Intention Awareness in the Nutshell

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1 Cener for Advanced Defense Sudies Innovaion for Peace Direcorae of Research Defense Conceps Series Augus 2004 Poin of Conac: Ammar Qusaibay Inenion Awareness in he Nushell Ammar Qusaibay, Newon Howard, Sergey Kanareykin Miliary sraegiss, like philosophers and cogniive scieniss, have sruggled wih he concep of inenion hrough heir exensive sudy of human behavior. Wih a mission of bringing securiy and sabiliy o all aspecs of social, economic, and poliical life, he miliary, as an organizaion, has evolved while war undeniably remains an invarian elemen of human hisory. Adaping o changes and new demands, he miliary apparaus creaed a rich living discipline of srucures, processes, echnologies, and above all, philosophies and paradigms of hinking. A is core, his discipline seeks o achieve an ideal sae of effecive and efficien human acion. As problems change, engineering mehodology adaps o hese changing condiions and creaes new soluions. Miliary engineering echniques have an inheren limi o heir capaciy because hey are based upon a specific philosophical paradigm. A changing perspecive and adapabiliy o new condiions have proven successful mehods for finding new soluions. Miliary philosophers quesion and analyze concepual foundaions in order o define new paradigms, new mehods, and cerainly new soluions. The process of philosophical invesigaion iniiaes miliary ransformaion. By sudying war, Wesern miliary philosophers realized ha any physical realiy is shaped by counless human cogniive realiies. These compee o form a given physical space, which is sreched, deformed, and ofen orn apar. As a paramoun compeiive human behavior, war brings uncerainies o physical realiy, cogniive realiies, and o relaionships among hem. Bruner, among ohers, argues ha cogniive processes such as problem solving, and planning occur below he hreshold of consciousness [Bruner 8]. Anyhing occurring in he unconscious may be regarded as a form of uncerainy in he cogniive realiy. Inenions are relaionships beween cogniive saes and heir objec or objecs [Haugeland 97]. These objecs may or may no exis in he physical world, which makes inenions unique relaionships. As a buffer for physical acion, inenions faciliae he ransformaion of cogniive processes from cogniive realiies ino a physical one. Inenions ac as an auomaon ha organizes unconscious processes ino a hierarchy of basic conscious componens such as siuaion-acion and acion-siuaion rees, a ype of decision rees (see [Clemen 96]). Carried ou in sequenial, and ofen linear, order, siuaion-acion and acion-siuaion rees occur in a spaioemporal and consequenly physical realiy. The hierarchical classificaion of inenions and heir basic componens as hey approach acion and ineracion in he environmen is a linearizaion necessary o simplify he relaion of ime o saes and acions in a spaioemporal realiy. Awareness of one s inenions herefore lowers he hreshold of consciousness by reducing unconscious cogniive processes, paricularly reasoning. Reducing cogniive uncerainy can be achieved by such processes as he ransformaion of inuiive and abducive reasoning - arguably unconscious processes - ino inducive or deducive reasoning conscious processes [Johnson 04]. Plans and planning awareness resuling from inernal inenion awareness exernalize unconscious Copyrigh 2004 Cener for Advanced Defense Sudies. All righs reserved. 0 G S, NE, Suie 60 :: Washingon, DC :: ::

