The Research on the Harm of Biological Effect of Mobile Phone Radiation to Human Body

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1 Progress In Eectroagnetcs Research Syposu, Bejng, Chna, March 23 27, The Research on the Har of Boogca Effect of Mobe Phone Radaton to Huan Body Yang L and Guzhen Lu Inforaton Engneerng Schoo, Councaton Unversty of Chna Bejng , Chna Abstract Ths paper presents recent stuatons about the boogca effect of obe phone radaton, and enuerates soe reatve nvestgatons and experents. The forer theoretc research has been revewed, and then t ndcates that cassca theory ay be not sutabe to expan crocosc phenoena and the ethods shoud be aeorated. The vewpont that the nteracton between the DNA oecue and adscttous eectroagnetc wave can be anayzed wth the quantu theory n the crocosc doan naey n the nuceus has aso been gven. It s proposed that one reason of the eectroagnetc boogca effect s due to that the DNA oecue s affected by adscttous eectroagnetc waves and then oecuar energy eve structure changes. The forua dervaton of the quantu theory s sted and the expanaton of ts quantu theory effects s put forward. Fnay, the paper ponts out that the resuts of acton between crowave radaton and DNA oecue s probaby beong to a knd of boogca effect whch s ong-te and sow-effect. 1. INTRODUCTION As eary as n 1975, when the obe councaton was st at the begnnng n the Europe and North Aerca, soe envronentasts predcted that the huan bengs woud face the serous probes about eectroagnetc pouton n the 21st century. After any years, the predcton graduay becae the truth aong wth the deveopent of obe councaton technoogy and popuarzaton of persona ce phones. In 1982, the U.S governent ade a new standard of radofrequency radaton. Athough the new standard was aso estabshed based on the thera effect, t had dfference fro the forer one for t had ore experenta data fro the anas and ts an characterstc was adoptng the concepton of dosetry. It st used fed ntensty and power densty, but ts standard was cabrated by dose rate, naey specfc absorpton rate (SAR, whch unt s W/Kg or W/g) [1]. Fro then on, the SAR has been epoyed to easure the thera effect of handsets and graduay accepted by the whoe word. There have been nuerous papers whch take FDTD as ther prary ethod to study the SAR and a ot of progress n experents has been obtaned snce So far any countres have pushed eectroagnetc radaton standards accordng to the SAR vaue. Fro the research papers n recent 10 years t can be concuded that thera effects are reatvey spe and ore popuar to nvestgate. Aost a the papers of the IEEE start wth the SAR and use dfferent eectroagnetc cacuatona ethods (but the ost coony used ethod s FDTD) to obtan the theoretca cacuaton or coputer suaton resuts about the SAR vaues n the huan head under dfferent obe phone radaton condton. The cacuaton and suaton resuts ake us know how the energy fro obe phone radaton dstrbute n the head. However, t s very hard to vadate the resuts n the experents and the ajorty of the experents are just suaton ones wth the phantos or huan body odes. There are so any cases that are correated wth the heath f the obe phone users use ther phones for a ong te and t s dffcut to expan wth thera effects. Therefore, the thera effects and SAR actuay can t open out the boogca har to the huan body and the bran tssue. Therefore, the research of non-thera effects especay boogca effects wth the characterstc of wndow effects [2] s consdered to be a hotspot about obe phone radaton. 2. THE EXAMPLES OF BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS The boogca effect of the obe phone radaton s that a huan beng has physoogca changes evdenty when he s under the radaton of hs obe phone but the teperature of hs body doesn t change anythng ceary.

