Contents. Information management 67 GIS-services... 67

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3 Contents Bedrock and raw materials 1 Bedrock mapping Aerogeophysics Modelling of bedrock in Finland Development of mineral exploration Archaean greenstone belts and associated ore genesis, especially exploration of nickel and gold deposits Layered intrusions in Northern Finland, their ore potential and early Proterozoic evolution of the crust Exploration of Outokumpu-type and other massive sulfide deposits and early evolution of Svecofennian orogeny Exploration of Proterozoic nickel and gold deposits and tectonomagmatic evolution of orogenic belts Studies of industrial minerals, especially exploration for kaolin, talc, carbonate rocks, ilmenite and diamonds Studies of building stones and rock aggregates Regional gravity surveys Quaternary deposits and raw materials 30 Mapping of Quaternary deposits Inventory and studies of peat Ground water studies Inventory of sand and gravel deposits Research and development of Quaternary deposits Environmental geology 43 Distribution and mobility of elements and chemical compounds in the ground Environmental geology in land use Raw material resources and the environment Contaminated areas State and changes of environment Information management 67 GIS-services i

4 Development of communication Geomathematics Data management Supporting services Name Index Keyword Index Geographical Area Index Project Code Index ii

5 Bedrock and raw materials Bedrock mapping BEDROCK MAPPING OF THE SCHIST BELT IN WESTERN FIN- LAND Project leader: Lehtonen, Matti I. Project code: Project team: Lahti, Seppo; Lehtonen, Arja; Mäkitie, Hannu; Pihlaja, Pekka; Virransalo, Petri; Gustafsson Torbjörn; Karttunen, Ritva; Kujala, Hannu; Torssonen, Markus; Turunen, Tuomo Unit and section: Regional Office for Southern Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: cont. areal geology; bedrock; mapping; lithologic maps; schist belts; orbicular rocks; diabase; impact craters; meteor craters Geographical area: Western Finland Province; South Ostrobothnia; Satakunta; Southern Finland Province; Uusimaa; Kanta-Häme The project includes four separate subprojects : 1) Bedrock mapping of the schist belt of southern Pohjanmaa, 2) Bedrock mapping of the Satakunta area, 3) Standardisation of the geological maps of southern Finland and 4) Special studies. The aim of the subproject Bedrock mapping of the schist belt of southern Pohjanmaa ( ) is to collect bedrock data especially for the support of mineral exploration within the area surrounding Vaasa and along a coastal strip 100 km long and 50 km wide to the south of Vaasa. Due to its short duration, the mapping is of necessity reconnaissance in nature and therefore relies heavily in interpretation of geophysical data. The subproject Bedrock mapping of the Satakunta area forms a part of the ongoing 1: scale geological mapping program of the GTK. Preparation of the map explanations for the Pori (1143) and Luvia (1141) map sheets and mapping of the Mäntyluoto (1142) and Kankaanpää (1144) map sheets are in progress. The aim of the Standardisation of the geological maps in Southern Finland (1998 -) is to assess the needs and the required work to update the maps by classifying them through their quality. The subproject Special studies includes studies of various subjects, including 1) studies of 1

6 Bedrock and raw materials Finnish orbicular rocks with the aim to gather the present knowledge of these rocks for a special publication. Specimens of orbicular rock have been collected from known and new localities (75) for the museum, and detailed petrographic studies and geochemical analyses have been made. The publication will include a description of each occurrence and the summary will describe the occurrence, mineralogy, geochemistry, classification and the glacial transport of the orbicular rocks. 2) The study of the Sääksjärvi meteorite crater (1987 -). In winter 2000 a 204 meters deep was drilled through the impact formation in order to aquire a complete sample series from the formation. GEOLOGICAL-GEOPHYSICAL DATA ON WEAKNESS ZONES OF BEDROCK FOR BUILDING CLASSIFICATION AND ROCK ENGI- NEERING Project leader: Pajunen, Matti Project code: Project team: Airo, Meri-Liisa; Koistinen, Tapio; Korsman, Kalevi; Suominen, Veli; Vaarma, Markus; Nironen, Mikko; Elminen, Tuija; Lindqvist, Kristian; Mänttäri, Irmeli; Ahlsved, Christer; Lampio, Eero; Wennerström, Marit; Wasenius, Pekka; Niemelä, Reijo; Lindh, Anneli; Paananen, Markku; Virransalo, Petri; Ojamo, Heli Unit and section: Research and Development, Bedrock and Mineral Resources Schedule: structural geology; bedrock; shear zones; joints; faults; block structures; engineering geology maps; three-dimensional models; urban environment Geographical area: Southern Finland Province; Uusimaa; Helsinki; Espoo; Vantaa The three-years TEKES project of the Geological Survey of Finland "Geological-geophysical data on weakness zones of bedrock for building classification and rock engineering" was planned to carry the present geological and geophysical knowledge on evolution of our Precambrian bedrock into use of infra structural planning and building. For example, genesis of shear and fracturing zones are strongly connected to structural evolution of the crust. The properties of the zones differ remarkably according to their age. Thus, the zones have an important control on the mechanical properties of rock masses, and this is important when planning utilization of bedrock. The bedrock structures also have an effect on overlying quaternary sequences, for example, on thicknesses and characteristic of loose sediments that is important in underground building. The purpose of the modelling project is to develop a consistent terminology and to systematize and analyze information and data collected from the bedrock so it can be utilized in geological-technical applications. The project will also require development of a method to convert geological information into numerical information for use in database applications, for building classification systems and produce scientific-technical maps. Results of the study will have great importance in underground building, environmental services and 2