2 processes ino conscious ones. The heory of inenion awareness as formulaed by Newon Howard [Howard 02] claims ha: ) Cogniive uncerainy, and consequenly elemens of physical uncerainy, occurs because of higher consciousness hresholds. 2) Inenions play an essenial role in ransforming unconscious processes ino conscious processes and physical aciviies. 3) There are mehods o reduce consciousness hresholds by reaing he mind as a physical sysem, hus proposing he Physics of Cogniion [Howard 0] as a research agenda. To gain effecive and efficien human behavior condiioned by physical and cogniive uncerainies, he US miliary has incorporaed mehods ha enhance inernal inenion awareness. Simple examples include operaion orders, decision-making, wriing operaion plans, rehearsals, and briefbacks. Once masered, hese insill he concep of inernal inenion awareness - making soldiers aware of heir own cogniive processes. Furhermore, hese mehods propagae a given hierarchy of inenions, which is an expression of normalizaion deployed by he miliary as an organizaion. Such componens of miliary docrine and heir effecs direcly conribue o reducing cogniive uncerainy. Sysems designed o suppor human acion in his conex should adop and carry hese uncerainy-reducing elemens. As ousiders, sysem engineers may no realize he suble significance of hese mehods and heir effecs. The dispariy beween engineering and purpose is an inheren limiaion because human aciviies are comprised of aci knowledge. In is mos basic form - hinking abou hinking mechanisms he inernal heory of inenion awareness offers no new insigh. The heory s implicaions on sysem design, however, remain significan. Influenced by he concep of siuaion awareness in he las wo decades, sysem design has focused on he spaioemporal disribuion of arifacs. Informaion sysems specifically harnessed for miliary command, conrol, communicaions, and inelligence have exhibied srong spaioemporal siuaion awareness while ignoring cogniive aspecs, especially inenions [Howard 02]. The paradigm of spaioemporal-oriened sysem design is fundamenally incomplee even in he absence of laency in communicaions. Laency of meaning in real-ime communicaions remains a challenge simply because meaning resides primarily in cogniive realiies. Engineering a concep like meaning or more generally, cogniive saes and processes, in human suppor sysems proved an exigen endeavor due o abundance, and no scarciy, of cogniive models [Endsley 00]. While some researchers argued ha he difficuly in undersanding and hus heorizing cogniive processes limis heir inegraion in sysem design, successful ye primiive echniques implemened in aviaion proved promising [Banks 9]. From a heoreical and pracical poin of view, alhough hese echniques were firs implemened in aviaion, i is possible o exend he heory in oher fields [Hajdukiewicz 99]. The exernal heory of inenion awareness [Howard 02], however, argues ha ineracion no only reveals paerns of acions and inenions, bu also creaes inenions and paerns of inenions. This heory is based upon an unconvenional view of inenions as emergen producs of compeiive physical ineracion [Gibbs 0]. Exernal inenion awareness claims ha observing human behavior faciliaed by Ehnomehodology allows for: ) Idenifying paerns of acions and inenions, 2) Associaing acions and inenions wih siuaions, 3) Formulaing siuaed inenions as hey emerge from compeiive ineracion. The dominan sysem implemenaion of exernal inenion awareness is oriened on reverse engineering acion o deduce inenions ha guide acion. Such a mechanism serves o predic fuure 0 G S, NE, STE 60 Washingon, DC Cener for Advanced Defense Sudies

3 acions wihin given conexs driven delimied inenions. This sysem design paradigm is essenially described by feedforward conrol cycles [Albus 0]. However, in adoping a holisic view of inenions as inernally formed in cogniive realiies and exernally creaed due o physical ineracion, acion has inenional causes and inenional effecs 2. Acion reveals exising guiding inenions and inenions likely o be creaed. The laer represen key elemen of exernal inenion awareness. Awareness in his sense requires a non-linear chain of inenions and acions, which presens an impending challenge on sysem design. In simple erms, differences beween hese wo paradigms can be described as follows: Firs Paradigm: Wihin he physical sense of ime, if inenion I, a ime guides acion A a ime, hen by observing A a one can formulae I. By assuming I and knowing A, one can predic acion A 2 a 2. Second Paradigm: In his same sense of ime, if inenion I, a ime guides acion A a ime, hen observing A a, one can formulae inenion I and inenion I which is likely o be creaed a ime. Thus, one can predic acion A a 2 2 based on greaer awareness - knowing I, A, and I. Inenions I and I 0 may be relaed or unrelaed. One may capure he essence of inenion awareness and is relaionship o spaioemporal siuaion awareness by fahoming a game of chess. Each player esablishes spaioemporal awareness by regisering he relaive physical disribuion of pieces on he board. A good player sars monioring he formaion of his own sraegies and inenions. The player also develops awareness of heir physical expression by a sequence of moves. This formaion and awareness of sraegies, inenions, and heir physical expression consiue inernal inenion awareness, which guides each player s subsequen moves. Inernal inenion awareness here also conrols one s impulses and surprises by deceiving he opponen. As he game progresses, a good player sars analyzing he opponen s moves. Consequen awareness of he opponen s inenions and sraegies helps in choosing fuure sraegies. From experience, a good player can use one s emerging inenions and awareness of opponen emerging inenions o predic fuure moves. Maser chess players inegrae acual moves wih inernal cogniive processes and heir opponen s likely cogniive processes o predic a game s evoluion. Such cogniive models resul from playing many games wih many differen opponens who use differen mehodologies. Siuaion Awareness is reached by combining inernal and exernal inenion awareness wih spaioemporal siuaion awareness. A chess game demonsraes ha colliding cogniive realiies reach a climax before creaing a physical realiy. A sound model of war, chess has all basic principles, as defined by miliary docrine: Objecive, Offensive, Mass, Economy of Force, Maneuver, Uniy of command, Securiy, Surprise, and Simpliciy [FM 00-5]. Chess neverheless remains a simplisic represenaion of war because i does no highligh he cooperaive naure of human behavior. A non-sandard, muli-player version of chess could incorporae his cooperaive naure. Wih five players on each side of he board, for example, each individual player has a limied view of he board ha changes over ime, and only conrols some Inenions ha cause acions. 2 Inenions ha emerge from acions. 0 G S, NE, STE 60 Washingon, DC Cener for Advanced Defense Sudies