2 1110 PIERS Proceedngs, Bejng, Chna, March 23 27, The Research of Epdec There was an nvestgaton n Sweden, whch ndcated that the obe phones of anaog forat coud be ore hurtfu to the users than the ones of GSM fro the aspects of attenton and eory [3]. Another nvestgaton n Sweden was taken by Harre and hs workates, whch ponted out that the users woud have ore chances to suffer fro the neuroa when they were usng the obe phone of anaog forat [4]. Szgesk aso had a research n Poand, n whch the soders who were often rradated by the RF were checked up and at ast they were found to have 6 tes of probabty of gettng yphoa and eukea [5]. The terature [6] had a ot of tests fro the swatch of soe peope aged between n Chengdu Chna, whch presented that the obe phone radaton woud cause syndroe of nervous syste The Ana Experents n Mcrowave Frequency Band The frequency band of eectroagnetc wave fro the obe phone beongs to crowave band, so penty of ana experents are done as anaogs under crowave radaton. Saford and hs assstants put the rats to the exposure of eectroagnetc fed produced by obe phones, and the SAR vaues were respectvey 2 W/Kg, 20 W/Kg, and 200 W/Kg. Afterward, they found that bood bran barrer pereabty ncreased under the condton of non-thera [7]. The report [8] gave us resuts of experents about the daage produced by obe phone radaton to the rats, and tod us that the radaton coud reduce the actvty of SOD and the content of NO n bood seru and nducng apoptoss of hepatocyte. In addton, soe studes on the rodents show that RF feds can nfuence the DNA oecues drecty. When the rats were put nto the 2.45 GHz EM fed for 2 hours everyday, the researchers dscovered gene rearrangeent n bran tssues or experenta ces after 120, 150 and 200 days [9]. La and Sngh notfed that snge-stranded DNA and doube-stranded DNA of soe anas bran ces were obvousy destroyed after 2 hours when the ana were exposed n the EM fed of 2.45 GHz puse wave or contnuous wave [10, 11]. 3. THE REVIEW OF FORMER THEORIES ABOUT BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS At present, there are soe od theores whch were put forward before 1990s, such as coherent eectrc vbratons theory, cycotron resonance theory, on channes of boebrane theory, free radca theory and so on [12]. But these theores and hypotheses have ther tatons respectvey, ony beng abe to expan parta phenoena, and soe of the are oppugned by K. R. Foste, who thnks that a these theores need to be proved further [13]. In recent years, there s a new theory naed adaptve resonance theory, whch tres to expan the boogca effects fro the vewpont of quantu theory and consders the nteracton between the crowave and the ce ebrane [14]. As we a know that the quantu theory accords wth a aws of oveent, especay the probes n the crocosc doan n whch cassca echancs and cassca eectroagnetcs are not abe to resove the phenoena. Adaptve resonance theory tres to expan the boogca effects wth the assupton that the EM radaton can taper wth the orgna ebrane constructon. It supposes that pereabty of ebranes to partces w be affected and pace a preu on the boogca effects when the externa EM fed acts on the ebranes to nterfere the eectrc potenta dfference between both sdes of the, wth the status of restng, keepng the potenta of V fro nsde to outsde of the ebrane. Besdes the ce ebrane, the affect to the nuceus and DNA shoud aso be consdered. Bank and Reba Goodan has ponted out that crowave has the chance to change the DNA oecue, because the frequency of the EM feds radated fro the obe phones are very hgh and there are charges shuttng on the DNA doube hex, and the nteracton between the crowave and charges w dsturb the genetc atera, naey genes [15]. Of course, ther expanatons barge up aganst dffcutes, as Robert. K concudes and gets hs concusons that due to the ngong eectroagnetc wave energy s too weak even far ess than the energy of partce vbraton, and then he thnk that the parance about the drect nteracton between the EM feds and DNA oecues s hard to coe nto exstence. However, the order of agntude of DNA oecue s 10 8, and t s not a acroscopc object, so the cassc theory s apparenty not sutabe. It naturay takes troube when we use the cassc eectroagnetcs to expan the crocosc phenoena for the order of agntude of DNA oecues, but f we try to use quantu theory to sove ths probe t s ay prosng.

