English Sentence Structure by: Robert Kohrn. A Practical English Grammar by: Tomson & Mortinen. Graded Exercise in English by: Robert J.

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1 گرامر زبان انگليسی (محمد زکی زاده) اين اثريکی از کامل ترين و مفيد ترين خلاصه های گرامر برای دانشجويان و دانش ا موزان در تمامی رشته ها و مقاطع تحصيلی بوده که بر اساس کتابهای زير نوشته شده و تا جايی که امکان داشته ازبيان موارد غير ضروری خودداری شده است. English Sentence Structure by: Robert Kohrn A Practical English Grammar by: Tomson & Mortinen Graded Exercise in English by: Robert J. Dixon NTC's Preparation for the TOEFL by: Mallade Broukal & Nolan-Wood Cambridge Preparation for the TOEFL Test by: Jolen Gear Modern English by: Marcella Frank زبان انگليسی (جامع کنکور) نويسندگان: دکتر پرويز بيرجندی و دکتر عليرضا جابری دستور کامل زبان انگليسی مولف خانم مريم گلتراش گرامر زبان انگليسی مولف ا قای جمشيد رجبی گرامر زبان انگليسی مولف جواد عسکری ( اين استفاده از و کپی PDF ا زاد است ) (نسخه جديد با ترجمه فارسی) 0

2 زمان حال ساده:برای بيان کارهايی است که بطور تکراری انجام می شود حالت ساده فعل+فاعل day. I write a letter every من هر روز يک نامه می نويسم I don t write a letter every day. من هر روز يک نامه نمی نويسم Do [you/i] write a letter every day? ا يا من هر روز يک نامه می نويسم You write a letter every day. You don t write a letter every day. Do you write a letter every day? تو هر روز يک نامه می نويسی تو هر روز يک نامه نمی نويسی ا يا تو هر روز يک نامه می نويسی day. [He/She/It/Mary] writes a letter every او / ماری هر روز يک نامه می نويسد day. [He/She/It/Mary] doesn t write a letter every او /ماری هر روز يک نامه نمی نويسد day? Does [he/she/it/mary] write a letter every ا يا او/ماری هر روز يک نامه می نويسد We write a letter every day. We don t write a letter every day. Do [you/we] write a letter every day? ما هر روز يک نامه می نويسيم ما هر روز يک نامه نمی نويسيم ا يا ما هر روز يک نامه می نويسيم You write a letter every day. You don t write a letter every day. Do you write a letter every day? شما هر روز يک نامه می نويسيد شما هر روز يک نامه نمی نويسيد ا يا شما هر روز يک نامه می نويسيد They write a letter every day. ا نها هر روز يک نامه می نويسند day. They don t write a letter every ا نها هر روز يک نامه نمی نويسند Do they write a letter every day? ا يا ا نها هر روز يک نامه می نويسند 1

3 زمان حال استمراری: برای بيان کارهايی است که همين حالا دارد انجام می شود. دارم- داری- دارد- داريم- داريد- دارند- + +فاعل فعل are+ am, is, ing+ +now I am writing a letter now. I am not writing a letter now. [Are you/am I] writing a letter now? من اکنون دارم يک نامه می نويسم من اکنون درحال نوشتن نوشتن يک نامه نيستم ا يا من اکنون دارم يک نامه می نويسم You are writing a letter now. You are not writing a letter now. Are you writing a letter now? تو اکنون داری يک نامه می نويسی تو اکنون در در حال نوشتن نامه نيستی ا يا تواکنون داری يک نامه می نويسی now. [He/she/It/Mary] is writing a letter او / ماری اکنون دارد يک نامه می نويسد now. [He/she/It/Mary] is not writing a letter او /ماری اکنون در حال نوشتن يک نامه نيست Is [he/she/it/mary] writing a letter now? ا يا او/ماری اکنون دارد يک نامه می نويسد We are writing a letter now. We are not writing a letter now. Are [you/we] writing a letter now? ما اکنون داريم يک نامه می نويسيم ما اکنون در حال نوشتن يک نامه نيستيم ا يا ما اکنون داريم يک نامه می نويسيم You are writing a letter now. شما اکنون داريد يک نامه می نويسيد now. You are not writing a letter شما اکنون در حال نوشتن يک نامه نيستيد Are you writing a letter now? ا يا شما اکنون داريد يک نامه می نويسيد They are writing a letter now. They are not writing a letter now. Are they writing a letter now? ا نها اکنون دارند يک نامه می نويسند ا نها اکنون در حال نوشتن يک نامه نيستند ا يا ا نها اکنون دارند يک نامه می نويسند 2

