BIOLOGY. WORKBOOK vmbo volume 2

Transcription

1 BIOLOGY WORKBOOK vmbo volume 2

2 Colofon Auteurs: Redactie: Vormgeving: Deborah Wüst Onno Rook Sally Hill, Scientific Translations, Zwolle, Judy Bepple, JLB English Works, Empel Thimo Dirkse, OVD Educatieve Uitgeverij Illustraties: Grafieken: Eindredactie: Foto omslag: Foto s: Gemma Stekelenburg, Gemm Art, Huizen Thimo Dirkse, OVD Educatie Uitgeverij OVD Educatieve Uitgeverij Stock.XCHNG Peter Edin, John Mason, Nicole Duplaix, Mark Carwardine, Charles Krebs, Christion Testanière, Peter Rear, Maia C. David Marolla, de3torens, Houston Zoo, Roy Johnson, Steven Round, Jim Cliffe, Callie Bowdish, Onderwatersportvereniging de Guppen, rokon. nl, trc.govt.nz, Onno Rook, Marnix College, Christophe Ena, AP, Gemeente Amsterdam, William Van, B. Newton, Science Photo Libary, kiesbeter.nl, Carrie Wilsaon, Church Hill Farm, Bill Rhodes, FreeDigitalPhotos.net, Edave, Frits van Merlesteijn, Wim van Egmond, A. Tanne, Spike Waller, Bill Jobling, Dspace, J.C. Schou, Stock.XCHNG, ec.nl, 45rpmthemovie.com, rtlnieuws.nl, de Dierenbescherming, ANP, PVE, Klaas Kreuijer, Deborah Wüst, Viridi Flavus, RAVON, de Natuurkalender, ChrisiPK, Pandion, minlnv, Martijn de Jonge, Juza, Anno Huidekoper, Wilfred Simons, Schoolbieb.nl, Ron Offermans, Virginia Kline, Auke Rensen. Hans Brinkel, Staatsbosbeheer, Blijdorp, dobberdad, Cesar Fernadez, Emma Christensen. Beeldverwerving: OVD Educatieve Uitgeverij Met dank aan: Joop van Hout Eerste druk ISBN Copyright 2011 OVD Educatieve Uitgeverij bv Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand of openbaar gemaakt in enige vorm, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door middel van fotokopieën, opnamen of op enige andere manier, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van OVD Educatieve Uitgeverij bv. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any other means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of OVD Educatieve Uitgeverij Ltd Voor zover het maken van kopieën uit deze uitgave is toegestaan op grond van artikelen 16h t/m 16m Auteurswet 1912 jo. Besluit van 27 november 2002, Stb. 575, dient men de daarvoor wettelijk verschuldigde vergoeding te voldoen aan de Stichting Reprorecht te Hoofddorp (Postbus 3060, 2130 KB) of contact op te nemen met de uitgever voor het treffen van een rechtshebbende regeling in de zin van art.16l, vijfde lid, Auteurswet De uitgever heeft ernaar gestreefd de auteursrechten te regelen volgens de wettelijke bepalingen. Degene die desondanks menen zekere rechten te kunnen doen gelden, kunnen zich alsnog tot de uitgever wenden. 2

3 Breathe in and out The respiratory system Gas exchange and respiration Like a pair of bellows Sick lungs 15 Content 3

4 Content 4

5 CHAPTER Breathe in and out 1 5

6 Questions 1.1 The respiratory system 1. Dirk is taking a biology test. One of the questions on his test paper is as follows: You inhale air. Air travels from your nose to the depths of your lungs. Below you see several parts of the respiratory system. Put them in the correct order starting with your nose. On the answer sheet below you see the answer Dirk has given. Is his answer correct? If not, write down the correct answer below Dirk s answer. 2. Sarah has a bad cold. She is not able to breathe through her nose and so must breathe through her mouth. Breathing through her mouth has several disadvantages. Why is it better to breathe through your nose (write down three reasons)? On the right you see a model of your chest. Which structures do the different parts represent? Your teacher may show this model to you. rubber bung glass tube rubber tube It is possible that your teacher or the lab assistant will demonstrate this experiment. balloon bell jar rubber sheet 6

