, Internet Protocol (IP) Professor Arto Karila Helsinki University of Technology E-mail: Arto.Karila@hut.fi
More informationIP Addressing. -Internetworking (with TCP/IP) -Classful addressing -Subnetting and Supernetting -Classless addressing
IP Addressing -Internetworking (with TCP/IP) -Classful addressing -Subnetting and Supernetting -Classless addressing Internetworking The concept of internetworking: we need to make different networks communicate
More informationComputer Networks 1 (Mạng Máy Tính 1) Lectured by: Dr. Phạm Trần Vũ
Computer Networks 1 (Mạng Máy Tính 1) Lectured by: Dr. Phạm Trần Vũ 1 Lecture 7: Network Layer in the Internet Reference: Chapter 5 - Computer Networks, Andrew S. Tanenbaum, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall,
More informationComputer Network Foundation. Chun-Jen (James) Chung. Arizona State University
Computer Network Foundation Chun-Jen (James) Chung 1 Outline Network Addressing Subnetting Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) Route Aggregation Network Addressing How does the network decide where to
More informationPART IV. Network Layer
PART IV Network Layer Position of network layer Network layer duties Internetworking : heterogeneous Physical Networks To look Like a single network to he upper layers The address at Network layer must
More informationIntroduction to IP v6
IP v 1-3: defined and replaced Introduction to IP v6 IP v4 - current version; 20 years old IP v5 - streams protocol IP v6 - replacement for IP v4 During developments it was called IPng - Next Generation
More informationTCP/IP Basis. OSI Model
TCP/IP Basis 高 雄 大 學 資 訊 工 程 學 系 嚴 力 行 Source OSI Model Destination Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data-Link Physical ENCAPSULATION DATA SEGMENT PACKET FRAME BITS 0101010101010101010
More informationInterconnection of Heterogeneous Networks. Internetworking. Service model. Addressing Address mapping Automatic host configuration
Interconnection of Heterogeneous Networks Internetworking Service model Addressing Address mapping Automatic host configuration Wireless LAN network@home outer Ethernet PPS Internet-Praktikum Internetworking
More information- IPv4 Addressing and Subnetting -
1 Hardware Addressing - IPv4 Addressing and Subnetting - A hardware address is used to uniquely identify a host within a local network. Hardware addressing is a function of the Data-Link layer of the OSI
More informationMobile IP Network Layer Lesson 02 TCP/IP Suite and IP Protocol
Mobile IP Network Layer Lesson 02 TCP/IP Suite and IP Protocol 1 TCP/IP protocol suite A suite of protocols for networking for the Internet Transmission control protocol (TCP) or User Datagram protocol
More informationTutorial (03) IP addresses & Sub netting
Tutorial (03) IP addresses & Sub netting Dr. Ahmed M. ElShafee ١ Agenda IP Addressing Conventions Original IPv4 Address Classes Subnetting CIDR (Classless InterDomain Routing) ٢ IP Addressing Conventions
More informationLecture 8. IP Fundamentals
Lecture 8. Internet Network Layer: IP Fundamentals Outline Layer 3 functionalities Internet Protocol (IP) characteristics IP packet (first look) IP addresses Routing tables: how to use ARP Layer 3 functionalities
More informationInternet Protocols. Addressing & Services. Updated: 9-29-2012
Internet Protocols Addressing & Services Updated: 9-29-2012 Virtual vs. Physical Networks MAC is the part of the underlying network MAC is used on the LAN What is the addressing mechanism in WAN? WAN is
More informationIP Subnetting and Addressing
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur IP Subnetting and Addressing Prof Indranil Sengupta Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Lecture 6: IP Subnetting and Addressing
More informationChapter 19 Network Layer: Logical Addressing 19.1
Chapter 19 Network Layer: Logical Addressing 19.1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19-1 IPv4 ADDRESSES An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address that
More informationRARP: Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
SFWR 4C03: Computer Networks and Computer Security January 19-22 2004 Lecturer: Kartik Krishnan Lectures 7-9 RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Protocol When a system with a local disk is bootstrapped it
More informationInternetworking and IP Address
Lecture 8 Internetworking and IP Address Motivation of Internetworking Internet Architecture and Router Internet TCP/IP Reference Model and Protocols IP Addresses - Binary and Dotted Decimal IP Address
More informationNetwork layer. Assignment 3
Network layer Chapter 4 in the textbook Assignment 3 UWO Abstractly, your server is essentially a simple router Maybe more of a switch than a router Your server gets messages ( packets ) These messages
More informationInternet Protocol version 4 Part I
Internet Protocol version 4 Part I Claudio Cicconetti International Master on Information Technology International Master on Communication Networks Engineering Table of Contents
More informationChapter 4 Network Layer
Chapter 4 Network Layer A note on the use of these ppt slides: We re making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students, readers). They re in PowerPoint form so you can add, modify, and delete
More informationNetwork Layer: Network Layer and IP Protocol
1 Network Layer: Network Layer and IP Protocol Required reading: Garcia 7.3.3, 8.1, 8.2.1 CSE 3213, Winter 2010 Instructor: N. Vlajic 2 1. Introduction 2. Router Architecture 3. Network Layer Protocols
More informationNetwork and Host Addresses 1.3. 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. INTRO v1.0a 6-4
IP Addressing To facilitate the routing of packets over a network, the TCP/IP protocol suite uses a 32-bit logical address known as an IP address. This topic introduces the components of an IP address.