4 - ايم - ايد - ام - ای - است - اند زمان حال آامل: برای بيان کارهايی است که قبلا انجام شده و اثر ا نها مهم تر از زمان انجام ا نها است. ) علامتهای زمان حال کامل عبارتند از : times ( yet,already, just, since, for, recently, lately, + فاعل have / has + P.P. + I have written a letter. I have not written a letter. Have [I/you] written a letter? من يک نامه نوشته ام من يک نامه ننوشته ام ا يا من يک نامه نوشته ام You have written a letter. You have not written a letter. Have you written a letter? تو يک نامه نوشته ای تو يک نامه ننوشته ای ا يا تو يک نامه نوشته ای letter. [He/She/It/Mary] has written a او / ماری يک نامه نوشته است letter. [He/She/It/Mary] has not written a او / ماری يک نامه ننوشته است ا يا او/ماری يک نامه نوشته است Has [he/she/it/mary] written a letter? We have written a letter. We have not written a letter. Have [you/we] written a letter? ما يک نامه نوشته ايم ما يک نامه ننوشته ايم ا يا ما يک نامه نوشته ايم You have written a letter. You have not written a letter. Have you written a letter? شما يک نامه نوشته ايد شما يک نامه ننوشته ايد ا يا شما يک نامه نوشته ايد They have written a letter. They have not written a letter. Have they written a letter? ا نها يک نامه نوشته اند ا نها يک نامه ننوشته اند ا يا ا نها يک نامه نوشته اند 3

5 زمان حال آامل استمراری: برای بيان کارهايی است که از قبل شروع شده و هنوز تمام نشده است. + ing فع + have / has been فعل + فاعل + ing I have been writing a letter since this morning. I have not been writing a letter since this morning. Have [you/i] been writing a letter since this morning? من از صبح دارم يک نامه می نويسم من از صبح در حال نوشتن نامه نيستم ا يا من از صبح دارم يک نامه می نويسم You have been writing a letter since this morning. You have not been writing a letter since this morning. Have you been writing a letter since this morning? تو از صبح داری يک نامه می نويسی تو از صبح در حال نوشتن يک نامه نيستی ا يا تو از صبح داری يک نامه می نويسی [She/He/It/Mary] has been writing a letter since this morning. [She/He/It/Mary] has not been writing a letter since this morning Has [She/He/It/Mary] been writing a letter since this morning? او / ماری از صبح دارد يک نامه می نويسد او /ماری از صبح در حال نوشتن يک نامه نيست ا يا او/ماری از صبح دارد يک نامه می نويسد We have been writing a letter since this morning. We have not been writing a letter since this morning. Have [you/we] been writing a letter since this morning? ما از صبح داريم يک نامه می نويسيم ما از صبح در حال نوشتن يک نامه نيستيم ا يا ما از صبح داريم يک نامه می نويسيم You have been writing a letter since this morning. You have not been writing a letter since this morning. Have you been writing a letter since this morning? شما از صبح داريد يک نامه می نويسيد شما از صبح در حال نوشتن يک نامه نيستيد ا يا شما از صبح داريد يک نامه می نويسيد They have been writing a letter since this morning. They have not been writing a letter since this morning. Have they been writing a letter since this morning? ا نها از صبح دارند يک نامه می نويسند ا نها از صبح در حال نوشتن يک نامه نيستند ا يا ا نها از صبح دارند يک نامه می نويسند 4

6 زمان گذشته ساده: مهم تر است. برای بيان کارهايی است که قبلا انجام شده و تمام شده و در اينجا زمان انجام کار + قيد زمان گذشته + +زمان گذشته فعل فاعل I wrote a letter yesterday. I did not write a letter yesterday. Did [you/i] write a letter yesterday? من ديروز يک نامه نوشتم من ديروز يک نامه ننوشتم ا يا من ديروز يک نامه نوشتم You wrote a letter yesterday. You did not write a letter yesterday. Did you write a letter yesterday? تو ديروز يک نامه نوشتی تو ديروز يک نامه ننوشتی ا يا تو ديروز يک نامه نوشتی yesterday. [She/He/It/Mary] wrote a letter او / ماری ديروز يک نامه نوشت yesterday. [She/He/It/Mary] did not write a letter او / ماری ديروز يک نامه ننوشت ا يا او/ماری ديروز يک نامه نوشت Did [She/He/It/Mary] write a letter yesterday? We wrote a letter yesterday. We did not write a letter yesterday. Did [you/we] write a letter yesterday? ما ديروز يک نامه نوشتيم ما ديروز يک نامه ننوشتيم ا يا ما ديروز يک نامه نوشتيم You wrote a letter yesterday. You did not write a letter yesterday. Did you write a letter yesterday? شما ديروز يک نامه نوشتيد شما ديروز يک نامه ننوشتيد ا يا شما ديروز يک نامه نوشتيد They wrote a letter yesterday. They did not write a letter yesterday. Did they write a letter yesterday? ا نها ديروز يک نامه نوشتند ا نها ديروز يک نامه ننوشتند ا يا ا نها ديروز يک نامه نوشتند 5