7 Bedrock and raw materials other industrial activities. The project will be require extensive co-operation between research and engineering geologists. The research area in the most tightly populated Helsinki - Espoo - Vantaa area. THE KAINUU-OUTOKUMPU -PROJECT Project leader: Paavola, Jorma Project code: Project team: Heino, Timo; Kontinen, Asko; Eskelinen, Jukka; Mäkelä, Antti Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: Int. collaborators: Leeds University, UK; Maryland University, USA areal geology; bedrock; mapping; lithologic maps; stratigraphy; structural geology; schist belts; ophiolite; mineral deposits, genesis Geographical area: Oulu Province; Kainuu; Eastern Finland Province; Pohjois-Savo; North Karelia The Kainuu-Outokumpu -project started in 1992 and the first phase ended in So far emphasis has been placed on bedrock mapping, which produces the primary data to be used in fundamental research, mineral exploration, evaluation of building and dimension stones as well as a part of the basis of the regional planning. During the first phase of the project a tectonostratigraphic map of the Kainuu Schist Belt (the zone between Rautavaara and Puolanka) was compiled, based on the results of long-term mapping and studies of the bedrock in the Kainuu and northern Savo areas. During the project the lithologic maps on the scale 1: of map-sheets Paltamo (3434), Kajaani (3431) and Rautavaara (3343) were published; the adjoining map-sheets Hyrynsalmi (3443), Sotkamo (3433), Nilsiä (3334), Lapinlahti (3332) and Iisalmi (3341) had been published earlier. In the course of the second phase of the project, the map-sheets Paltaniemi (3432), Vieremä (3342) and Laakajärvi (3344), with already completed field studies and Ylä-Luosta (4312), where mapping is still in progress, will be published. The study of the basaltic as well as the mantle sequence rocks of the ophiolite complexes in Kainuu, has produced significant scientific results published in international journals. Remarkable insights concerning the formation of the Outokumpu-type rock association and related ore deposits have been obtained, too. The origin, metasomatic alteration and metamorphism of the ophiolitic ultramafic rocks in North Karelia as well as the role of those processes generating the Outokumpu-type Cu-Zn-Co-ore deposits in the area are being studied in co-operation with scientists from Helsinki University, Outokumpu Mining Ltd. and other units of the GTK. The fundamental research aim is to develop a geological model and methods which could make it possible to delineate the most favourable zones for Outokumpu-type ore generation and the separate tectonically disrupted domains with the most probable ore formation inside the zones. >From the beginning of the second phase of the project (1999) a part of its capacity moved to the GEOMEX joint venture, where the know-how of the Outokumpu-association produced 3

8 Bedrock and raw materials in the project is applied to the practical exploration. Exploration of dimension stones in Mid- Finland will take yearly also a remarkable portion of personnel resources of the project, particularly during the field seasons. BEDROCK GEOLOGY OF THE SAVO REGION Project leader: Äikäs, Olli Project code: Project team: Pääjärvi, Antti; Lukkarinen, Heikki; Kinnunen, Keijo; Luukkonen, Mauri Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: areal geology; bedrock; mapping; lithologic maps; Precambrian Geographical area: Eastern Finland Province; Pohjois-Savo; Etelä-Savo The main purpose of the project is to prepare lithologic maps at the scale 1: and accompanying explanatory notes on the Kuopio region, with emphasis on their relevance to application for local government and urban planning. The project includes map sheets Rautalampi (3223), Karttula (3224; explanation only), Suonenjoki (3241), Kuopio (3242), Siilinjärvi (3331) and Juankoski (3333). The project will be completed in 2001, with a supplementary report "Contributions to the bedrock of the Kuopio region in 2000+" to accompany the maps and their explanations. QUALITY SYSTEM IN BEDROCK MAPPING Project leader: Kesola, Reino Project code: Project team: Paavola, Jorma; Lehtonen, Matti I.; Virransalo, Petri; Manninen, Tuomo; Kairakari, Hannu Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: quality systems; quality control; bedrock; mapping; lithologic maps Geographical area: Finland COORDINATION AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT IN BEDROCK MAPPING Project leader: Kesola, Reino Project code: Project team: Aatos, Soile; Koistinen, Tapio; Kousa, Jukka; Virransalo, Petri; Wennerström, Marit; Vallimies, Eija Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: cont. bedrock; mapping; lithologic maps; coordination 4

9 Bedrock and raw materials Geographical area: Finland BEDROCK OF THE PULJU SCHIST BELT Project leader: Manninen, Tuomo Project code: Project team: Nykänen, Vesa; Keinänen, Veikko; Lanne, Erkki; Aarrevaara, Jouni; Puljujärvi, Reijo Unit and section: Regional Office for Northern Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: bedrock; mapping; schist belts; greenstone belts; lithologic maps Geographical area: Lappi Province; Central Lapland; Kittilä; Sodankylä; Inari; Pulju The Pulju schist belt comprises a Palaeoproterozoic volcano-sedimentary succession which links the rocks of the Central Lapland greenstone belt with those on the Karasjok greenstone belt in northern Norway. A four-year geological mapping project was established in 1997 by GTK, in order to reveal the lithology and the lithostratigraphy of this still a largely unknown schist belt. The results of the work will be published as numeric maps and investigation reports. DIGITAL LITHOLOGICAL MAP OF NORTHERN FINLAND Project leader: Perttunen, Vesa Project code: Project team: Väänänen, Jukka; Hanski, Eero; Puljujärvi, Reijo Unit and section: Regional Office for Northern Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: cont. areal geology; bedrock; mapping; lithologic maps; digital data; Precambrian Geographical area: Northern Finland; Lappi Province; Oulu Province Bedrock data from Northern Finland is collected into databases and geological maps with explanations are produced from the data. Aerogeophysics JOINT MAGNETIC ANOMALY MAPS OF FINLAND, ESTONIA AND NORTHWESTERN AREAS OF RUSSIA AT A SCALE OF 1:1 MILLION Project leader: Korhonen, Juha Project code: Project team: Lehti, Aino Unit and section: Research and Development, Geophysics 5