7 Part of the model Represents Rubber bung Glass tube Rubber tube Balloon Bell jar Rubber sheet 4. The picture on the right shows a schematic drawing of the side view of a human torso a. Label the numbered parts. 1: 2: 3: 4: b. Look at the drawing. Which parts protect the lungs? Write the numbers down. 5. How is the windpipe kept open? 7

8 Questions 6. Look at the drawing below. You see the swallowing process. Some parts are numbered. 1 food a. Label the numbered parts. 1: 2: 3: 4: b. What is shown is normal swallowing. Explain what happens when you choke on a piece of food. 8

9 1.2 Gas exchange and respiration 7. Ton is writing notes with Jules during class. The teacher notices and intercepts one of the notes. He lifts an eyebrow after reading this note. Is the statement on the note correct? Explain your answer. 8. On the right you see a picture of alveoli. It is figure 1.6 from your textbook. Look at the picture and write down three things that make gas exchange as effective as possible. artery vein bronchiole alveoli capillaries 9

10 Questions 9. Energy that is released through respiration is used for several processes. These processes are listed below. There is only one problem. They are jumbled. Rearrange the sentences so that they make sense. a. of the body is used to constant Energy keep the temperature b. so no energy, - need energy Muscles to contract, - no movement c. energy damaged cells You need to grow or replace 10. You have read that oxygen and a fuel such as glucose are needed for respiration. One of the waste products is carbon dioxide. Just like oxygen, carbon dioxide is colourless and odourless. But you can demonstrate the presence of carbon dioxide using lime water. Clear, colourless lime water turns into a whitish opaque liquid when it comes in contact with carbon dioxide. A substance that is used to detect the presence of another substance is called an indicator. In this experiment you are going to prove that exhaled air contains carbon dioxide. What do you need? A small glass beaker Lime water A straw What do you need to do? 1. Fill the beaker with lime water (3 cm). 2. Put the straw in the beaker. 3. Inhale through your nose and then exhale from your mouth through the straw. Do not blow too hard. 4. Exhale as long as you can. 5. Describe what you see happening with the lime water. 10

11 11. Bas is the school rat. The students know that he has all of the seven characteristics of life but they want to see if he really respires. The students put Bas in the apparatus shown below to see if he really does respire. soda lime air in to a pump lime water lime water A B a. If Bas does really respire, which gases does he produce? Circle the correct answer. A. Oxygen and carbon dioxide B. Nitrogen and carbon dioxide C. Water vapour and carbon dioxide b. Soda lime filters carbon dioxide out of air. Why do you think the soda lime is in the funnel where the air enters the apparatus? c. Flasks A and B contain lime water. What gas does lime water detect? d. What is the use of flask A in this experiment? e. What will happen to the lime water in flask B if Bas really does respire? 11

12 Questions 12. You can take courses on how to give artificial respiration. In the picture you can see a person taking such a course. She is practising on a dummy. a. Is the term artificial respiration correct, biological speaking? Explain. b. Explain why the air you use to give artificial respiration is sufficient for the patient? 13. Look at the composition of air in your textbook. a. Draw two pie charts. One showing the composition of inhaled air and one showing the composition of exhaled air. b. What can you say about the amount of nitrogen in inhaled air and exhaled air? Explain your answer. 12

13 1.3 Like a pair of bellows 14. The title of this section is Like a pair of bellows. Below you see an image of a bellows. With which type of breathing can you compare the working of a bellows? This bellows is used in a historic blacksmith shop. It is used to keep the fire going. This bellows is over 200 years old and still functioning. 15. Below you can see a still from the Silly Symphony cartoon The Three Little Pigs. The whole cartoon can be found on www. ovdbricks.nl. Look closely at the Big Bad Wolf. When he breathes, what kind of breathing is most clearly visible in the cartoon (and the still)? Choose the correct answer. Source: Walt Disney, Silly Symphony A. Chest breathing B. Abdominal breathing C. Both, chest and abdominal breathing 16. Below you see several breathing movements involved in inhalation and exhalation. They are mixed up. Sort them out and put them in the correct order, starting with inhalation. 1. Lung volume increases and air pressure in the lungs drops. 2. Intercostals relax and diaphragm moves upwards. 3. Rib cage moves forward and upwards, belly moves forward. 4. Air moves from outside into the lungs. 5. Air moves from the lungs to the outside. 6. Intercostals contract and diaphragm moves down. 7. Lung volume decreases and air pressure in the lungs rises. 8. Rib cage moves down and backwards, belly moves back. Put the correct order in the boxes below. 13

