Narrowband and Broadband Access Technologies
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1 Computer Networks and Internets, 5e Chapters 12 and 16 Access and Interconnection Technologies (slidesets abridged/combined) By Douglas Comer Modified from the lecture slides of Lami Kaya for use CECS 474, Fall Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 1 Narrowband and Broadband Access Technologies Two broad categories of technologies are used for Internet access Narrowband Broadband Narrowband Technologies refers to technologies that deliver data at up to 128 Kbps For example, the maximum data rate for dialup noisy phone lines is 56 Kbps and classified as a narrowband technology 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 2
2 Narrowband and Broadband Access Technologies Broadband Technologies generally refers to technologies that offer high data rates, but the exact boundary between broadband and narrowband is blurry many suggest that broadband technologies deliver more than 1 Mbps but this is not always the case, and may mean any speed higher than dialup 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 3 The Local Loop Local loop describes the physical connection between a telephone company Central Office (CO) and a subscriber consists of twisted pair and dialup call with 4 KHz of bandwidth It often has much higher bandwidth; a subscriber close to a CO may be able to handle frequencies above 1 MHz 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 4
3 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Technologies DSL is one of the main technologies used to provide highspeed data communication services over a local loop A number of DSL variants exist 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 5 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Technologies ADSL is the most widely deployed variant and the one that most residential customers use ADSL uses FDM to divide the bandwidth of the local loop into three regions one of the regions corresponds to traditional analog phone service, which is known as Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) and two regions provide data communication 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 6
4 Cable Modem Technologies A variety of wireless and wired technologies have been developed for use in the local loop An alternative access technology that uses the wiring already in place for cable television It is also known as Community Antenna TeleVision (CATV) It uses FDM to deliver TV signals over coaxial cable CATV is not available in all countries Coaxial cable has high bandwidth and is less susceptible to electromagnetic interference than twisted pair CATV systems use FDM to deliver many channels In CATV the bandwidth is insufficient to handle a FDM scheme that extends a channel to each user Using a separate channel per subscriber does not scale 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 7 Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC) HFC can provide high-speed data communications a HFC system uses a combination of optical fibers and coaxial cables fiber used for the central facilities and coax used for connections to individual subscribers An HFC system is hierarchical It uses fiber optics for the portions that require the highest bandwidth and it uses coax for parts that can tolerate lower data rates Trunk to refer to the high-capacity connections between the cable office and each neighborhood area Feeder circuit to refer to the connection to an individual subscriber Trunk connections can be up to 15 miles long Feeder circuits are usually less than a mile 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 8
5 Hybrid Fiber Coax 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 9 Wireless Access Technologies How to provide access in rural areas? Imagine a farm or remote village many miles from the nearest city The twisted pair wiring used to deliver telephone service to such locations exceeds the maximum distance for technologies like ADSL Rural areas are least likely to have cable television service Even in suburban areas, technologies like ADSL may have technical restrictions on the type of line they can use it may be impossible to use high frequencies on telephone lines that contain loading coils, bridge taps, or repeaters Local loop technology may not work on all lines To handle special cases, a variety of wireless access technologies have been explored 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 10
6 Wireless Access Technologies 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 11 A Taxonomy of Wireless Networks Wireless communication applies across a wide range of network types and sizes Part of the motivation for variety government regulations that make specific ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum available for communication A license is required to operate transmission equipment in some parts of the spectrum and other parts of the spectrum are unlicensed Many wireless technologies have been created and new variants appear continually Wireless technologies can be classified broadly according to network type 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 12
7 A Taxonomy of Wireless Networks Wi-Fi Wi-Max cellphone 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 13 ISM Wireless Bands Used by LANs and PANs A region of electromagnetic spectrum is reserved for use by Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) groups Known as ISM wireless The frequencies are not licensed to specific carriers are broadly available for products, and are used for LANs and PANs 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 14
8 Wireless LAN Technologies and Wi-Fi 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 15 Wireless LAN Architecture Note: The set of computers within range of a given access point is known as a Basic Service Set (BSS) 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 16
9 Handling computer mobility access points could coordinate a hand-off computer could handle its own re-association from weakening to strengthening access point as it moves 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 17 Wi-Fi s Contention-based Access 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 18
10 Wireless MAN Technology and WiMax Standardized by IEEE under the category Two main versions of WiMAX are being developed that differ in their overall approach Fixed WiMAX no handoff among APs Mobile WiMAX offers handoff 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 19 Wireless MAN Technology and WiMax Mobile WiMAX built according to standard e-2005, known also as e the technology offers handoff among APs which means a mobile WiMAX system can be used with portable devices such as laptop computers or cell phones WiMAX offers broadband communication that can be used in a variety of ways: WiMAX can be used as an Internet access technology WiMAX can provide a general-purpose interconnection among physical sites especially in a city To be used as backhaul connection between a service provider's central network facility and remote locations such as cell towers 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 20
11 Wireless MAN Technology and WiMax 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 21 Wireless MAN Technology and WiMax frequencies offering high capacity but demanding line-of-sight frequencies that tolerate no-line-of-sight but offer lower capacity 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 22
12 Wireless MAN Technology and WiMax The key features of WiMAX can be summarized as follows: Uses licensed spectrum (i.e., offered by carriers) Each cell can cover a radius of 3 to 10 Km Uses scalable orthogonal FDM Guarantees quality of services (for voice or video) Can transport 70 Mbps in each direction at short distances Provides 10 Mbps over a long distance (10 Km) 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 23 Wireless WAN Technologies Cellular Communication Systems 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 24
13 Wireless WAN Technologies Cellular Communication Systems When moving between two cells belonging to the same MSC the switching center handles the change When a user passes from one geographic region to another two MSCs are involved in the handoff Perfect cellular coverage occurs if each cell is a hexagon because the cells can be arranged in a honeycomb In practice, cellular coverage is imperfect Most cell towers use omnidirectional antennas that transmit in a circular pattern obstructions and electrical interference can attenuate a signal or cause an irregular pattern in some cases, cells overlap and in others, gaps exist with no coverage 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 25 Wireless WAN Technologies Cellular Communication Systems 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 26
14 Generations of Cellular Technologies Telecommunications industry divides cellular technologies into four generations that are labeled 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G with intermediate versions labeled 2.5G and 3.5G 1G Began in the late 1970s, and extended through the 1980s Originally called cellular mobile radio telephones used analog signals to carry voice 2G and 2.5G Began in the early 1990s and continues to be used The main distinction between 1G and 2G arises because 2G uses digital signals to carry voice The label 2.5G is used for systems that extend a 2G system to include some 3G features 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 27 Generations of Cellular Technologies 3G and 3.5G Began in the 2000s Focuses on the addition of higher-speed data services A 3G system offers download rates of 400 Kbps to 2 Mbps, and is intended to support applications such as web browsing and photo sharing 3G allows a single telephone to roam across the world 4G Began around 2008 Focuses on support for real-time multimedia such as a television program or high-speed video They include multiple connection technologies such as Wi-Fi and satellite at any time, the phone automatically chooses the best connection technology available 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 28
15 2G Cellular Technologies 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 29 3G Cellular Technologies 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 30
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