3 Progress In Eectroagnetcs Research Syposu, Bejng, Chna, March 23 27, THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND DNA If we can see the DNA oecue as a crocosc quantu syste and aso take the externa eectroagnetc fed as a tny dsturbng, the acton fro the crowave radaton to the DNA oecue can be uterory studed wth quantu theory. It s supposed that the Haton functor of ths syste s H and t s te-ndependent, then t can be wrtten as H = H DNA + H EM (1) where H DNA s the Haton functor of the DNA oecue and the H EM s the Haton functor of externa eectroagnetc fed as a tny dsturbng. If the egenvaue E DNA and egenfuncton ψ DNA of H DNA are both known, and the egenvaue and egenfuncton of H are separatey E n and ψ n, then Hψ n = E n ψ n (2) If there s not the tny dsturbng, the H s the H DNA, E n and ψ n just are E DNA and ψ DNA. When the externa eectroagnetc fed as a tny dsturbng s consdered, the energy eve w change fro E DNA to E n, whch eans the energy eve take a ove and the wave functon ψ DNA can be turned nto ψ n.the energy eve E n corresponds wth H, and can be nferred by the known dscrete energy eve E DNA derved fro H DNA. Sary, ψ n can be get fro egenfuncton ψ DNA E DNA Is Non-degenerate In ths stuaton, there s ony one egenfuncton reevant to the egenvaue H DNA, naey ψ (1) and t s the zero order approxaton of ψ n. The ψ n (1) satsfes the condton that n, H (1) ψ (1) n = E (1) n ψ (1) n (3) On the assupton that the ψ DNA has been norazed, then t can be deduced that ( ) ψ DNA (H DNA E DNA )ψ n (1) = ψ DNA H (1) E n (1) ψ DNA (4) It s can be notced that the egenvaue E DNA of H DNA ust be rea nuber, therefore the H DNA s Hertan operator. Make the spata ntegra of the upper forua, and consder the orthonorazaton of ψ n (1), we can get the equaton E n (1) = ψ DNA H EM ψ DNA dτ (5) whch eans the second order correcton of the energy nay E n (1) E DNA state. On the other hand, f E DNA s arked as equas to the ean vaue of and then E n can be wrtten to be E DNA = E n (6) E DNA = E n (7) At the sae te, E (2) n E n = E DNA + λe (1) n + λe (2) n + (8) p a (1) H n = H n H n E n E H n 2 E n E, f t s put nto the forua (8), and cobned wth foruas (5), (6), (7), the energy of the DNA oecue whch s affected by the tny dsturbng can be presented as E n = E n + H nn + It can be educed wth foruas (6) and (8) that H n 2 E n E + (9) ψ n = ψ n + λψ (1) n + λψ (2) n + (10)

4 1112 PIERS Proceedngs, Bejng, Chna, March 23 27, 2009 and then take the ψ (1) n ths syste H n E n E ψ ψ n = ψ n + nto the forua (10), t can obtan the wave functon of H n E n E ψ + (11) The condton of a tny dsturbng coes nto exstence gven the seres foruas (9) and (11) both are convergent. If we want to judge whether the seres s convergent, the genera ter ust be known frst, but both of these two seres are unknown. Therefore, we ony requre that soe of the known ters ought to be uch ess than the foregong ters. So t s concuded that H n E n E ψ ( 1, ) n E As the expresson of the forua (12) shows that f the condton has been satsfed, t not ony es on the atrx eeent H n, but aso rests wth the dstance E n E between energy eves. When the forua (12) s satsfed, a ore accurate resut s coony abe to be got n case of havng cacuated the frst order correcton E DNA Is Degenerate If E DNA s degenerate, there s forua (6) E DNA = E n, and t s supposed that egenvaue E n beonged to H has κ egenfunctons: φ 1, φ 2,, then t w be nduced that E (12) Hφ = E n ψ, = 1, 2,..., κ (13) In ths case, t s necessary to choose zero order approxate wave functon fro these κ egenfunctons, and ake the equaton (H E n )ψ n (1) = (H (1) E n (1) )ψ n sovabe. Based on ths condton, t s abe to zero order approxate wave functon ψ n as a near cobnaton of κ egenfunctons: κ ψ n = C φ (14) =1 In order to confr the correspondng the zero order approxate wave functon of the energy E nj = E n + E (1) nj, we can put the vaue of E(1) nj nto the equaton E nj E n = κ (H E(1) n δ ), then sove a set of C usng the condton C = 0, = 1, 2,..., κ, and fnay get the resut f ony take the C nto forua (9). Because the Haton functor of a DNA oecue syste s copex, t s possbe to obtan no precse resut but an approxate resut, and then sove ths probe wth the approxate one. 5. CONCLUSIONS The research about the