High-tech recycling of critical metals: Opportunities and challenges
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1 High-tech recycling of critical metals: Opportunities and challenges Application know-how Metals Chemistry material Material science solutions Metallurgy Material solutions Recycling Christina Meskers COBALT
2 Umicore a materials technology company Ø 50% of metal needs from Recycling Metals Application know-how Chemistry material Material science solutions Metallurgy Recycling Material solutions Top 10 ranking in global index companies (Jan. 2014) 14,400 people in ~ 80 industrial sites worldwide, turnover 2012 : 12.5 Billion (2.4 B excl. metals) 2
3 Booming product sales & increasing functionality drive demand for (technology) metals Million units Annual global sales of mobile phones Source: after Gartner statistics ( Accumulated global sales until 2010 ~ 10 Billion units forecast 470 Smart Phones next wave: tablet computer: 2013 tablets will overpass laptops 2015 more tablets than laptops + PC Drivers: growing population (Asia!) growing wealth technology development & product performance Achzet et al., Materials critical to the energy industry, Augsburg,
4 Confusion in public debate about metals? critical metals rare metals rare earths -? H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Cs K Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Ba La-Lu La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Ca Ac-Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt * Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Xe Rn Precious Metals (PM) Edelmetalle Semiconductors Halbleiter Rare Earth Elements (REE) Seltene Erden Technology metals EU critical metals Technology metals: descriptive expression, comprising most precious and special metals crucial for technical functionality based on their often unique physical & chemical properties (conductivity; melting point; density; hardness; catalytic/optical/magnetic properties, ) mostly used in low concentrations and a complex substance mix ( spice metals ) Key for Hi-Tech and Clean-Tech 4
5 Massive shift from geological resources to anthropogenic deposits Electric & electronic equipment (EEE) Over 40% of world mine production of copper, tin, antimony, indium, ruthenium & rare earths are annually used in EEE Mobile phones & computer account for 4% world mine production of gold and silver and for 20% of palladium & cobalt. Mine production since 1980 / since % 90% % mined % mined % in 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% % mined in % 10% 0% Re Ga In Ru Pd Rh Ir REE Si Pt Ta Li Se Ni Co Ge Cu Bi Ag Au Cars > 60% of PGM mine production goes into autocatalysts, increasing significance for electronics ( computer on wheels ) and light metals In the last 30 years we extracted > 80% of the REE, PGM, Ga, In, that have ever been mined Clean energy technologies & other high tech applications will further accelerate demand for technology metals (precious metals, semiconductors, rare earths, refractory metals, ) without access to these metals no sustainable development 5
6 How to achieve clean solutions without dirty feet? No foreseeable absolute scarcity of metals, but: Declining grades & increasing complexity of ores Need to mine from greater depths and/or in ecological sensitive areas (artic regions, oceans, rain forest etc.) t CO 2 / t primary metal Au High footprint of primary metals production Energy needs & related climate impact Other burden on environment (land, water, biodiversity) In Pt Pd Ru Ag Sn Co Cu Market imbalances already today cause temporary scarcity, due to: Supply restrictions political, trade, speculation; regional or company oligopolies, by-product challenges, Limits of substitution Surges in demand 0 critical metals identification for the EU & others 6
7 Recycling & circular economy as key contributors Primary mining ~ 5 g/t Au in ore Similar for PGMs Urban mining 150 g/t Au, 40 g/t Pd & Ag, Cu, Sn, Sb, in PC motherboards 300 g/t Au, 50 g/t Pd in cell phones 2,000 g/t PGM in automotive catalysts factor 40 & more State-of-the-art recycling improves access to raw material is for many technology metals far less energy intensive than mining 7
8 Focus circular economy - metals can be recycled eternally without losses of properties Dissipation Residues Use product reuse Residues Product manufacture New scrap End-of-Life Metals, alloys & compounds from industrial materials Recycling Residues reduce metal losses along all steps of lifecycle Reduce generation of residues Collect residues comprehensively & recycle these efficiently Improve metal yields by using high quality recycling processes Raw materials production Residues from Concentrates & ores Natural resources Historic wastes (tailings, landfills) Based on: C.E.M. Meskes: Coated magnesium, designed for sustainability?, PhD thesis Delft University of Technology,
9 Recycling of most technology metals still lags way behind WEEE: precious metal recycling rates below 15% End-of-Life recycling rates for metals in metallic applications UNEP (2011) Recycling Rates of Metals A Status Report, A Report of the Working Group on the Global Flows to the International Resource Panel. New report (April 2013): Metal Recycling: Opportunities, Limits, Infrastructure 9
10 Recycling needs a chain, not a single process - system approach is crucial Example recycling of WEEE Recovery of technology metals from circuit boards Number of actors in Europe 1000 s 100 s Global smelting & refining of technology metals (metallurgy) Collection 10,000 s Dismantling Preprocessing <10 products components/ fractions metals Investment needs Total efficiency is determined by weakest step in the chain Make sure that relevant fractions reach most appropriate refining processes Example: 30% x 90% x 60% x 95% = 15% 10
11 Challenge 1: relevant products/fractions don t reach suitable recycling processes a) Low collection ambitious targets & new business models are required b) Deviation of collected goods dubious exports low quality recycling Tracing & Tracking, controls & enforcement, stakeholder responsibility, transparency : 11
