History and current challenges of space activities

Transcription

1 History and current challenges of space activities General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies Werner Balogh United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs 20 October 2010 Contents History of Spaceflight Overview Space Applications Overview Space Science and Exploration WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 2 Werner Balogh 1

2 History of Spaceflight Man will not always stay on Earth; the pursuit of light and space will lead him to penetrate the bounds of the atmosphere, timidly at first, but in the end to conquer the whole of solar space. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky ( ) Philosophical Foundations Desire to understand nature and human destiny Enlightenment Zeitalter der Aufklärung ( ) Synthesizing ideas concerning religion, reason, nature, and humanity Developing a methodology of reasoning Spaceflight in literature Johannes Kepler - The Dream (Somnium) (1634) Cyrano de Bergerac - Voyage dans la Lune (1657) Jules Verne - From the Earth to the Moon (1865) H. G. Wells - The First Men in The Moon (1901) Spaceflight and philosophy Russian cosmism: Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov ( ) Biocosmism transhumanism (similar to today s ideas of Ray Kurzweil on Singularity ) WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 4 Werner Balogh 2

3 Rocket Equation: Theoretical Foundations Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky ( ) Rocket Equation: Robert H.Goddard ( ) = m ln 0 v ve mt Hermann Oberth ( ) Picture Sources: WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 5 Space Societies & Early Rocket Pioneers Creation of space societies in the 1920 s (Germany, Soviet Union, United Kingdom) Verein für Raumschiffahrt Popularizing the idea of spaceflight Vladimir Mandl (Pilsen, Czech Republic) Das Weltraumrecht - Ein Problem der Raumfahrt (1932) Hermann Potocnik-Noordung ( ) Das Problem der Befahrung des Weltraums - der Raketenmotor Max Valier ( ) Der Vorstoß in den Weltenraum ( The Advance into Space ) Development of rocket card, sledges, and planes as first steps towards spaceflight Rocketry and its military potential Max Valier WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 6 Werner Balogh 3

4 Austrian Space Pioneers Conrad Haas ( ) Hermann Oberth ( ) Max Valier ( ) Eugen Sänger ( ) WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 7 Austrian Space Pioneers Franz Ulinski ( ) Herman Potocnik ( ) Guido von Pirquet ( ) Friedrich Schmiedl ( ) WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 8 Werner Balogh 4

5 Technical Foundations Wernher von Braun ( ) Sergiy Korolev ( ) WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 9 Wernher von Braun and Sergiy Korolev WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 10 Werner Balogh 5

6 Development of the A4/V2 3 October 1942 A4/V2 launched from Peenemünde Developed under Wernher von Braun Result of a 10-year research programme First human object to reach outer space Reaches and altitude of ~100 km, range km, launching weight ~ 14 t A4/V2 to be used as a weapon during WW II The development of rockets in many countries was/is based on the A4/V2 A4/V2 Dora Mittelbau Von Braun s Team in the US WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 11 First Steps into Outer Space First Images from Outer Space WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 12 Werner Balogh 6

7 Sputnik I - First Artificial Satellite Launch of Sputnik I WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 13 Sputnik I - First Artificial Satellite 4 October 1957 Sputnik 1 being launched on a Soviet R7- derived launch Launcher and satellite developed under Sergiy Korolev Result of a development programme begun during WW II and driven by the desire to develop ICBMs Beginning of the space race the US take on the challenge Propagandist value of space activities Discussions on outer space start at the United Nations Prevention of an arms race in outer space What rules shall apply to activities in outer space? Space benefits for all R7/8K71PS Sputnik I WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 14 Werner Balogh 7

8 Super Power Space Race ( ) 1st US Spacewalk Ed.White (3 June 1965) Y. Gagarin 1st USSSR Spacewalk Leonov (18 March 1965) 1st Manned Spaceflight (12 April 1961) Gemini Rendezvous (December 1965) Apollo 8 Leaving Earth s Gravity (December 1968) WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 15 Racing to the Moon WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 16 Werner Balogh 8

9 From Super Power Confrontation to... Apollo-Soyuz (1975) Saturn 5 N1 Apollo 11 (1969) Shuttle-MIR ( ) WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies Cooperation International Space Station - April 2009 WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 18 Werner Balogh 9

10 Early rationales: Why go to space? Protecting national security Increasing national prestige and demonstrating international leadership Increasing scientific knowledge Other rationales: Enhancing military capabilities Creating the basis for space commercialization Providing tangible benefits to society Assisting in social and economic development The Farthest Shore A 21st Century Guide to Space, Edited by Dr. Joseph N. Pelton and Dr. Angelia P. Bukley, Apgee Books, 2010 WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 19 The World s Space Agencies Today there are more than 30 countries with dedicated space programmes USA: NASA, NOAA, USGS, NRO, Military Services Europe: ELDO/ESRO -> ESA, National Space Agencies Russia: Russian Federal Space Agency Roscosmos Japan: NASDA -> JAXA China: China National Space Agency (CNSA) Many new space agencies in recent years: Africa: Nigeria, South Africa, Kenya, Egypt, Morocco, Algeria Asia: Malaysia, Thailand, South Korea, India, Central & South America: Mexico, Peru, Colombia, Chile, Argentine, Brazil WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 20 Werner Balogh 10

