Spectrométrie d absorption moléculaire UV-visible
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1 Spectrométrie d absorption moléculaire 1
2 faibles quantités échantillon liquide byfiles.storage.live.com/y1php6mrdyehuw8p4jw0... non destructrice bp0.blogger.com/.../m_7spgk78eu/s400/boum_4.png s'applique à un très grand nombre de dosages 2
3 Certaines molécules absorbent certaines longueurs d ondes du spectre : loi de - Étude qualitative structurale par l analyse des spectres d absorption sciexp.ch/images/chimiste.gif 3
4 E = h ν = h C / λ 4
5 d absorption moléculaire en bandes larges peu nombreuses 5
6 Domaine spectral 6
7 dans le visible : couleurs des molécules 7
8 Absorbance ou densité optique 8
9 Loi de 9
10 Loi de 10
11 A λ = ε λ. l. C Les dosages 11
12 des ions permanganate MnO 4 - oxidationsystems.com/.../permanganate.jpg Gamme de dilution ou d étalonnage 12
13 d absorption moléculaire en UVvisible MnO 4-13
14 des ions permanganate MnO 4 - oxidationsystems.com/.../permanganate.jpg Vo en (ml) C = [ MnO 4 - ] en mol/l 14
15 des ions permanganate MnO 4 - oxidationsystems.com/.../permanganate.jpg Vo en (ml) C = [ MnO 4 - ] en mol/l
16 des ions permanganate MnO 4 - oxidationsystems.com/.../permanganate.jpg Mesure de l absorbance des solutions Préalablement à ces mesures, le chimiste a réglé, avec une cuve remplie d'eau, le zéro d'absorbance de l'appareil 16
17 des ions permanganate MnO 4 - Vo en (ml) C = [ MnO 4 - ] en mol/l Absorbance A λ 0,22 0,44 0,66 0,88 1,1 17
18 des ions permanganate MnO 4 - A λ = f (C) pedagogie.ac-montpellier.fr/.../loupe.gif 18
19 Etude spectrophotométrique d une réaction A λ = f (t) 19
20 [C] max mesurée [C] max = A max / (εl) 20
21 O 21
22 Transitions électroniques des composés organiques 22
23 Coefficient d extinction ε 23
24 Chromophore et chromogène Chromophore : groupement d atomes responsables d absorptions caractéristiques Chromogène : squelette d une molécule transparent porteur d un ou de plusieurs chromophores 24
25 Chromophores isolés Chromophore Exemple Transition électronique λ max, nm ε Solvant C=C Ethene π > π* hexane C C 1-Hexyne π > π* hexane C=O Ethanal n > π* hexane π > π* hexane N=O Nitromethane n > π* π > π* ethanol ethanol C-X X=Br X=I Methyl bromide Methyl Iodide n > σ* n > σ* hexane hexane 25
26 Chromophore des systèmes conjugués effet hyperchrome chromophore λmax Log ε C=C (C=C) (C=C) (C=C) effet bathochrome 26
27 Déplacement des bandes d absorption Effet Conséquences Hypsochrome (Blue shift) λ max diminue Bathochrome (Red shift) λ max augmente Hyperchrome I max augmente Hypochrome I I max diminue 27
28 Le spectrophotomètre 28
29 Eléments constituant un spectrophotomètre 29
30 La cuve 30
31 Pour conclure 31
32 Analyse moléculaire 32
33 Spectrométrie d absorption moléculaire bandes d absorbances λ max ε caractéristique à λ donnée de la molécule Analyse quantitative dosages grâce à la loi de - 33
34 Détecteur : la photodiode ou semi-conducteur 34
35 Transitions électroniques des composés organiques 35
36 Techniques séparatives Chromatographiques 36
37 Analyse moléculaire 37
38 Analyse élémentaire chromatographie volumétrie potentiométrie conductimétrie 38
39 Techniques séparatives Chromatographiques La chromatographie : généralités La chromatographie en phase gazeuse CPG La chromatographie ionique La chromatographie d exclusion-diffusion La chromatographie liquide haute pression Techniques couplées (GC-MS) 39
40 Chromophore des systèmes conjugués molecule wavelength of maximum absorption (nm) ethene 171 buta-1,3-diene 217 hexa-1,3,5-triene
41 Woodward-Fieser Rules for Calculating the π > π* λ max of Conjugated Carbonyl Compounds Core Chromophore nm R = H 210 nm R = OR' 195 nm Cyclopentenone 202 nm R = Alkyl 215 Substituent and Influence α- Substituent R- (Alkyl Group) +10 nm Cl- (Chloro Group) +15 Br- (Chloro Group) +25 HO- (Hydroxyl Group) +35 RO- (Alkoxyl Group) +35 RCO 2 - (Acyl Group) +6 β- Substituent R- (Alkyl Group) +12 nm Cl- (Chloro Group) +12 Br- (Chloro Group) +30 HO- (Hydroxyl Group) +30 RO- (Alkoxyl Group) +30 RCO 2 - (Acyl Group) +6 RS- (Sulfide Group) +85 R 2 N- (Amino Group) +95 γ & δ- Substituents R- (Alkyl Group) +18 nm (both γ & δ) HO- (Hydroxyl Group) +50 nm (γ) RO- (Alkoxyl Group) +30 nm (γ) Further π -Conjugation C=C (Double Bond) C 6 H 5 (Phenyl Group) (i) Each exocyclic double bond adds 5 nm. In the example on the right, there are two exo-double bond components: one to ring A and the other to ring B. (ii) Homoannular cyclohexadiene component adds +35 nm (ring atoms must be counted separately as substituents) (iii) Solvent Correction: water = 8; methanol/ethanol = 0; ether = +7; hexane/cyclohexane = λ max (calculated) = Base + Substituent Contributions and Corrections
42 La source Lampe à décharge au deutérium Lampe à filament de tungstène 42
43 Le monochromateur 43
44 Détecteur : Le photomultiplicateur 44
45 Effet du aux solvants : solvatochromie 45
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