12 Technology metals need smart recycling - traditional mass focussed recycling does not fit Bottle glass Steel scrap Circuit boards Autocatalysts + Green glass White glass Brown glass PM & specialty metals PGMs Mono-substance materials without hazards Trace elements remain part of alloys/glass Recycling focus on mass & costs Poly-substance materials, incl. hazardous elements Complex components as part of complex products Place focus on trace elements & value 12
13 Challenge 2: How to recover low concentrated technology metals from complex products? source: Markus Reuter, Outotec & Antoinette Van Schaik, MARAS (2010) Product manufacturing manual/mechanical preprocessing metallurgical recovery Technical-organisational improvement needs along entire chain: Inappropriate product design Insufficient alignment within recycling chain (system & interface management) Insufficient use of recognised high-quality recycling installations Laws of nature (thermodynamics) prohibit recovery of all metals in some complex inappropriate material mixes ( composition conflict ) 13
14 Multi-metal recycling with modern technology High tech & economies of scale Umicore s integrated smelter-refinery in Hoboken/Antwerp Treatment of t/a, global customer base ISO & 9001, OHSAS Recovery of 20 metals with innovative metallurgy from WEEE, catalysts, batteries, smelter by-products, Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, Cu, Pb, Ni, Sn, Bi, Se, Te, Sb, As, In (via versatile multi feed process). Co, REE (via specialised process for battery materials) Value of precious metals enables co-recovery of specialty metals ( paying metals ) High energy efficiency by smart mix of materials and sophisticated technology High metal yields, minimal emissions & final waste
15 How to become viable & effective? - matching product properties & process capabilities Product: Sufficient (extractable) value Composition (what is in?) Concentration (how much of it?) Material prices Depending on: Product & technology development Market development Process: Performance & costs Technological efficiency for value recovery (range, yields, energy, ) Process robustness & flexibility Environmental & social compliance Available volumes Economies of scale Factor costs (labour, energy, capital) Process chain organisation / interface management Process quality Legal, societal & other frame conditions 15
16 Concluding Overall recycling success factors Prerequisites: Metallurgy Product design & business models Consumerbehaviour Costs & revenues Collection & logistics Mechanical processing Material & technology perspective Product perspective 1. Technical recyclability as basic requirement 2. Accessibility of relevant components product design 3. Economic viability intrinsically or externally created 4. Completeness of collection business models, legislation, infrastructure 5. Keep within recycling chain transparency of flows 6. Technical-organisational setup of chain recycling quality 7. Sufficient recycling capacity Complex products require a systemic optimisation & interdisciplinary approaches (product development, process engineering, metallurgy, ecology, social & economic sciences) 16
17 Focus circular economy - innovation and improvements still needed at every step Consider recycling in product design Develop business models to close the loop Recycle production scrap Product manufacture Metals, alloys & compounds New scrap Improve range & yields of recovered metals Improve efficiency of energy & water use Use Reuse from Industrial materials RM production Residues Dissipation from ores Residues Recycling Geological resources End-of-Life Mining & Recycling are complementary systems! Avoid dissipation Minimise residue streams at all steps & recycle these effectively Take a holistic system approach Residues Improve collection Increase transparency of flows Ensure quality recycling Go beyond mass recycling (more focus on technology metals) Develop innovative technologies to cope with technical recycling challenges 17
18 It s all linked - ensure appropriate policy support WEEE WFD ELV Battery Recycling contributes to resource efficiency, access to critical RM and innovation Create appropriate legal framework; focus on high quality recycling Ensure stringent enforcement of legislation Support R&D funding & implementation of innovative recycling solutions Sustainable production & consumption Resource Critical metals Recycle more & better don t waste metals don t waste time, let s move with the frontrunners Climate policy & energy efficiency Environment policy Economic development 18
19 Thanks for your attention! Contact: For more information: Hagelüken, C., C.E.M. Meskers: Complex lifecycles of precious and special metals, in: Graedel, T., E. van der Voet (eds): Linkages of Sustainability, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010 Hagelüken, C.: Recycling of (critical) metals, in: Gunn, G. (ed): Critical Metals Handbook, Wiley & Sons, 2014
20 20 Activities addressing recycling innovation European Innovation Partnership (EIP) on Raw Materials ERA-MIN roadmap Coordination of RM related research funding between EU Member States UNEP Resource Panel with new report Metal Recycling - Opportunities, Limits, Infrastructure 20
21 Example cars evolution of mobility Mobility 1900s Power 1920s Metals* Fe Pb Cu Cr Al Zn Pt Pd Style 1950s Clean air 1980s + steel alloys & decoration + catalyst Intelligence 2000s > electronics + aux. electric motors + lightweighting Low carbon + NiMH/Li-Ion battery + FC stacks + e-drives Rh Ce La Au Ag Sb Sn Ge In Ga Nd Pr Sm Tb Dy Mg Li Co Ni Ru *list only indicative 21
22 The mechanical pre-processing challenge - materials separation for final metallurgical recovery EoL product Preprocessing Avoid dissipation of trace elements Gold losses of up to75% if PC-motherboards are not removed prior to shredding 100% gold losses in a car shredder End-processing Ferecovery Alrecovery Curecovery PMrecovery plasticsrecycling Disposal of hazardous materials Rare Earth recycling from magnets Co-Li recycling from rechargeable batteries Indium from LCD screens versatile integrated smelter processes for Cu, PM & some special metals Precious + special metals Slags & other residues Dedicated processes for certain components & special metals 22
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