11 The World s Space Agencies Figures by Euroconsult, In milllion USD. Only reflecting civlilian space programmes. WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 21 Regional Organizations There are five unofficial geopolitical regional groupings: Western European and Others Group (WEOG), 27 member states Eastern European Group, 23 member states Latin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC), 33 member states Asian Group, 53 member states African Group, 53 member states WS 2009/2010 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 22 Werner Balogh 11

12 Regional Organizations Space Conference of the Americas Created as an effort to facilitate dialogue and foment collaboration in the field of space in the Americas. Participants include representatives from governments, space agencies, research institutes, academia, NGOs and industry, from within and outside the region. Sixth conference to be held November 2010, Mexico City African Leadership Conference on Space Science and Technology for Sustainable Development Raising political awareness of the uses of space science and technology among African governments 1 st Conference, Abuja, Nigeria, November nd Conference, Pretoria, South Africa, 2-4 October rd Conference, Algiers, Algeria, 30 November 2 December th Conference, Nairobi, Kenya, 2010 WS 2009/2010 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 23 Regional Organizations Asia Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO) ( Originated from the Asia-Pacific Multilateral Cooperation in Space Technology and Applications (AP-MCSTA), established in 1992 Formally started operating in led by China Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum (APRSAF) ( Established in 1993 in response to the declaration adopted by the Asia-Pacific International Space Year Conference (APIC) in led by Japan Working Groups on Earth Observation (EO), Communication Satellite Applications (CSA) and Space Education and Awareness (SEA). European Space Agency (ESA) ( European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) ( WS 2009/2010 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 24 Werner Balogh 12

13 Space Applications...the dreams of yesterday, are the hopes of today and the realities of tomorrow Robert H. Goddard ( ) Space Applications Satellite Communications Meteorological Satellites Navigation Satellites Science Satellites Earth Observation Satellites Exploration Systems Military Satellites Launch Systems WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 26 Werner Balogh 13

14 Applications of Space Activities Satellite TV Navigation Weather Forecasts Communications Technology Environment Science Research Exploration WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 27 Global coverage Satellite Communications Geostationary Telecommunication Satellites Mobile constellations For telephony, Radio, Broadcasting, Data Relay Issues of coverage, frequency allocation and geostationary orbit congestion GEO km Global coverage with 3 satellites WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 28 Werner Balogh 14

15 Satellite Communications Thuraya Boeing Geostationary Satellite Platform for Mobile Communications _3.html Iridium 66 Satellites LEO km Polar orbits, several orbital planes WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 29 Satellite Navigation Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) First satellite-based navigation systems deployed in the 1960s (Transit system) GPS initial operational capability in 1993 (fully operational in 2009) Opened for civilian use Wide range of GNSS applications Navigation and location-based services Time transfer and synchronization Geographical applications (surveying, GIS) Tracking, search and rescue Geophysical Sciences Road Pricing Several new GNSS constellations are under development WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 30 Werner Balogh 15

16 Satellite Navigation GPS (USA) WAAS (USA) GLONASS (Russian Federation) SDCM (Russian Federation ) EGNOS GALILEO (Europe) COMPASS BeiDou (China) GAGAN IRNSS (India) MSAS (Japan) Nominal Constellation Full operational capability Number of operational satellites (August 2007) 2 IOC/2003 FOC/ (GLONASS) 2010 (GLONASS-M) Coverage Global 2 Regional (North America) 11 (August 2007) Global 2 Wide area (Russia) 3 (GEOs) 30 (MEOs) 2010 (regional) 2013 (worldwide) 3 GEOs 1 MEOs (August 2007) Global Global Civilian Spectrum Current 2007: L1 C/A, L2C Future: L1 C/A, L1C, L2C, L5 Current: L1C/A, L5 Future: L1C/A, L1C, L5 Current 2007: L1PT, L2PT Future: L1PT, L2PT, L3PT*, L1CR**, L5R** * signal structure is under refinement ** pending final decision SBAS L1 C/A E5 OS/SoL E6 CS, E6 PRS E1 OS/SoL ~ MHz ~ MHz ~ MHz ~ MHz 3/7 2010/2012 3/7 Regional GAGAN: L5, L1 IRNSS: S, L5, L1 2 GEOs 2 GEOs (MTSATs) Asia, Pacific L1 QZSS (Japan) 1 (1 st step) 1 3 (2 nd step) 1 (FY2009 target) Regional (Asia Oceania) L1 C/A, L1C, L2C, L5, L1-SAIF (L1-submeterclass augmentation with integrity function), LEX (L-Band Experimental Signal) 1 The QZSS plan will basically proceed to the 2nd stage on government-private cooperation, after the evaluation of the results of technological verifications and demonstrations of the 1st stage WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 31 Satellite Meteorology First meteorological satellites launched in 1960s (TIROS) Today fully operational constellations of weather satellites coordinated by WMO EUMETSAT is Europe s operational meteorological satellite organization Satellites in GEO and LEO orbits Contribute to the monitoring of environmental changes and climate change WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 32 Werner Balogh 16