10 Bedrock and raw materials Schedule: Int. collaborators: Geological Institute of the Technical University of Tallinn; Geological Survey of Estonia; Northwest Regional Geological Centre of Russia; State Company Mineral, Russian Federation areal geology; geophysical maps; magnetic survey maps; gravity survey maps; crust; petrophysics; data bases; interpretation; Baltic Shield Geographical area: Fennoscandia; Finland; Estonia; Russian Federation The aim of the project is to collect aeromagnetic 1 km x 1 km grids (DGRF-65 anomalies) in three areas (the Gulf of Finland and Surrounding Area, Central Finland - Karelia, and North Finland - Kola) and to compile magnetic anomaly maps at a scale of 1:1 million. The information will be completed by petrophysical information and Bouguer gravity grids of 5 km x 5 km, of which small scale maps will be drawn. Particulars of the data, details of the work and a regional interpretation of the information will be given in booklets. The data is governed by mutual data exchange agreements between the institutions. The results will be used in the compilation of digital magnetic and gravity maps of the Fennoscandian Shield at a scale of 1:1 million and corresponding databases. NATIONAL AEROGEOPHYSICAL MAPPING PROJECT Project leader: Kurimo, Maija Project code: Project team: Airo, Meri-Liisa; Hautaniemi, Heikki; Leinonen, Veli; Ahrari, Bahaaddin; Eteläaho, Jukka; Fahlstèn, Iiris; Halonen, Olli; Jäntti, Tuula; Kauranne, Matti; Koskinen, Teemu; Matikainen, Tarja; Nyman, Kai; Ojamo, Heli; Tolonen, Pirjo; Piispanen, Jouni; Sulkanen, Kalevi Unit and section: Regional Office for Southern Finland, Special Surveys Schedule: areal geology; geophysical surveys; airborne methods; mapping; magnetic methods; electromagnetic methods; radiometric methods; geophysical maps; digital data Geographical area: Finland; Western Finland Province; southern Pohjanmaa; Alavus; Central Finland; Suolahti; Southern Finland Province; Päijät-Häme; Lahti; Oulu Province; Pudasjärvi; Lappi Province; Vintilänkaira; Riisivaara Project s home page: Geological Survey of Finland has carried out systematic aerogeophysical low-altitude surveys in Finland since The mean terrain clearance has been meters and nominal line spacing 200 meters. Measured geophysical parameters are total magnetic field, electromagnetic field and earth s gamma radiation. The numerical data and maps are available. 6

11 Bedrock and raw materials QUALITY SYSTEMS IN AEROGEOPHYSICS AND MARINE GEOL- OGY Project leader: Multala, Jukka Project code: Project team: Rantataro, Jyrki Unit and section: Regional Office for Southern Finland, Special Surveys Schedule: quality control; quality systems; areal geology; geophysical surveys; airborne methods; mapping; geophysical maps; marine geology; marine geology maps Geographical area: Finland The objective of the project is to write Standard Operating Procedures for airborne surveys and acoustic-seismic soundings for marine geological surveys. Modelling of bedrock in Finland GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL MAPS OF THE FENNOSCAN- DIAN SHIELD AT A SCALE OF 1 : 2 MILLION Project leader: Koistinen, Tapio Project code: Project team: Korsman, Kalevi; Ekdahl, Elias; Korhonen, Juha; Wennerström, Marit; Kuosmanen, Eira; Lindh, Anneli; Kousa, Jukka; Manninen, Tuomo; Lehtonen, Matti I.; Suominen, Veli; Vaasjoki, Matti; Säävuori, Heikki Unit and section: Research and Development, Bedrock and Mineral Resources Schedule: Int. collaborators: Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU); Geological Survey of Norway (NGU); NWDNR, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation areal geology; geologic maps; lithologic maps; geophysical maps; Fennoscandian Shield; international cooperation Geographical area: Fennoscandia; Finland; Sweden; Norway; Russian Federation As an international work the Geological Map of the Fennoscandian Shield is compiled at a scale of 1 : 1 million, and will be edited and correlated between countries with the aim of its printing at a scale of 1 : 2 million. The printing will take place in The participating countries are Finland, Russia, Sweden and Norway. The whole international project is Geological and Geophysical Maps of the Fennoscandian Shield, in which the project leader is the international coordinator and the responsible person for the Geophysical part of the project is Juha Korhonen. 7

12 Bedrock and raw materials The project also includes other international activities related to different types of Geological Maps of the Fennoscandian Shield. At the moment they are participation in the activities of the Commission for the Geological Map of the world and the Sydnorden Project. EXPLANATIONS FOR THE GEOLOGICAL MAP OF FINLAND (1 : 1 MILL.) Project leader: Korsman, Kalevi Project code: Unit and section: Research and Development, Bedrock and Mineral Resources Schedule: areal geology; geologic maps; lithologic maps; explanatory text; bedrock; guidebook; Precambrian Geographical area: Finland SVECOFENNIAN OROGENY Project leader: Korsman, Kalevi Project code: Project team: Nironen, Mikko; Vaarma, Markus; Koistinen, Tapio; Lahtinen, Raimo; Suominen, Veli; Lindh, Anneli Unit and section: Research and Development, Bedrock and Mineral Resources Schedule: Int. collaborators: Hensen, Australia; Powell, Australia; Holland, Australia; Harley, UK; Harte, UK; Hopgood, UK; Glebovitsky, Russian Federation; Guiraud, France; Pichavant, France; Raith, Germany; Kalt, Germany Proterozoic; Svecofennian; orogeny; lithosphere; bedrock; high-grade metamorphism; migmatization; Fennoscandian Shield Geographical area: Finland The Svecofennian Island Arc system is composed of tree or more arcs differing from each other in geochemistry and in tectono-metamorphic evolution. The Svecofennides can be divided into following units: Pyhäsalmi Primitive Island Arc (the age of volcanism Ga), Central Finland Continental Arc (the age of volcanism Ga) and the Southern Finland Sedimentary Volcanic Complex (the age of volcanism Ga). The formation of the 2.06 Ga protolith for Svecofennian arc magmatism is based only on geochemical data and detrital zircon ages. The geotectonic model has been constructed by combining geophysical (seismic, electrical, gravimetric, thermal, magnetic, and petrophysical) and geological (lithological, structural, metamorphic, isotopic and geochemical) data. The tectonometamorphic evolution of the Svecofennides took place between Ga and intense fluid activity caused melting and migmatisation at pressures between 4-5 kb. The high temperature metamorphism is not clearly associated with the emplacement of granitoid intrusions and only the post-tectonic or anorogenic rapakivi granites dated at Ga 8