4 of he pieces a any given ime. Based on sandard rules of chess, rules for his version of he game include:. Each player has limied view of he board and his view will change over ime. 2. Each player conrols he movemen of some pieces, no all, his conrol may change in ime. 3. All players have o paricipae in he game. 4. Each eam may organize hemselves in any srucure hey hink is suiable. They may communicae wih each oher in a secured way and unsecured way. 5. All players may have full view of he board bu for limied number of imes, one ime per player, say. 6. Each eam has up o five moves before he oher eam is required o respond. Game sraegies and challenges posed o each player in his conex provide a likely represenaion of compeiive human behavior, ranging from cooperaion o conflic. In simple erms, he heory of inenion awareness is an inegraion of inernal and exernal elemens in a muli-agen compeiive ineracion environmen, given he unique role of inenions. In a game of chess, adoping spaioemporal siuaion awareness only, guaranees ha one can play bu he will probably lose. While adoping inenion awareness only, one may undersand he game and sill lose. Sysem efficiency and effeciveness depends on heir respecive qualiies of adoping inenions and raionale. These wo aspecs have forms and srucures revealed in behavioral paerns. Alhough inenion awareness emerged from miliary science, i is by no means specific o ha discipline. The heory applies o a wider range of human aciviies any aciviy ha requires effecive and efficien collecive human acion under condiions ha srain behavioral hresholds. References [Albus 0] [Banks 9] [Bruner 8] [Clemen 96] [Endsley 00] James Albus and Alexander Meysel, Engineering of Mind: an inroducion o he science of inelligen sysems, Inelligen Sysems Series, John Wiley Inc., 200. Sheila B. Banks, Carl S. Lizza, Pilo's Associae: A Cooperaive, Knowledge- Based Sysem Applicaion, IEEE Exper: Inelligen Sysems and Their Applicaions, Vol. 6, Issue 3, P. 8-29, 99. Bruner, J. S., Inenion in he srucure of acion and ineracion, In: Advances in infancy research, ed. by Lipse, L., Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex, 98. Rober Clemen, Making Hard Decisions: An Inroducion o Decision Analysis, 2nd ediion. Belmon CA: Duxbury Press, 996. Endsley, M.R., Theoreical Underpinnings of Siuaion Awareness: A Criical Review, In M.R. Endsley & D.J. Garland (Ed.), Siuaion Awareness Analysis and Measuremen (pp. 3-32), G S, NE, STE 60 Washingon, DC Cener for Advanced Defense Sudies

5 [FM 00-5] U.S. Army, Operaions, Field Manual 00-5, 994 [Gibbs 0] [Hajdukiewicz 99] R. W. Gibbs, Inenions as emergen producs of social ineracions, In: Inenions and Inenionaliy, ed. by: B. F. Malle, L. J. Moses and D. A Bladwin, MIT Press, 200. Hajdukiewicz, John R., Burns, Caherine M., Vicene, Kim J., and Eggleson, Rober G., Work domain analysis for Inernaional Sysems, Proceedings of Human Facors and Ergonomics Sociey 43 rd Annual Meeing, , 999. [Haugeland 97] John Haugeland, Wha is mind Design, Mind Design II, MIT Press, 997. [Howard 02] [Howard 0] [Johnson 04] Newon Howard, Theory of Inenion Awareness in Tacical Miliary Inelligence: Reducing Uncerainy by Undersanding he Cogniive Archiecure of Inenions, sbooks, Newon Howard, Physics of Cogniion, Disseraion, Universiy of Paris- Sorbonne, Informaion Science, 200. David E. A. Johnson, Adaping a Linear Organizaion o an Uncerain, Nonlinear, Complex Environmen: an Army Legislaive Liaison Case Sudy, Cener for Advanced Defense Sudies, ### The Cener for Advanced Defense Sudies (CADS) is a non-profi, non-governmenal organizaion engaged in high-risk/ high-payoff research of naional and inernaional significance. The Cener provides educaional programs and original research o complemen inernaional organizaion and governmen effors focused on conflic prevenion. For more informaion, please visi 0 G S, NE, STE 60 Washingon, DC Cener for Advanced Defense Sudies