More informationInternet Protocol Address
SFWR 4C03: Computer Networks & Computer Security Jan 17-21, 2005 Lecturer: Kartik Krishnan Lecture 7-9 Internet Protocol Address Addressing is a critical component of the internet abstraction. To give
More informationThe Internet. Internet Technologies and Applications
The Internet Internet Technologies and Applications Aim and Contents Aim: Review the main concepts and technologies used in the Internet Describe the real structure of the Internet today Contents: Internetworking
More informationPPS Internet-Praktikum. Prof. Bernhard Plattner Institut für Technische Informatik und Kommunikationsnetze (TIK)
PPS Internet-Praktikum Prof. Bernhard Plattner Institut für Technische Informatik und Kommunikationsnetze (TIK) September 2011 Zielsetzung Von unserer Webpage: Das Ziel dieser PPS-Veranstaltung ist es,
More informationThemen der Praktikumsnachmittage. PPS Internet-Praktikum. Zielsetzung. Infrastruktur im ETF B5
PPS Internet-Praktikum Prof. Bernhard Plattner Institut für Technische Informatik und Kommunikationsnetze (TIK) Themen der Praktikumsnachmittage Aufbau und Analyse eines kleinen Netzwerks Routing Anwendungen
More informationLecture 10. Subnetting & Supernetting
Lecture 10. Subnetting & Supernetting Outline Subnetting Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) Supernetting Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) medium org: N x class C? Class B? Class C addresses: Undersized
More informationScaling the Network: Subnetting and Other Protocols. Networking CS 3470, Section 1
Scaling the Network: Subnetting and Other Protocols Networking CS 3470, Section 1 Today CIDR Subnetting Private IP addresses ICMP, IMAP, and DHCP Protocols 2 Packet Encapsulation ** Creative Commons: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:udp_encapsulation.svg
More informationIP Subnetting. Subnetting
IP Subnetting Shailesh N. Sisat Prajkta S. Bhopale Vishwajit K. Barbudhe Abstract - Network management becomes more and more important as computer-networks grow steadily. A critical skill for any network
More informationSUPPORT DE COURS. Dr. Omari Mohammed Maître de Conférences Classe A Université d Adrar Courriel : omarinmt@gmail.com
Dr. Omari Mohammed Maître de Conférences Classe A Université d Adrar Courriel : omarinmt@gmail.com SUPPORT DE COURS Matière : Réseaux 2 Niveau : 3 ème Année Licence en Informatique Option : Réseaux et
More informationInternetworking. Problem: There is more than one network (heterogeneity & scale)
Internetworking Problem: There is more than one network (heterogeneity & scale) Hongwei Zhang http://www.cs.wayne.edu/~hzhang Internetworking: Internet Protocol (IP) Routing and scalability Group Communication
More informationCOMP 631: COMPUTER NETWORKS. IP Addressing. Jasleen Kaur. Fall 2014. How to Deal With Heterogeneity & Scale?