17 WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 33 Earth Observation from Space Initially military systems (1960s 2 m resolution) 1972 First civilian EO satellites: ERTS-1/Landsat-1 Today >150 Earth Observation satellites in operation Observe the global environment and essential climate variables Wide range of applications Coordination in the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) and the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) Imagery resolution for civilian applications is reaching < 0.5 m (optical) and < 2 m (radar) Earth Observation satellites are becoming operational (Google Earth, satellite-based dissemination systems) WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 34 Werner Balogh 17

18 Earth Observations from Space Principle Global Multispectral Multitemporal WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 35 Earth Observations from Space 1.0 atmospheric transmittance UV VIS NIR MIR MIR TIR TIR blocking effect of atmosphere µm 1mm 1cm 1m 10m wavelength microwaves reflectance (%) 60 dry soil wet soil water vegetation λ wavelength (µm) WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 36 Werner Balogh 18

19 Civilian EO Satellite Capabilities GeoEye-1 Launched September m panchromatic (nominal at Nadir) 1.65 m multispectral (nominal at Nadir) WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 37 EO - Essential for Sustainable Development WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 38 Werner Balogh 19

20 Research in the Space Environment Space environment: micro-gravity, vacuum, radiation, thermal environment Using the micro-gravity environment to study physical systems and the production of new materials Studying the adaptation to space of the human body and other biological systems Research programmes using droptowers, airplanes ( zero-g flights ), unmanned spacecraft and the International Space Station Columbus: Europe s research facility on the ISS WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 39 Numerous Types of Launch Vehicles Exist Ariane 5 (Europe) Space Shuttle (United States) Soyuz (Russia) HIIA (Japan) WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 40 Werner Balogh 20

21 Launch Vehicles Typical multi-stage expendable rocket consists of > 1 million parts Payload capability of a launch vehicle also depends on delivery orbit, fairing size, static/dynamic loads, launch site location... Shuttle is the only operational example of a partially re-usable launch vehicle Most launchers have ICBM heritage ~10 countries with orbital launch capability WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 41 Attempts to Develop Re-usable Launch Vehicles Despite numerous efforts, development of fully re-usable launchers has not been successful WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 42 Werner Balogh 21

22 Location of Major Space Ports Equatorial launch sites are preferred locations for launches into equatorial orbits Source: Human Spaceflight, Mc-Graw Hill WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 43 Space Launches since 1957 There were 69 orbital launch attempts in 2008 Approx. same number as in 2007 Figures from and WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 44 Werner Balogh 22

23 Suborbital and Orbital Space Tourism 1st Private Spaceflight (2004) WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 45 Small Satellites and New Space Actors 20 October 2010 United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs 46 Werner Balogh 23

24 Space Science and Exploration Cosmology and Astrophysics WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 48 Werner Balogh 24

25 Solar System Exploration Von Braun Strategy: Flyby Orbit Land (Robotic/Human) WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 49 Robotics and/vs. Human Exploration Successful robotic exploration missions No consensus on future of human exploration unclear Discussions ongoing in the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) China, India, Japan to join human exploration Europe committed to human space exploration (Brussels Ministerial Conference, 21. October 2010) WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 50 Werner Balogh 25

26 Current Challenges Earth is the cradle of humanity, but one cannot live in a cradle forever. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky ( ) Current Challenges for Space Activities Ensuring the long-term sustainability of space activities (space debris mitigation and clean-up ) Limiting the militarization and preventing the weaponization of outer space Further operationalization of the use of space applications Developing and nurturing a commercial space industry (applications, space tourism, exploration ) Developing more cost efficient means for access to space Future of human exploration is there a future for human exploration? WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 52 Werner Balogh 26

27 History of Spaceflight: Weblinks and Literature Introduction to technical aspects of spaceflight: Jerry Jon Sellers, Understanding Space: An Introduction to Astronautics, Space Technology Series, McGraw Hill, 2000 Korolev and Wernher von Braun: James Harford, Korolev How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997 Bob Ward, Dr. Space The Life of Wernher von Braun, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 2005 WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 53 Thank you for your attention! Dr. Werner Balogh Office for Outer Space Affairs United Nations Office at Vienna Tel: Fax: WS 2010/2011 General Legal Framework of the Use of Outer Space Technologies 54 Werner Balogh 27