13 Bedrock and raw materials exhibit high temperature contact aureoles (T 800 C and P=2-3 kb). The migmatite area can be divided into two parts: a northern zone which is composed of psammitic paleosome with trondhjemitic leucosome and a southern zone which is characterized by pelitic paleosome and granitic neosome. The high temperature event in the trondhjemite zone ended Ga ago and in the granite zone Ga ago. The study of the Svecofennian Project focuses on solving the temporal and causal relationship between deformation, metamorphism, magmatism, evolution of ore bodies and on investigation the crustal thickness variation and the significance of crustal conductors. METALLOGENY AND GEOTECTONIC PROVINCES Project leader: Lahtinen, Raimo Project code: Project team: Koistinen, Esko; Kojonen, Kari; Korhonen, Juha; Korkiakoski, Esko; Lestinen, Pekka; Nurmi, Pekka; O Brien, Hugh; Parkkinen, Jyrki; Peltonen, Petri; Puustinen, Kauko; Rasilainen, Kalevi; Saltikoff, Boris; Savolainen, Heimo; Tontti, Mikko; Kurki, Pirkko; Lindh, Anneli; Pajari-Saltikoff, Liisa; Toropainen, Esko Unit and section: Research and Development, Bedrock and Mineral Resources Schedule: Int. collaborators: James Cook University, Australia; Michigan Technical University, USA; EGK, Estonia; Precambrian Institute, Russia; Natural History Museum, London; CANMET, Canada; BGR, Germany; University of Granada, Spain; VSEGEI, Norilsk Nickel, Russia; Geological Survey of Norway (NGU); Swedish Museum of Natural History, Sweden; Pretoria University, MINTEK, South Africa; CSIRO, Western Mining, Australia; UN Economic and Social Council metallogeny; metallogenic provinces; metal ores; mineral deposits; genesis; tectonic controls; metallogenic maps; Precambrian Geographical area: Finland The project provides information, jointly with other GTK projects, on the geological setting of different types of mineral deposits in Finland, their relationship to host rock type and their tectonometamorphic evolution. Development of metallogenic models is based on intregration of both regional and detailed studies in areas where evaluation of both known and potential deposit types is ongoing. Deposit scale models constructed with empirical data are used to focus explorational visions and guide the resultant course of action, e.g., selecting an appropriate methodology. The project aims also at fulfilling needs of current research in operational exploration carried out by other GTK projects or private enterprises, mainly through detailed single deposit studies. Another main goal of the project is to promote mineral exploration in Finland by providing information on present and potential deposit types, host rocks, genetic models, and exploration indicators. Results will be distributed as reports and maps (also via the Internet) 9

14 Bedrock and raw materials and as publications. ISOTOPE GEOLOGY Project leader: Huhma, Hannu Project code: Project team: Karhu, Juha; Mänttäri, Irmeli; Vaasjoki, Matti; Heikkinen, Lasse; Henttinen, Arja; Hokkanen, Tuula; Niemelä, Marita; Pulkkinen, Arto Unit and section: Research and Development, Bedrock and Mineral Resources Schedule: Int. collaborators: Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet/NORDSIM, Stockholm, Sweden; Geological Survey of Norway (NGU); Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelig universitet, Trondheim; The Technical University of Tallinn, Estonia; Russian Science Academy, St. Petersburg; Russian Science Academy, Apatity; Wrangel Island State Reserve, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Virginia Tech, USA absolute age; U/Pb; Sm/Nd; Rb/Sr; Pb/Pb; stable isotopes; crust; bedrock; Precambrian; international cooperation Geographical area: Finland The principal aim is to study the age and origin of the crust in Finland. The methods used at GTK include U-Pb (mainly on zircon), Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr, Pb-Pb and stable isotopes (O, C, H). There is also access to the joint Nordic SIMS (NORDSIM), which allows direct dating straight on zircon surface. Analyses of table isotopes are also used in environmental studies. The main strategy is to co-operate extensively with geologists at the GTK and at the Finnish universities, which promotes the utilization of isotope methods in a variety of major geological problems. LITHOSPHERIC GEOPHYSICS Project leader: Kukkonen, Ilmo Project code: Project team: Plado, Jüri; Mertanen, Satu; Leino, Matti; Korja, Toivo; Laine, Tuula Unit and section: Research and Development, Geophysics Schedule: Int. collaborators: Science Academy of Czech; Technical University of Zurich, Switzerland; University of Granada, Spain; GFZ-Potsdam, Germany; University of Göttingen, Germany; University of Tarto, Estonia; University of St. Petersburg, Russian federation; University of Lund, Sweden; University of Paris, France; University of Wien, Austria; University of Uppsala, Sweden; Geological Survey of Canada; Science Academy of Russia; Science Academy of Ukraine; University of Munster, Germany; University of Arizona, USA; Europrobe/Svekalapko-project; NEDRA, Russian federation; ESF-impact program; IGCP project; ILP project; 10