COMP 631: COMPUTER NETWORKS IP Addressing Jasleen Kaur Fall 2014 1 How to Deal With Heterogeneity & Scale? Requirements from IP addressing: Should be globally unique Should facilitate easy mapping to link-layer
More informationWHITE PAPER. Understanding IP Addressing: Everything You Ever Wanted To Know
WHITE PAPER Understanding IP Addressing: Everything You Ever Wanted To Know Understanding IP Addressing: Everything You Ever Wanted To Know CONTENTS Internet Scaling Problems 1 Classful IP Addressing 3
More information04 Internet Protocol (IP)
SE 4C03 Winter 2007 04 Internet Protocol (IP) William M. Farmer Department of Computing and Software McMaster University 29 January 2007 Internet Protocol (IP) IP provides a connectionless packet delivery
More informationNetwork Layer, Part 1 Internet Architecture. History
Network Layer, Part 1 Internet Architecture These slides are created by Dr. Huang of George Mason University. Students registered in Dr. Huang s courses at GMU can make a single machine readable copy and
More informationLecture 10. Subnetting & Supernetting. Supernetting. Subnetting. Outline. medium org: N x class C? Class B? Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM)
Lecture 10. Subnetting & Supernetting Outline Subnetting Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) Supernetting Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) medium org: N x class C? Class B? R2 130.11.0.7 Net 130.11.0.0
More informationOverview. 15-441 Computer Networking. IP Address Classes (Some are Obsolete) Outline. Lecture 9 IP Packets. CIDR IP addressing. Forwarding examples
Overview 15-441 Computer Networking Lecture 9 Packets Last lecture How does choice of address impact network architecture and scalability? What do addresses look like? This lecture Modern addresses How
More informationInternetworking and Internet-1. Global Addresses
Internetworking and Internet Global Addresses IP servcie model has two parts Datagram (connectionless) packet delivery model Global addressing scheme awaytoidentifyall H in the internetwork Properties
More informationGary Hecht Computer Networking (IP Addressing, Subnet Masks, and Packets)
Gary Hecht Computer Networking (IP Addressing, Subnet Masks, and Packets) The diagram below illustrates four routers on the Internet backbone along with two companies that have gateways for their internal
More informationInternet Protocols Fall 2004. Outline
Internet Protocols Fall 2004 Lecture 7 Andreas Terzis 9/29/04 Outline Internet Protocol CIDR Forwarding CS 449/Fall 04 2 1 Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR) Addressing The IP address space is broken
More informationCS 348: Computer Networks. - IP addressing; 21 st Aug 2012. Instructor: Sridhar Iyer IIT Bombay
CS 348: Computer Networks - IP addressing; 21 st Aug 2012 Instructor: Sridhar Iyer IIT Bombay Think-Pair-Share: IP addressing What is the need for IP addresses? Why not have only MAC addresses? Given that
More informationChapter 4. IP Addresses: Classful Addressing
Chapter 4 IP Addresses: Classful Addressing The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 1 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION CLASSFUL ADDRESSING OTHER ISSUES A SAMPLE INTERNET The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 2 4.1
More informationClassful IP Addressing. Classless Addressing: CIDR. Routing & Forwarding: Logical View of a Router. IP Addressing: Basics
Switching and Forwarding Switching and Forwarding Generic Router rchitecture Forwarding Tables: ridges/layer Switches; VLN Routers and Layer 3 Switches Forwarding in Layer 3 (Network Layer) Network Layer
More informationIP Network Layer. Datagram ID FLAG Fragment Offset. IP Datagrams. IP Addresses. IP Addresses. CSCE 515: Computer Network Programming TCP/IP
CSCE 515: Computer Network Programming TCP/IP IP Network Layer Wenyuan Xu Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of South Carolina IP Datagrams IP is the network layer packet delivery
More informationLab#2: IP Addressing and Subnetting
IP Addressing Lab#2: IP Addressing and Subnetting Each Network Interface Card (NIC or Network card) present in a PC is assigned one Network address called as IP address. This IP address is assigned by
More informationDatacommunication. Internet Infrastructure IPv4 & IPv6
Internet Infrastructure IPv4 & IPv6 Eric Malmström eric.malmstrom@globalone.net Slide 1 Background mid 1970 DARPA finances research on packet switching networks p-p networks, packet radio and satellite
More information2. IP Networks, IP Hosts and IP Ports
1. Introduction to IP... 1 2. IP Networks, IP Hosts and IP Ports... 1 3. IP Packet Structure... 2 4. IP Address Structure... 2 Network Portion... 2 Host Portion... 3 Global vs. Private IP Addresses...3
More informationIP Addressing A Simplified Tutorial
Application Note IP Addressing A Simplified Tutorial July 2002 COMPAS ID 92962 Avaya Labs 1 All information in this document is subject to change without notice. Although the information is believed to
More informationChapter 9. IP Secure
Chapter 9 IP Secure 1 Network architecture is usually explained as a stack of different layers. Figure 1 explains the OSI (Open System Interconnect) model stack and IP (Internet Protocol) model stack.