boogca effect of obe phone radaton s of nterdscpnary subject, and reates to crowave technoogy, boogy, edcne and physcs. Athough there are any experents and theores, there s not any portant breakthrough yet. There s st bfurcaton on the vewpont, and the concusons of the experents are often poes apart. The causaton s key to be ascrbed to nconsstent experenta condtons, and for the copextes of the organss theseves, and then for the repeatabty of experents s not good enough due to dfference aong Indvduas. Accordngy t akes the researchers of these experents have totay dfferent concusons. It s we-known that onzng radaton for ts powerfu ray energy has the abty to nteract wth the DNA oecues drecty and ead to checa bonds fracture, whch s how onzng radaton can scathe the huan body. That s to say, onzng radaton has the characterstc of short-te and fast-effect to har the huan bengs, so ts boogca effects are very vsbe. If eectroagnetc radaton n the crowave frequency bands s ke the onzng radaton to affect the DNA, to resut n rupture of the checa bonds and brng on the DNA daage, accordng to the actua stuatons, ts effects shoud be of ong-te and sow-effect. Whether or no, f the assupton that =1

5 Progress In Eectroagnetcs Research Syposu, Bejng, Chna, March 23 27, the eectroagnetc wave reay can ake DNA oecues change n soe condton, the obe phone radaton causng cancer w ake theory becoe reaty based on the hypothess about gene utaton nducng cancer [16]. Thus t can be seen that these probes are needed to have ore deep studes fro the crocosc doan. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Ths work s supported by Natura Scence Foundaton Progra of Bejng (No ). The authors wsh to thank Kan Runtan, the Drector of The State Rado Montorng Center for hs hep, and L Shufang who gves us the chance to jon n the research subject. REFERENCES 1. Aercan Natona Standards Insttute (ANSI), Recoended practce for the easureent of potentay hazardous eectroagnetc feds RF and crowave, ANSI/IEEE C Copyrght 1992, The Insttute of Eectrca and Eectroncs Engneers, Inc. (IEEE), New York, NY For copes contact the IEEE: or Ross Adey, W., Boogca Effects of Eectroagnetc Feds, Journa of Ceuar Bochestry [J], Vo. 51, , Md, K. H., et a., Coparsons of syptos experenced by users of anaogue and dgta obe phones: A Swedsh-Norwegan epdeoogca study, Report for the Natona Insttute for Workng Lfe, Harde, L., A. Haqust, K. H. Md, et a., Ceuar and cordess teephones and the rsk for bran tuours, Eur. J. Cancer. Prev., Vo. 11, No. 4, , Szgesk, S., Cancer orbdty n subjects occupatonay exposed to hgh frequency (radofrequency and crowave) eectroagnetc radaton, Sc. Tota Envron., Vo. 180, No. 1, 9 17, Fu, D.-G., Y.-F. Long, and L.-Q. Zhao, Study on the easureent of the crowave radaton of obe phone and ts effect on huan heath [J], Journa of Occupatona Heath and Daage, Vo. 20, No. 2, 85 89, Saford, L. G., A. E. Brun, J. L. Eberhardt, et a., Nerve ce daage n aaan bran after exposure to crowaves fro GSM obe phones, Envron. Heath Perspect., Vo. 111, No. 7, , A, Z., S. Zhag, and J. We, Prary study on the nfuence of eectroagnetc radaton etted by obe phone on rats [J], Bejng Boedca Engneerng, Vo. 24, No. 3, , Sarkar, S., S. A, and J. Behar, Effect of ow power crowave on the ouse genoe: A drect DNA anayss [J], Mutat. Res., Vo. 320, , La, H. and N. P. Sngh, A cute ow-ntensty crowave exposure ncreases DNA snge strand breaks n rat bran ces [J], Boeectroagnetcs, Vo. 16, , La, H. and N. P. Sngh, Snge-and doube-strand breaks n rat bran ces after acute exposure to radofrequency eectroagnetc radaton [J], Int. J. Radat. Bo., Vo. 69, , Lu, Y.-N., Revew on the nvestgaton of the echans of the boogca effects of the eectroagnetc radaton [J], Basc Medca Scences and Cncs, Vo. 20, No. 1, 22 23, Kenneth, R. F., Eectroagnetc fed effects and echanss [J], IEEE Engneerng n Medcne and Boogy, 50 56, Juy/August Lu, Y.-C. and H.-M. You, The quantu theory of the thera effect of bo-crowave and ts echans [J], Journa of Mcrowaves, Vo. 21, No. 4, 67 70, Bank, M. and R. Goodan, Extreey ow frequency eectroagnetc feds do not nteract drecty wth DNA [J], Boeectroagnetc, Vo. 19, , Hahn, W. C. and R. A. Wenberg, Modeng the oecuar crcutry of cancer [J], Nat. Rev. Cancer, Vo. 2, No. 5, , 2002.