15 Bedrock and raw materials Geographical area: COPENA project; IUGG/IAGA project; EU/BASYS project; CNRS, France geophysical surveys; crust; lithosphere; temperature; heat flow; geothermal energy; paleomagnetism; impact craters; micrometeorites Fennoscandia; Finland; Sweden; Norway; Denmark; Russian Federation; Estonia; Latvia; Ukraine The project on lithospheric geophysics concentrates on studies of geothermal, palaeomagnetic, electromagnetic characteristics of the lithosphere of Fennoscandia as well as studies on impact craters and micrometeorites in sedimentary rocks. The essential activities are related to (1) investigation of the thermal regime of the crust and mantle with the aid of borehole and laboratory measurements and theoretical modelling, (2) palaeomagnetic studies of the geological evolution and plate motion of the Fennoscandian Shield, and Quaternary palaeomagnetism, (3) impact crater and micrometeorites, and (4) deep electromagnetic studies of the Fennoscandian Shield. DEEP REFLECTION SEISMIC SOUNDING IN FINLAND Project leader: Kukkonen, Ilmo Project code: Project team: Ekdahl, Elias; Lahtinen, Raimo; Korsman, Kalevi; Korhonen, Juha; Säävuori, Heikki; Elo, Seppo; Korja, Toivo; Virransalo, Petri; Suomela, Pekka Unit and section: Research and Development, Geophysics Schedule: Int. collaborators: Spetsgeofysika, Russian Federation; Mashinoexport, Russian Federation geophysical methods; deep seismic sounding; crust; structure; bedrock; interpretation; models Geographical area: Finland The aim of the project is to investigate the structure of the crust in Finland on several transects using reflection seismics during The project is participated by the GTK, and the universities of Helsinki and Oulu.The transects will be chosen according to critical geoscientific evaluation, and special attention is paid to the major geotectonic units of the Precambrian in Finland, the expected seismic properties of bedrock on the transects as well as the metallogenic significance of the target areas. The field work will be carried out by the Russian company Spetgeofysika acting as a contractor. The funding of the project is divided between the Finnish organization TEKES, GTK, Academy of Finland, and the balance in trade between Finland and Russia. The final funding scheme is open at the moment. 11

16 Bedrock and raw materials In 2000 the aim is to carry out negotiations with the Russian representatives of the project and its technical and economic aspects. ESF IMPACT 2000 Project leader: Plado, Jüri Project code: Project team: Elo, Seppo; Kivekäs, Liisa; Kujala, Hannu; Pihlaja, Pekka; Vaarma, Markus Unit and section: Research and Development, Geophysics Schedule: Int. collaborators: University of Munster, Germany geophysical methods; crust; structure; bedrock; shields; impact features; impact craters; meteor craters; symposia; international cooperation Geographical area: Finland The 4th workshop of the European Science Foundation IMPACT programme will be organised. It will take place in Lappajärvi, Finland, May 24-28, 2000, with a focus on characterisation of meteorite impact structures of all ages and sizes occurring in Precambrian shields. A post-workshop excursion with visits to Karikkoselkä and Sääksjärvi impact craters, and Satakunta sandstone which hosts the world s oldest micrometeorites, is planned. FOSSIL MICROMETEORITES AND METEORITE IMPACT EFFECTS IN ROCKS AND MINERALS Project leader: Plado, Jüri Project code: Project team: Pihlaja, Pekka; Kujala, Hannu; Kivekäs, Liisa; Elo, Seppo; Kinnunen, Kari; Korhonen, Juha; Jokinen, Tarmo; Lehtonen, Marja; Marmo, Jukka Unit and section: Research and Development, Geophysics Schedule: Int. collaborators: University of Münster, Germany; University of Paris, France; Russian Science Academy; Bayreuth University; University of Witwatersrand; University of Tarto, Estonia; University of Vienna, Austria; Science Academy of Ukraine geophysical methods; meteorites; micrometeorites; crust; bedrock; impact features; impact craters; meteor craters; asteroids; Mars Geographical area: Scandinavia; Finland; Russian Federation; Ukraine; Siberia; Ghana Part I. Fossil Micrometeorites: The aim of the project is to study the origin, preservation and age of the fossil micrometeorites discovered in Finnish Proterozoic sediments such as in 12

17 Bedrock and raw materials Satakunta sandstone. These micrometeorites provide new evidence for the amount and type of extraterrestrial material influx on Earth (basic planetary aspect) but they also provide a new tool to estimate the ancient oxygen content during their atmospheric passage and melting. In the next years, we will extend our investigations from Satakunta sandstone (where the world oldest micrometeorites were discovered) into Muhos (ca Ma) and Lauhavuori (ca. 800 Ma) sandstones in order to isolate new micrometeorites in these units. Analysis will be done partly in Muenster (D. Kettrup) and in Bayreuth and partly at GTK (Marja Lehtonen, Jukka Marmo). One Ph.D.-work (D. kettrup) is part of the project. In 2000 the first priorities are to further investigation of the Satakunta fossil micrometeorites (in co-operation with the University of Muenster),and in separating possible micrometeorites from the Lauhavuori and Muhos sandstones. Part II. Impact structures: The impact cratering in Fennoscandian Shield is analysed in international co-operation. In 2000 the first priorities are (i) detailed geological and geophysical investigations on several Finnish meteorite impact structures (Paasselkä, Saarijärvi, Lumparn, Söderfjärden, Sääksjärvi (drilling in 2000) and some other structures in neigboring countries (Jänisjärvi). Furthermore, joint international studies are ongoing concerning Bosumtwi (Ghana), Popigai (Siberia), Ilyinets (Ukraine), Vredefort impact craters. Impact diamonds are searched in all of these structures. The highlight of the year is the organization of the ESF-Impact Workshop in Lappajärvi, Finland. Part III. Meteorites: We will focus in understanding the magnetic properties of Martian meteorites since they provide unique data for future Mars mission and are internationally important. We will also measure several meteorite porosities since there is a global need for these measurement where the Finnish data base has been a unique one. Development of mineral exploration INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES FOR MINERAL EXPLORATION - PILOT PROJECT FOR NICKEL ORE DEPOSITS (GEONICKEL) Project leader: Soininen, Heikki Project code: Project team: Elo, Seppo; Vanhala, Heikki Unit and section: Research and Development, Geophysics Schedule: Int. collaborators: Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM), France; Iris Instruments, France; IGME, Greece; NCSR, Greece; Softeco Sismat, Italy mineral exploration; nickel ores; models; mineralogy; isotopes; geophysical methods; data integration; artificial intelligence; international cooperation; EU projects Geographical area: Finland; Greece 13