More informationSubnetting,Supernetting, VLSM & CIDR
Subnetting,Supernetting, VLSM & CIDR WHAT - IP Address Unique 32 or 128 bit Binary, used to identify a system on a Network or Internet. Network Portion Host Portion CLASSFULL ADDRESSING IP address space
More informationInternet Architecture and Philosophy
Internet Architecture and Philosophy Conceptually, TCP/IP provides three sets of services to the user: Application Services Reliable Transport Service Connectionless Packet Delivery Service The underlying
More informationThis tutorial will help you in understanding IPv4 and its associated terminologies along with appropriate references and examples.
About the Tutorial Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the fourth version in the development of the Internet Protocol (IP) and the first version of the protocol to be widely deployed. IPv4 is described
More informationChapter 3. TCP/IP Networks. 3.1 Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)
Chapter 3 TCP/IP Networks 3.1 Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) Internet Protocol version 4 is the fourth iteration of the Internet Protocol (IP) and it is the first version of the protocol to be widely
More informationTechnical Support Information Belkin internal use only
The fundamentals of TCP/IP networking TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocols) is a set of networking protocols that is used for communication on the Internet and on many other networks.
More informationHow To Make A Network Address Prefix Smaller
CSC521 Communication Protocols 網 路 通 訊 協 定 Ch.9 Classless And Subnet Address Extensions (CIDR) 吳 俊 興 國 立 高 雄 大 學 資 訊 工 程 學 系 Outline 1. Introduction 2. Review Of Relevant Facts 3. Minimizing Network Numbers
More information1. How many unique network IDs are there in class A addresses? # of unique hosts?
CS445: IPv4 Addresses In-class activity Names: Part 1: Address Classes Original three classes of IPv4 addresses: A: 0 network (7 bits) host (24 bits) B: 10 network (14 bits) host (16 bits) C: 110 network
More informationInternet Working 5 th lecture. Chair of Communication Systems Department of Applied Sciences University of Freiburg 2004
5 th lecture Chair of Communication Systems Department of Applied Sciences University of Freiburg 2004 1 43 Last lecture Lecture room hopefully all got the message lecture on tuesday and thursday same
More informationInternet Protocol (IP) IP - Network Layer. IP Routing. Advantages of Connectionless. CSCE 515: Computer Network Programming ------ IP routing
Process Process Process Layer CSCE 515: Computer Network Programming ------ IP routing Wenyuan Xu ICMP, AP & AP TCP IP UDP Transport Layer Network Layer Department of Computer Science and Engineering University
More information2.1.2.2.2 Variable length subnetting
2.1.2.2.2 Variable length subnetting Variable length subnetting or variable length subnet masks (VLSM) allocated subnets within the same network can use different subnet masks. Advantage: conserves the
More informationTable of Contents 1 IP Addressing Configuration 1-1
Table of Contents 1 IP Addressing Configuration 1-1 IP Addressing Overview 1-1 IP Address Classes 1-1 Special IP Addresses 1-2 Subnetting and Masking 1-2 Configuring IP Addresses 1-3 Assigning an IP Address
More informationIP addressing. Interface: Connection between host, router and physical link. IP address: 32-bit identifier for host, router interface
IP addressing IP address: 32-bit identifier for host, router interface Interface: Connection between host, router and physical link routers typically have multiple interfaces host may have multiple interfaces
More informationNetworking Test 4 Study Guide
Networking Test 4 Study Guide True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. 1. IPX/SPX is considered the protocol suite of the Internet, and it is the most widely used protocol suite in LANs.
More informationInternet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Raj Jain Washington University Saint Louis, MO 63131 Jain@cse.wustl.edu These slides are available on-line at: http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-05/ 14-1 Overview
More informationTCP/IP Addressing and Subnetting. an excerpt from: A Technical Introduction to TCP/IP Internals. Presentation Copyright 1995 TGV Software, Inc.
