M1 in Economics and Economics and Statistics Applied multivariate Analysis - Big data analytics Worksheet 1 - Bootstrap
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1 Nathalie Villa-Vialanei Année 2015/2016 M1 in Economics and Economics and Statistics Applied multivariate Analsis - Big data analtics Worksheet 1 - Bootstrap This worksheet illustrates the use of nonparametric bootstrap to estimate confidence intervals and variance of estimators. The simulations use R. An introduction to R, to basic use of packages and of the RStudio environment and useful references to obtain help can be found at In particular, an time ou do not understand how to use a function, ou must use the help: help(rgamma) to have the help page for the function rgamma and carefull read it. Eercice 1 M first bootstrap estimation This eercise s aim is to program a boostratp estimate of the confidence interval of the mean. 1. Using the function rgamma, generate a random sample from the Γ distribution with parameters k = 2 and θ = 1, having size n = 15. We recall that the densit of Γ(k, θ) is: k 1 ep( /θ) f k,θ () = Γ(k) θ k with Γ the Γ function Γ(k) = (k 1)!, k N. What is the mean of the Γ(k, θ) distribution? What is the empirical mean of our sample? 2. Using the function sample, create a function that: takes a given sample (vector) for input; generates a bootstrap sample from the previous sample; outputs its (empirical) mean. Test this function to obtain the mean from a bootstrap sample b using the sample generated in the previous question. 3. Use this function in a for loop to obtain 1000 values of mean from bootstrap samples. What is the bootstrap estimate of the mean? The bootstrap estimate of the 2.5% and 97.5% of the quantiles of this distribution? 4. Draw the distribution of these means and identif the true mean, the empirical estimateof the mean, the bootstrap estimate of the mean and the bootstrap 95% confidence interval of the mean. I {>0}
2 Distribution of the empirical means for 1000 bootstrap samples Frequenc true mean empirical estimation of the mean bootstrap CI of the mean mean Eercice 2 Bootstrap using the package boot In this eercise, the package boot is used to calculate a bootstrap estimate of the variance of the empirical estimate. The computational time used b the package boot is compared to the use of a for loop. 1. Using the function rbeta, generate a random sample from the Beta(α, β) distribution with parameter α = 1 and β = 2 1, having size n = 20. What is the epected mean of the Beta(1, 2) distribution? What is the empirical estimate,, of this mean for the generated sample? 2. What is the variance of the estimator? 3. Using the sample generated in the previous question and a for loop, find a bootstrap estimate for the variance of with B = 1000 bootstrap samples. Use the function sstem.time to obtain the computational time required to compute the bootstrap estimates of the mean. 4. Load the package boot with the command line: librar(boot) The function boot requires an argument statistic which is a function having two arguments, the original sample and a vector of indees for a subsample which calculates the empirical estimate (here the mean) from the bootstrap sample. Use?boot to see eamples of such functions and create a function boot.mean <- function(a.sample, sub.indees) {... } which calcultes the empirical mean from the bootstrap sample with observations sub.indees. 5. Use the boot function to generate 1000 estimates of the mean from bootstrap samples. Store this results in a R object named res.boot. Print res.boot and use names(res.boot) to see which information is included in this object (also use the help page of the function). How to obtain a bootstrap estimate of the variance of from res.boot? 6. Compare the computational time required b the boot function to the computational time required b the method used in question 3 for bootstrap estimates. 1 We recall that the densit of the Beta(α, β) distribution is αβ (αβ) 2 (αβ1). Γ(αβ) Γ(α)Γ(β) α 1 (1 ) β 1 I [0,1] () whose mean is equal to αβ α and whose variance is
3 Eercice 3 Bootstrap in linear models This eercise illustrates how the bootstrap can be used in the contet of a linear model to obtain confidence intervals for the parameters and confidence bounds for the prediction. 1. Generate 20 i.i.d. observations from X U[0, 1] where U[0, 1] is the uniform distribution in [0, 1]. Then generate from this sample, 20 observations from Y, which Y fitting the model Y = 2X 1 0.5(ɛ 1), where ɛ χ 2 (1) and ɛ and X are independant. Note that, for this model, the law of the least squares estimates of the parameter (α = 2 and β = 1) of the model is not the usual normal distribution. Make a graphic with the i.i.d. observations of the couple (X, Y) and add the true linear model on it (i.e., the line = 2 1). i.i.d. sample of size 20 from a linear model 2. Use the function lm to find the least squares estimates of the parameters, ˆα and ˆβ of the model. Add the estimated linear model to the figure of the previous questions.
4 i.i.d. sample of size 20 from a linear model true model least squares estimate 3. Use the function boot to find a 95% confidence interval for ˆα and ˆβ with 5000 bootstrap samples. 4. Use the function boot to obtain 95% confidence intervals for the estimations of the predictions associated to = 0, 0.01, 0.02,..., 1. Add the bounds of the predictions to the figure obtained in question 2.
5 i.i.d. sample of size 20 from a linear model true model least squares estimate confidence interval for the prediction
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