18 Bedrock and raw materials GeoNickel is a Brite-Euram EU project and its aim is to develop various methods for exploration of nickel deposits. The project includes several subprojects. WP2: Development of Geophysical Technology. WP3: Image Processing/Pattern Recognition. WP4: Design and Development of Geoscientific Information System (GEOSIS). WP5: Knowledge Based System. WP6: Final Integration. The project has partners in four countries: Outokumpu Mining Oy and GTK from Finland, BRGM and Iris Instruments from France, IGMR and NCRS from Greece and Softeco Sismat from Italy. STUDIES OF SHEAR ZONES AND ROCK ENGINEERING Project leader: Pajunen, Matti Project code: Project team: Airo, Meri-Liisa; Koistinen, Tapio; Korsman, Kalevi; Wennerström, Marit; Wasenius, Pekka; Niemelä, Reijo Unit and section: Research and Development, Bedrock and Mineral Resources Schedule: structural geology; bedrock; shear zones; joints; faults; block structures; brittle deformation Geographical area: Southern Finland Province; Uusimaa; Helsinki; Espoo; Western Finland Province; Satakunta; Pori Several studies have been published on shear zones in Finland, but no consistent compilation or modelling of shear zones or fracture systems exists. Shear zones, coherent blocks between them and brittle fracturing are closely associated with the evolution of bedrock evolution and with the intrinsic characteristics of the rock types. Thus, the genesis of shear and fracture zones has an important influence on the mechanical properties of rock masses, and therefore important to know when planning utilization of bedrock. Structural features of bedrock also have an effect on the thickness and characteristics of overlying surficial deposits. The purpose of the project is to develop a consistent terminology and to systematize and analyse information and data concernig the bedrock so that they can be utilized in geologicaltechnical applications. The development of a method is also required to convert geological data into digital format for the use in database applications, for classification systems in building and for producing scientific-technical maps. Also extensive co-operation will be required between scientists and engineering geologists. Results of the study will be highly relevant and of great importance in the projects of underground rock engineering and construction, in environmental services and in other industrial activities. The results will also benefit studies of the evolution of bedrock and of surficial deposits. 14

19 Bedrock and raw materials MINERALOGY, PIGMENTS AND LABORATORY SERVICES Project leader: Marmo, Jukka Project code: Project team: Chernet, Tegist; Johanson, Bo; Kinnunen, Kari; Lehtinen, Markku; Lehtonen, Marja; Lindqvist, Kristian; Kaivola Titta-Miia; Pakkanen, Lassi; Järvinen, Leena; Karhunen, Matti; Mäenluoma, Sirkku; Nissinen, Ahti; Saarinen, Mirja Unit and section: Research and Development, Bedrock and Mineral Resources Schedule: cont. industrial minerals; pigment minerals; diamonds; indicators; heavy minerals; laboratory studies; mineralogy; optical mineralogy The project is responsible for the research and development related to general mineralogy and production/processing mineralogy. In particular, the provision of high quality associated laboratory services, investigations and studies are given the highest priority at both national and international levels. The target groups include exploration activities, industries, municipalities, consulting engineers and other research institutions both inside and outside the field of geoscience. The research group possesses a high degree of expertise in electron microanalysis, XRDanalysis, thermal analysis, separation and concentration of minerals, microphotography, and other areas. Several years of experience in contract work have been obtained through services carried out to benefit customers in Europe as well as overseas. Activities in the near future will be focused on microparticle research, such as into pigment and clay minerals. DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS IN ORE ANALYSIS Project leader: Juvonen, Riitta Project code: Project team: Kontas, Esko; Rautiainen, Irja; Saikkonen, Risto; Heiskanen, Leena Unit and section: Chemical laboratory, Espoo Schedule: cont. Int. collaborators: exploration organisations; mining industry chemical analysis; methods; development; metal ores; precious metals; industrial minerals; pigment minerals; platinum group; rare earths The aim of the project is to develop methods of chemical analysis required by the Rock and Raw Materials Program. QUALITY SYSTEMS IN MINERAL EXPLORATION Project leader: Kontoniemi, Olavi Project code:

20 Bedrock and raw materials Project team: Honkamo, Mikko; Iljina, Markku; Lehtinen, Markku; Parkkinen, Jyrki; Sarapää, Olli Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: mineral exploration; bedrock; raw materials; quality systems; quality control Geographical area: Finland MAGMATISM AND ORE GENESIS Project leader: Mutanen, Tapani Project code: Project team: Turunen, Pertti; Vuojärvi, Pauli; Lanne, Erkki; Salmirinne, Heikki Unit and section: Regional Office for Northern Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: Int. collaborators: exploration organisations; mining companies mineral deposits; genesis; magmatism; mafic magmas; layered intrusions; pegmatites; gold ores; platinum ores Geographical area: Lappi Province; Sodankylä; Koitelainen; Kaikkivaltiaanlehto; Kaitaselkä; Savukoski; Arajärvi; Pelkosenniemi; Sakkala-aapa; Inari; Vuontisjärvi; Salla; Auermavaara; Sokka; Ranua; Tervonkangas; Lehto; Nuupas The project is composed of studies in ore-forming processes associated with generation and crystallization of magmas. It includes also exploration of magma-associated ores and mineral deposits. DEVELOPMENT OF GOLD DEPOSIT MODELLING IN CHINA (TIAN- JIN) Project leader: Korkiakoski, Esko Project code: Unit and section: Regional Office for Northern Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: Int. collaborators: Tianjin Geolgical Academy (TGA), China; Geological Byro/State Administration of Metallurgical Industry; Gold Byro mineral exploration; greenstone belts; gold ores; geochemical methods; glaciated terrains; geographic information systems; international cooperation Geographical area: China As a result of two visits to China (June 1995 and Nov 1998), cooperation with the Tianjin Geological Academy has been established on a concrete level. The Ministry of Trade and 16