14 Questions 17. You are going to measure the vital capacity of your lungs. What do you need? A spirometer or an apparatus for measuring vital capacity Spirometer Apparatus for measuring vital capacity What do you have to do? Inhale as deep as you possibly can. Exhale into the spirometer or apparatus as long as you can. Read the outcome of this measurement. Answer the questions. a. What is your vital capacity (in litres)? b. Calculate your lung volume (in litres). Write down your calculations. It is possible to do this exercise with the whole class. You can then compare your own vital capacity with that of your classmates. 14

15 1.4 Sick lungs 18. Read the text and fill in the blanks. Asthma is a infection of the. Unlike, asthma has a factor. When a has an attack, the tiny muscles in the of the airways. Mucus-producing cells in the produce more mucus. These two things cause the airways to become. An attack can be using an. Choose from: COPD, airways, contract, lining, wall, genetic, patient, relieved, inhaler, chronic, narrower. 19. COPD is a group name for: A. Asthma, bronchitis and emphysema B. Asthma and bronchitis C. Asthma and emphysema D. Bronchitis and emphysema 20. Although asthma, bronchitis and emphysema have the same symptoms on the outside (shortness of breath) the symptoms are quite different when you look inside the lungs. What are the symptoms of: a. Asthma? b. Bronchitis? c. Emphysema? 15

16 Questions 22. Below you see a calendar that hay fever patients may use to determine to which kind of pollen they might be allergic. Use the information in the calendar for the following questions. Source: Allerfe a. Sophie has hay fever. Her complaints start in January and stop in March. Which plants can you say with certainty that she is allergic to? b. Tom has asthma and uses an inhaler to prevent attacks. During the months of April up until October he must use his inhaler far more often to prevent attacks and also to relieve attacks. The doctor says that Tom is not allergic to stinging nettle (brandnetel). What is the most logical allergy for Ton? A. Weegbree B. Grassen C. Melganzevoet D. Bijvoet E. Composieten 16

17 c. Claire is allergic to tree pollen. What are the months that cause most of the problems for her? A. December May B. January May C. February May D. February June 25. Imagine that you have a brother in Groep 8. One of the pupils in his class has just started smoking and your brother thinks that his classmate is really cool. In Biology you have just learned that smoking has certain risks and is not cool at all. You and a classmate are going to make a PowerPoint presentation for your brother in Groep 8. In this PowerPoint you try to explain to him that smoking has health risks and is not cool. Opening slide. Five slides with information about smoking and the risks of smoking. Your information also includes images. Make sure that the information is understandable for students in Groep 8. 17

18 Questions Glossary puzzle Unscramble each of the key words. Copy the numbered letters into the cells with the same number to form a word. ASMHTA CRBAON DIXDOEI 10 7 NASLA TAVCIY 13 NYXGOE 16 NIMGOSK 17 VAULU PIPDWIEN TATNILSECROS 3 GULNS 14 GITRONNE 6 SOERAITINRP 8 GELTITPOSI 15 MASEMHYPE 11 AARPGIHDM 4 POCD 9 AGS CAEGEXNH VOCEI OXB 12 5 VIALT CYCTAPAI REUASILD LUOVEM 1 YAH FEVRE

19 Safety card Bunsen burner General Using Bunsen burners means fire hazards! They have an open flame and burn at a high temperature. As a result, there is always the possibility of an accident. For your own safety, and that of your classmates, read these instructions carefully and always follow your teacher s instructions. A Bunsen burner Safety guidelines Place the burner on a flat surface and away from overhead shelving. Remove any papers, notebooks and other flammable materials from the direct vicinity of the burner. Tie back long hair, dangling jewellery or loose clothing. Use a lighter to ignite the burner. Never use a match. Have the lighter ready BEFORE turning on the gas. Adjust the flame by turning the collar to regulate air flow and produce a flame appropriate for your experiment. DO NOT leave open flames unattended and NEVER leave your place while the burner is on. Shut off the gas when you have finished your experiment. On the website ( you can find a clip about igniting a Bunsen burner Go to Biology and then choose Safety. 19