Creating a Resource Efficient Building Sector in Africa Sub-Saharan Countries

Transcription

1 Creating a Resource Efficient Building Sector in Africa Sub-Saharan Countries Philippine WATERKEYN Project manager philippine.waterkeyn@energies2050.org Stéphane POUFFARY Chief Executive Officer stephane.pouffary@energies2050.org UNEP-SBCI Fall Symposium on Sustainable Buildings Paris, France November 2013 Organizer Co-organizers

2 Our commitment for a new development model ENERGIES 2050 is an international Non-Governmental Organisation which gathers more than fifty nationalities ENERGIES 2050 works on the Great Transition. This includes not only the energy transition but also the shift towards a more human, plural and united society, bringing peace and respecting the common goods of humanity

3 ENERGIES 2050 intervenes on Ecodevelopment and sustainable development Climate policies (mitigation, adaptation and resiliency) Energy and environmental policies Energy Transition Perfect command of the energy demand (energy sobriety and efficiency) Development of renewable energy sources Building and Construction sectors Stakes and challenges of rural and urban territories Sustainable cities Natural resources, common goods of humanity The economics of ecology and of the environment Dynamics responsible business and corporate performance Sustainable tourism Low-carbon development strategies Gender equity Social dynamics and behavioural changes Environmental education Civic-minded action

4 Examples of activities on Buildings and Cities Concrete and replicable projects Researches and pilot projects on buildings and cities related carbon mechanisms (CDM, MRV, New market mechanisms, NAMAs,...) SBCI Initiative (Sustainable Building and Climate Change) Founding member and Elected Advisory Board

5 The NEZEH project in the Tourism sector Focus on the service of the building Refurbishment of Hotels to became Nearly Zero-Energy Hotels

6 A Global Initiative for a systemic approach Initiative de la Francophonie pour des Ville Durables International initiative on cities based on a systemic approach Federate to scale up Training energy transition for African architects, urban planners and managers

7 An international citizens' initiative The Thrid edition will be on buildings and cities

8 Scope of our study A SBCI State of Play report Realized by ENERGIES 2050 and its partners A research partnership with EAMAU - African School of Architecture and Urbanism (École Africaine des Métiers de l Architecture et de l Urbanisme) 8

9 Scope of our study Area of study A Regional study Among the 14 countries covered by EAMAU A series of National analyses - Benin (Coastal and mixed) - Cameroon (Mixed coastal & continental) - Wetland - Niger (Sahelian) - Senegal (Coastal) - Chad (Continental) - Togo (Coastal and mixed) EAMAU UEMOA BOAD CEMAC CEDEAO Bénin Bénin Bénin Bénin Burkina-Faso Burkina-Faso Burkina-Faso Burkina-Faso Cameroun Cameroun Cap-Vert Centrafrique Centrafrique Congo Congo Côte d Ivoire Côte d Ivoire Côte d Ivoire Côte d Ivoire Gabon Gabon Gambie Ghana Guinée Guinée-Bissau Guinée-Bissau Guinée-Bissau Guinée-Bissau Guinée équatoriale Guinée équatoriale Libéria Mali Mali Mali Mali Niger Niger Niger Niger Nigéria Sénégal Sénégal Sénégal Sénégal Sierra-Leone Tchad Tchad Togo Togo Togo Togo 9

10 Scope of our study Objectives: State of the art of the sustainable buildings Enlighten the stakes and opportunities for energy efficiency in the building sector Present the best practices and some recommendations Create trend and alternative scenarios A focus on social housing Create a link with the development of African cities Assess the financing schemes 10

11 Energy in Sub-Saharan Africa A poor electricity distribution Electrification rate Population without electricity access Electrification rate in sub-saharan Africa Source : World Energy Outlook, IEA,

12 Energy in Sub-Saharan Africa Heavy reliance on traditional and fossil fuels Source : ADEME Source: ADEME, «les consommations d énergie de pays de la CEDEAO et de la CEMAC» 12

13 Energy in Sub-Saharan Africa African electricity consumption in 2009 Final consumption (GWh) Total: GWh 100% Consumption Ratio Industry % Transport % Residential % Services % Agriculture % Others % Source: Econoler 13

14 Specificities of the African city A high urbanization rate Urban population by major geographical area Source: UN - World urbanization prospects the 2011 revision 14

15 Specificities of the African city A lack of urban planning expansion of random horizontal buildings absence of formal housing market Informal buildings! Slum in Senegal Source : UN-HABITAT 15

16 Specificities of the African city Vulnerability towards climate change Informal buildings in critical places Climatic stress already important (draught, flood, extreme events ) Flooding in Dakar Source : UN-HABITAT Nancy Palus/IRIN 16

17 Challenges remain the same Cities at the forefront Relies on highly interdependent integrated systems Any impact on one area affects another area Source : UN-HABITAT Unleashing the economic potential of agglomeration in African cities 17