21 Bedrock and raw materials Industry of Finland has given a special grant of FIM to develop scientific and tecnical cooperation with China and to cover the travelling expencences of the two chinese experts from TGA. Up to now about half of the money has been used. TGA has given GTK an extensive data paggage including the geological maps of various scales and TM-satellite images from the Shandong province and more detailed geochemical data paggage of samples covering an area of 1800 km2 from the Zhaoyen granitegreenstone belt. The data will be combined as an GIS-project and used to define gold potential zones The report of the interpretations and the GIS-paggege will be used in marketing the GTK s know-how and experience in gold exploration within the covered, glasiated terranes and to demonstrate the technical skills.and GIS. The final goal is to check the possibilities for a commercial cooperative project. ELECTRIC PULSE DISAGGREGATION APPARATUS Project leader: Iljina, Markku Project code: Project team: Kouri, Pentti; Honkamo, Mikko Unit and section: Regional Office for Northern Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: Int. collaborators: State Scientific Centre of Russia / Loupal, Sergei, Pietari instruments; rocks; crushing; separation; development The purpose of the project is to built an electric pulse disaggregation apparatus, which breaks rock along mineral boundaries without any mechanical breakdown of mineral grains. It is a mineral separation technique that liberates all mineral grains from any igneous or metamorphic rock irrespective of its lithology or grain-size distribution. The normal mechanical crushing of whole-rock samples is replaced by the rending effect of an explosion, which is produced by applying an electric current from a high-voltage power source. Archaean greenstone belts and associated ore genesis, especially exploration of nickel and gold deposits ARCHAEAN TERRAINS IN EASTERN FINLAND Project leader: Pietikäinen, Kimmo Project code: Project team: Hartikainen, Aimo; Halkoaho, Tapio; Tenhola, Markku; Korhonen, Juha; Koistinen, Esko; Niskanen, Matti; Saastamoinen, Martti; Mäkelä, Antti; Eronen, Alpo Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: mineral exploration; schist belts; greenstone belts; komatiite; gold ores; nickel ores; lead-zinc deposits; copper ores; crust; Archean 17

22 Bedrock and raw materials Geographical area: Eastern Finland Province; North Karelia; Ilomantsi; Kiihtelysvaara; Nurmes; Oulu Province; North Ostrobothnia; Kainuu; Kuhmo; Suomussalmi The project was established by the Regional Office for Mid-Finland in 1992 and is expected to continue until The study area includes the Archean region in the eastern part of the country, between the Russian border and the Palaeoproterozoic schist belts in Kainuu and North Karelia. The project emphasizes general geological evolution throughout the late Archean, as well as Palaeoproterozoic reactivation and reworking of Archean crust. Initially, however, priority will be given to exploration and assessment of gold potential, particularly in the late Archean greenstone belts in Ilomantsi, Kuhmo and Suomussalmi, and also to Zn-Pb and Ni-mineralizations in the latter two areas. The project will also involve regional mapping in collaboration with the Research and Development unit, examining Archean metamorphic and structural evolution and aspects of Archean crustal formation and reactivation of the crust during the Palaeoproterozoic. Also co-operation with other groups both in the GTK and with the departments of geology and geophysics in the universities will be done. The project team comprises of experts on exploration of Archaen nickel and gold ores, structural geology and geochemistry of till. It also has good contacts with the colleagues in Russian Karelia and knowledge of Karelian geology. ARCHAEAN TERRAINS IN NORTHERN FINLAND, PART II Project leader: Juopperi, Heikki Project code: Project team: Karvinen, Antero; Pernu, Teuvo; Turunen, Pertti; Rossi, Seppo; Nykänen, Vesa; Salmirinne, Heikki; Kvist, Mikko; Vuojärvi, Pauli Unit and section: Regional Office for Northern Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: Int. collaborators: exploration organisations; mining companies bedrock; mapping; mineral exploration; gold ores; massive sulfide deposits; greenstone belts; Archean Geographical area: Northern Finland; Lappi Province; Ranua; Pudasjärvi; Kuivaniemi; Oijärvi; Välikangas; Konivesakot; Karahkalehto; Kompsakumpu; Patonenäkkeenselkä The Archaean greenstone belts all over the world are known to be potential for many ore deposits especially for Au- and Ni-deposits. This is the good argument to suppose that large but poorly known Archaean areas in northern Finland could be potential target for exploration. GTK has done geological and ore potential investigations in Archaean areas of Northern Fin- 18

23 Bedrock and raw materials land since These investigations have expressed a lot of new geological data and proved the Tuntsa metasedimentary belt in Eastern Lapland and Oijärvi greenstone belt in Pudasjärvi area to be potential for Au-occurrences. This project will continue the investigations in Archaean areas concentrating on the Oijärvi greenstone belt and detailed exploration in the Tuntsa metasedimentary belt. The aim of the project is to locate new ore potential zones and ore mineralisations. The results of the project will be published as investigation reports, numerical maps and publications. Layered intrusions in Northern Finland, their ore potential and early Proterozoic evolution of the crust BASIC MAGMATISM Project leader: Hanski, Eero Project code: Unit and section: Regional Office for Northern Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: Int. collaborators: University of Moscow, Russian Federation; Maryland University, USA; University of Tasmania, Vladimir Kamenetsky; Voronezh State University, Stanislav Gornostaev igneous rocks; mafic composition; ultramafic composition; intrusions; volcanic rocks; petrology; geochemistry; structural geology; tectonics Geographical area: Lappi Province; Central Lapland; Kittilä; Sodankylä; Keivitsa; Koitelainen; Savukoski; Akanvaara; Silmäsvaara; Rantavaara; Eastern Finland Province; North Karelia; Juuka; Nunnanlahti The occurrence, age relations, petrological characteristics, and genesis of basic or ultrabasic metavolcanics, dikes, and intrusions and their relations to the evolution of the Fennoscandian Shield are studied by employing mineralogical, geochemical and isotopic methods. LAYERED IGNEOUS COMPLEXES IN NORTHERN FINLAND Project leader: Iljina, Markku Project code: Project team: Isomaa, Jorma; Räsänen, Jorma; Nykänen, Vesa; Salmirinne, Heikki; Vuollo, Jouni; Parkkinen, Jyrki; Elo, Seppo; Kurttila, Seppo Unit and section: Regional Office for Northern Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: layered intrusions; igneous rocks; mafic composition; mineral deposits, genesis; metal ores; mineral exploration; Proterozoic Geographical area: Northern Finland; Oulu Province; North Ostrobothnia; Koillismaa; Pudasjärvi; Taivalkoski; Kuusamo; Lappi Province; Posio 19