TCP/IP Addressing and Subnetting an excerpt from: A Technical Introduction to TCP/IP Internals Presentation Copyright 1995 TGV Software, Inc. IP Addressing Roadmap Format of IP Addresses Traditional Class
More informationComputer Networks. Introduc)on to Naming, Addressing, and Rou)ng. Week 09. College of Information Science and Engineering Ritsumeikan University
Computer Networks Introduc)on to Naming, Addressing, and Rou)ng Week 09 College of Information Science and Engineering Ritsumeikan University MAC Addresses l MAC address is intended to be a unique identifier
More informationSubnet + CIDR. Internet Networking recitation #1. 11:02 236341, Internet Networking, 2015 1
Subnet + CIDR Internet Networking recitation #1 11:02 236341, Internet Networking, 2015 1 Administrative Information Course site: webcourse.cs.technion.ac.il/236341 Grading policy: 15% homeworks + 85%
More informationGuide to Network Defense and Countermeasures Third Edition. Chapter 2 TCP/IP
Guide to Network Defense and Countermeasures Third Edition Chapter 2 TCP/IP Objectives Explain the fundamentals of TCP/IP networking Describe IPv4 packet structure and explain packet fragmentation Describe
More informationCourse Overview: Learn the essential skills needed to set up, configure, support, and troubleshoot your TCP/IP-based network.
Course Name: TCP/IP Networking Course Overview: Learn the essential skills needed to set up, configure, support, and troubleshoot your TCP/IP-based network. TCP/IP is the globally accepted group of protocols
More informationTransport and Network Layer
Transport and Network Layer 1 Introduction Responsible for moving messages from end-to-end in a network Closely tied together TCP/IP: most commonly used protocol o Used in Internet o Compatible with a
More informationAPPENDIX B. Routers route based on the network number. The router that delivers the data packet to the correct destination host uses the host ID.
APPENDIX B IP Subnetting IP Addressing Routers route based on the network number. The router that delivers the data packet to the correct destination host uses the host ID. IP Classes An IP address is
More information5.6.1 The IP Protocol. Figure 5-53. The IPv4 (Internet Protocol) header.
The glue that holds the whole Internet together is the network layer protocol, IP (Internet Protocol). Unlike most older network layer protocols, it was designed from the beginning with internetworking
More informationGuide to TCP/IP, Third Edition. Chapter 3: Data Link and Network Layer TCP/IP Protocols
Guide to TCP/IP, Third Edition Chapter 3: Data Link and Network Layer TCP/IP Protocols Objectives Understand the role that data link protocols, such as SLIP and PPP, play for TCP/IP Distinguish among various
More informationIP Address Classes (Some are Obsolete) 15-441 Computer Networking. Important Concepts. Subnetting 15-441 15-641. Lecture 8 IP Addressing & Packets
Address Classes (Some are Obsolete) 15-441 15-441 Computer Networking 15-641 Class A 0 Network ID Network ID 8 16 Host ID Host ID 24 32 Lecture 8 Addressing & Packets Peter Steenkiste Fall 2013 www.cs.cmu.edu/~prs/15-441-f13
More informationThe Subnet Training Guide
The Subnet Training Guide A Step By Step Guide on Understanding and Solving Subnetting Problems by Brendan Choi v25 easysubnetcom The Subnet Training Guide v25 easysubnetcom Chapter 1 Understanding IP
More informationTCP/IP Fundamentals. OSI Seven Layer Model & Seminar Outline
OSI Seven Layer Model & Seminar Outline TCP/IP Fundamentals This seminar will present TCP/IP communications starting from Layer 2 up to Layer 4 (TCP/IP applications cover Layers 5-7) IP Addresses Data
More informationSUBNETS, CIDR, AND CLASSLESS ADDRESSING
Announcements SUBNETS, CIDR, AND CLASSLESS ADDRESSING Internet Protocols CSC / ECE 573 Fall, 005 No office hours tomorrow (Wednesday) out of town No class on Thursday Fall break! Midterm exam next Tuesday!
More informationAdvanced IP Addressing
Advanced IP Addressing CS-765 A Aspects Of Systems Administration Spring-2005 Instructure: Jan Schauman Stevens Institute Of Technology, NJ. Prepared By: Modh, Jay A. M.S. NIS SID: 999-14-0352 Date: 05/02/2005
More informationChapter 5. IPv4 Addresses. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Chapter 5 IPv4 Addresses TCP/IP Protocol Suite 1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter Outline TCP/IP Protocol Suite 2 5-1 INTRODUCTION The
More information