E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn. Frequency Spectrum and Applications

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1 Frequency Spectrum and Applications

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4 Si CMOS/BJTs SiGe HBT III -V FETs/HBTs Automotive Road Pricing Navigation/Aerospace GPS x -band Radar A/D + D/A Converters Transport communications Communications Collision Avoidance GSM DCS DECT ISM WLAN G -Ethernet DBS WLAN LMDS Frequency (GHz)

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8 Wireless Applications

9 Defence Applications Phased-array radar Secure Communications Electronic warfare (e.g. Electronic Surveillance Measures, ECM, ECCM, decoys) Explosive/Biological weapon Detection Altimeters Smart munitions Remote sensing, for surveillance (e.g. Synthetic aperture radar, Radiometers for passive millimetre-wave imaging)

10 Space Applications Communications satellites (e.g. Low earth orbit mobile systems, Steerable phased-array antennas For footprint control) Remote sensing, for environmental monitoring (e.g. Synthetic aperture radar, Radiometers) Astronomy (using radiometers) Altimeters Station-keeping

11 Civil Applications Direct Broadcasting by Satellite (DBS) Satellite TVRO VSAT earth terminals Bluetooth Mobile phones Autonomous cruise control LOS communications Automatic tolling & telematics Fibre-optic systems Search & rescue Global positioning (GPS) Security scanners Broadband Wireless RFID and tagging (e.g. MVDS LMDS) Smart cards Wireless local loop Medical systems Wireless WANs, LANs, HANs, PANs

12 Wireless Communications

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14 RFID and Tagging

15 Short Range Reader (read range 1-2m) Received signal from frequency Fi Transmitted signal to Frequencies Fi, 2Fi, 3Fi Antenna Nonlinear Device Incident frequency Fi: GHz or GHz Often used for Road Tolling windscreen tag Microwaves required high frequency = narrow antenna beam

16 Medium Range Tolling and Access Tags for auto tolls RFID for gate and garage entry Telematics

17 Long Range Uses Orange network and internet ~ 430 FleetCAD Trakker (USA)

18 Space Systems

19 Iridium now used by the US Military only! DBS

20 GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM The 3 signals arrive at slightly different times, so position can be calculated Basic GPS 129 Voice direction 499

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22 Satellite TV: GHz (Europe) 50cm dish + indoor unit Astra 2D UK spot beam Astra 2D Built by Boeing, launched Ariane 5, Dec metre dish, 16 x 39W transmitters 1600 watt solar panels, 1445 kg launch mass

23 Mobile Communications

24 In the very, very, very early days of mobile radio telephony..

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26 First Generation of Mobile Phones (German s C-Net) circa 1988 Motorola CD/CF451: Analogue Technology 8V 3Ah Ni-Cd battery 4.6 Kg Paving Stone?

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32 GSM GSM/CDMA CDMA

33 W-CDMA

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37 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)

38 Spatial Division Multiple Access Scheme BS

39 MicroNet: Wireless Interconnects Micronet or Network-on-Chip : a network of entities which operate concurrently and communicate asynchronously Fractal model of system design: network of sub-systems, down to network of transistors Control is layered and distributed locally - behaviour can be decomposed to run on architectural clusters with the optimal mix of computational elements A clean separation between computation and communication, and, behaviour and timing - leads to a compositional design style

40 B. A. Floyd et al., IEEE Journal Solid State Circuits, 37, 5, pp , 2002

41 Low real-estate dipoles RF SOI CMOS Transceiver Circuitry λ/4 dipole at 100 GHz 750 μm in air 75 μm in dielectric of 100

42 Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) and Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) DSRC is a communications approach to allowing short range (< 30 m) communications between vehicles and the roadside for a variety of purposes, such as intersection collision avoidance, transit or emergency vehicle signal priority, electronic parking payments, and commercial vehicle clearance and safety inspections.

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49 Millimetre-Wave Applications

50 26 GHz Multipoint-to-Multipoint MESH network (Radiant Networks)

51 High resolution radar for automobile applications Advances in Radio Science (2003) R. Schneider and J. Wenger (DaimlerChrysler AG)

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53 University of California at Davis (UCD) 95 GHz Radiometric Millimetre-Wave Imager

54 Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) is based on: MPEG & Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (COFDM)

55 Multipath propagation = like echoes Main path t Multiple received pulses Single data pulse multipath interference disturbs FM reception but is tolerated in DAB through COFDM

56 Echoes restrict the data rate OFDM solution = split the data up and send it over hundreds of carriers Amplitude Frequency Amplitude COFDM Frequency

57 COFDM An OFDM signal s spectrum Sine and cosine carriers are used to increase the density of carriers COFDM Since there is still a chance some carriers will be lost, clever coding is used so that their data can be recovered L-band DAB MHz is coming soon to the UK

58 E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn Jan 03

59 Ultra Wideband (UWB)

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62 Optical Communications

63 Microwave (or Millimetre-Wave) Video Distribution System (MVDS) or Local Multipoint Distribution System (LMDS) Concept Cheap microwave/mm-wave receiver; small unobtrusive dish Local transmitter fibre optic backbone DISTRIBUTION CENTRE Last-Mile or Radio-Over Fibre or Fibre Radio communication systems

64 High Speed Optical Communication System