18 Challenges remain the same Cities at the forefront A better Quality of life as a performance measurement tool Access to water, energy, efficient transportation system, quality housing, food, health, education, security, a wastewater treatment and waste management networks as well as a healthy environment, a sufficient number of decent jobs and more personal notions such as the well-being, happiness or social equity. GINI coefficient in function of the urbanization rate Source : UN-HABITAT l Etat des villes africaines

19 Photography of the built environment Key figures: 60 M new dwellings were needed for the period billion USD needed in urban infrastructures to receive the 340M people in the next 20 years Annual housing deficit (source UN-HABITAT «Affordable housing in Africa») Annual housing deficit In 2010 building sector +6.7% turnover (46 billion ) 19

20 Photography of the built environment Specificities of the African sector: Strong informal market Population with low incomes No need for heating in many countries (West Africa) Electricity and water networks strongly deficient Lack of skills, tools and information 20

21 Photography of the built environment Different issues for different buildings A sector by nature complex and very fragmented a situation even more complex in Africa Modern Buildings: Public buildings, hotels, offices, large residential buildings Construction by large groups with the possibility to apply international standards Individual houses and small buildings Provided by local SMEs with traditional methods, implementation of simple materials and equipment Colonial buildings Ancient buildings A bridge between traditional and modern buildings Self-construction and informal construction Construction performed by unqualified people, outside of any standard or regulation The conditions for success: Respect the coexistence of these three markets. One can not advance by a strict regulatory pathway such as buildings codes. Need to work on solutions that can move progressively from one to another. Example: slum upgrading 21

22 Buildings Energy efficiency: actual situation Housing and services buildings represent more than 80% of the energy consumption and the greenhouse gas emissions in Africa if we include wood for cooking Energy efficiency is seen as an issue of poor priority compared to the installation of production means and diverse infrastructures Lack of data Many related energy centers. (example the center of renewable energy and energy efficiency (CEREEC) for the CEDEAO Objective: to contribute to the sustainable economic, social and environmental development of West Africa by improving access to modern, reliable and affordable energy services, energy security and reduction of energy related GHG emissions and climate change impacts on the energy system A Code for Building Energy Efficiency in progress: Côte d Ivoire Senegal Benin 22

23 Buildings Energy efficiency: actual situation Some figures: In Côte d Ivoire, energy consumption for offices and hotels vary from 250 kwh/(m 2.a) to 400 kwh/(m 2.a) although an official limit of 175 kwh/(m 2.a) exists Building energy consumption in Africa: 18% 6% 3% heating and cooling hot water Source PNUD 60% fridge lighting 23

24 A high energy efficient African building: myth or possible reality? 3 issues to work on simultaneously: 1. Increase Energy efficiency - An enhanced insulation on the roof for sun protection, solar protection devices and passive cooling, ventilation control, uptake of passive solar energy, optimization of energy consumption of appliances 24

25 A high energy efficient African building: myth or possible reality? 2. Develop Renewable energy generation At least solar thermal for water heating and depending on the financial scheme : solar photovoltaic for electricity production, geothermal surface for cooling Matthew French/UN-HABITAT 3. Increase energy sobriety behavioral changes, efficient equipment Renewable Resources Map Source : IRENA 25

26 Energy Efficient Buildings in Africa: an underestimated treasure of opportunities High benefits of more efficient buildings Improve the comfort Reduce the consumption of energy, and therefore the bill Type zone Electricity saving (kwh/an) Additional cost savings Pay back period (year) 2 rooms Abidjan rooms Abidjan rooms Lomé rooms Lomé Reduce the greenhouse gas emissions Create jobs Simulation from ECONOLER 26

27 Energy Efficient Buildings in Africa: an underestimated treasure of opportunities Some solutions Dialogue between the different actors Public/Private Local/National Formal/Informal Decentralization Decentralization of responsibilities (urban planning, housing projects ) but also of means of action (local property taxes) Growing importance of secondary cities Reliving congestion of the central administrations 27

28 Energy Efficient Buildings in Africa: an underestimated treasure of opportunities Better practices Bio-climatic approach Bio-climatic architecture takes in count the characteristics of the site in order to minimize the energy needs of the building and to create a more comfortable environment This includes: Orientation of the building Insulation Natural cooling and ventilation Such an approach could be very efficient in Sub-Saharan Africa because of the natural warm climate, the little cost of these measures and the adequacy with the traditional building techniques 28

29 Energy Efficient Buildings in Africa: an underestimated treasure of opportunities Better practices Local materials The use of local material presents many advantages: easily available cheap good thermal performance local skills Such material can be Vegetable fiber Soil Mud Wood 29

30 Conclusion, the way forward : Buildings and Cities Drivers of change for Africa Act now to avoid Lock in effect Sustainable cities and sustainable buildings need to be put in the upfront of national agendas The need to transform constraints into opportunities Importance of the cooperation North/South but also South/South Better consideration of carbon finance and NAMAs 30

31 UNEP-SBCI Fall Symposium on Sustainable Buildings Paris, France November 2013 Thank you for your attention Philippine WATERKEYN - Project manager Stéphane POUFFARY - Chief Executive Officer 31