24 Bedrock and raw materials The project concentrates on studying of the 2.45 Ga layered igneous complexes in Northern Finland. The emplacement of these as well as the other Fennoscandian Early Palaeoproterozoic layered intrusions was part of a globally recognized episode of igneous activity that introduced layered intrusions and mafic dyke swarms such as the Jimberlana intrusion in Australia, the Great Dyke in Zimbabwe, the Scourie dykes in Scotland, the Hearst-Matachewan dyke swarm, Copper Cliff Formation and East Bull Lake intrusion in Canada, and Vestfold Hills and Napier Complex dyke swarm in Antarctica. The parental magma of the Fennoscandian intrusions is characterized by relatively high MgO and Cr contents and relatively high SiO2 content compared to MgO content. These types of magma have been referred to either as basaltic komatiites, boninites or siliceous highmagnesium basalts and have been found to have potential for Cr, Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide, PGE and Fe-Ti-V oxide mineralization. Examples of well known economic deposits of this type are the ones hosted by the South-African Bushveld, Great Dyke, Chinese Jinchuan and Finnish Kemi intrusions. The intraplate mafic layered intrusions are also commonly associated with the extrusion of mafic to felsic magmas, with the emplacement of granites and formation of granophyres, for example in the Bushveld and Pilbara craton of Australia. These can be highly critical for Sn(- W) mineralization. In the Fennoscandian Shield large granite and granophyre formations are found within the complexes of Koitelainen and Koillismaa. The Koillismaa Layered Complex (2.45 Ga) forms the principal research target but also preliminary investigations of the other layered complexe will be commenced. In the Koillismaa area the project aims to search and study deep structures, survey the feeder channel system and to collect all available petrological data. A diamond drilling programme will be carried out to evaluate mineral resources and to test the validity of the existing geological map. All the geodata will be integrated into a Geographical Information System (GIS) where it can be digitally overlained and interrogated. Exploration of Outokumpu-type and other massive sulfide deposits and early evolution of Svecofennian orogeny VIHANTI-PYHÄSALMI PROJECT (MINERAL EXPLORATION) Project leader: Kousa, Jukka Project code: Project team: Iisalo, Esko; Luukas, Jouni; Nikander, Jarmo; Ruotsalainen, Aimo; Västi, Kaj; Rasilainen, Kalevi; Ruotoistenmäki, Tapio; Koskivuori, Hannu; Stranius, Tuomo Unit and section: Regional Office for Mid-Finland, Bedrock and Raw Materials Schedule: Int. collaborators: James Cook University (JCU), Economic Geology Research Unit, Australia mineral exploration; zinc ores; copper ores; lead ores; massive sul- 20

25 Bedrock and raw materials Geographical area: fide deposits; mineral deposits; genesis; structural geology; mapping; bedrock; Ladoga-Bothnian Bay zone Oulu Province; North Ostrobothnia; Raahe; Ruukki; Pattijoki; Siikajoki; Vihanti; Rantsila; Pyhäjoki; Pulkkila; Piippola; Haapavesi; Oulainen; Kestilä; Liminka; Lumijoki; Muhos; Pyhäntä; Kärsämäki; Pyhäjärvi; Kainuu; Vaala; Eastern Finland Province; Pohjois-Savo; Pielavesi; Keitele The two phased Vihanti-Pyhäsalmi project was set up by GTK in The first stage of the project was concluded in 1997 and the second stage started at the beginning of 1998 and is planned to continue until the end of the year The Palaeoproterozoic Svecofennian bedrock and its geological history will be studied, methods of mapping and mineral exploration will be developed and ore geological investigations performed in the Raahe-Lake Lagoda -zone. This oldest part of the Svecofennides ( Ga) is the most important region for the occurrence of massive Zn-Cu-Pb-ores in Finland and there has been mining activity in the region ever since the 1950 s, with a total production of more than 60 million tons of ore. Nowadays there are still two mines operating in the area, Pyhäsalmi and Mullikkoräme, of which the former has started in the beginning of the 1960 s. The main study area is the Vihanti-Pyhäsalmi-Pielavesi sulfide ore zone. The exploration is also focused on assessment of the ore potential in the immediate environment of already known mineralizations, as well as on the identification of the processes connected with the ore genesis and delineation of potentially favourable lithological units in previously unexplored terrain. The most important exploration targets will be the Vihanti- Näsälänperä area (map sheets ) and Pielavesi-Keitele area (Kangasjärvi-Teerimäki; map sheets 3312 and 3314). The other important task of the project is regional mapping and studies of bedrock, since the existing lithologic maps of the region originate in the mainly in the s (1: scale mapping program of GTK). For a part of the region the latest maps are still older, originating from the 1930 s (1: scale mapping). The aim of the bedrock studies is to create new foundation for both the exploration and scientific work to promote better understanding of the Svecofennian orogeny. The bedrock mapping and studies will be concentrated upon the areas and lithologic units known to be significant for exploration. The project involves close co-operation with other GTK scientists in geophysics, isotope geology, metamorphic processes and geochemistry. As result more accurate geological maps and insights into the nature of volcanism and tectonometamorphic history of the Svecofennian bedrock and their relationship to the ore forming processes in the Raahe-Lake Ladoga zone will be produced. GEOMEX Project leader: Kuronen, Urpo / Outokumpu Mining Project code: Project team: Kontinen, Asko; Västi, Kaj; Heino, Timo; Kokkonen, Jyrki; Peltonen, Petri; Ruotoistenmäki, Tapio; Parkkinen, Jyrki; Saastamoinen, Martti; 21