7 داشتم - داشتی - داشتيم - داشتيد - - داشت داشتند - زمان گذشته استمراری: برای بيان استمرار کارهايی است که در زمان گذشته انجام شده و معمولا با يک زمان گذشته ساده همراه است. + was\were + + ing+ قيد زمان گذشته + فاعل فعل زمان گذشته استمراری زمان گذشته ساده When she came, I was writing a letter. When she came, I was not writing a letter. When she came, was [you/i] writing a letter? وقتی او ا مد من داشتم يک نامه می نوشتم وقتی او ا مد من در حال نوشتن يک نامه نبودم وقتی او ا مد ا يا من داشتم يک نامه می نوشتم When she came, you were writing a letter. وقتی او ا مد تو داشتی يک نامه می نوشتی letter. When she came, you were not writing a وقتی او ا مد تو در حال نوشتن يک نامه نبودی When she came, were you writing a letter? وقتی او ا مد ا يا تو داشتی يک نامه می نوشتی وقتی او ا مد ماری داشت يک نامه می نوشت letter. When she came, [he/she/it/mary] was writing a وقتی او ا مد ماری در حال نوشتن يک نامه نبود letter. When she came, [he/she/it/mary] was not writing a وقتی او ا مد ا يا ماری داشت يک نامه می نوشت letter? When she came, was [he/she/it/mary] writing a When she came, we were writing a letter. When she came, we were not writing a letter. When she came, were [you/ we] writing a letter? وقتی او ا مد ما داشتيم يک نامه می نوشتيم وقتی او ا مد ما در حال نوشتن يک نامه نبوديم وقتی ا و ا مد ا يا ما در حال نوشتن يک نامه بوديم When she came, you were writing a letter. When she came, you were not writing a letter. When she came, were you writing a letter? وقتی او ا مد شما داشتيد يک نامه می نوشتيد وقتی او ا مد شما در حال نوشتن يک نامه نبوديد وقتی او ا مد ا يا شما داشتيد يک نامه می نوشتيد When she came, they were writing a letter. When she came, they were not writing a letter. When she came, were they writing a letter? وقتی او ا مد ا نها داشتند يک نامه می نوشتند وقتی او ا مد ا نها در حال نوشتن يک نامه نبودند وقتی او ا مد ا يا ا نها در حال نوشتن يک نامه بودند 6

8 - بوديم - بوديد - بودند - بودم - بودی - بود زمان گذشته آامل: برای بيان کارهايی است که در زمان گذشته قبل از کار ديگری انجام شده و معمولا با يک زمان گذشته ساده همراه است. + فاعل had + P.P. + زمان گذشته کامل زمان گذشته ساده When she came, I had written a letter. When she came, I had not written a letter. When she came, had [you/i] written a letter? وقتی او ا مد من يک نامه نوشته بودم وقتی او ا مد من يک نامه ننوشته بودم وقتی او ا مد ا يا من يک نامه نوشته بودم When she came, you had written a letter. When she came, you had not written a letter. When she came, had you written a letter? وقتی او ا مد تو يک نامه نوشته بودی وقتی او ا مد تو يک نامه ننوشته بودی وقتی او ا مد ا يا تو يک نامه نوشته بودی When she came, [he/she/it/mary] had written a letter. When she came, [he/she/it/mary] had not written a letter. When she came, had [he/she/it/mary] written a letter? وقتی او ا مد ماری يک نامه نوشته بود وقتی او ا مد ماری يک نامه ننوشته بود وقتی او ا مد ا يا ماری يک نامه نوشته بود When she came, we had written a letter. When she came, we had not written a letter. When she came, had [you/we] written a letter? وقتی او ا مد ما يک نامه نوشته بوديم وقتی او ا مد ما يک نامه ننوشته بوديم وقتی او ا مد ا يا ما يک نامه نوشته بوديم When she came, you had written a letter. When she came, you had not written a letter. When she came, had you written a letter? وقتی او ا مد شما يک نامه نوشته بوديد وقتی او ا مد شما يک نامه ننوشته بوديد وقتی او ا مد ا يا شما يک نامه نوشته بوديد When she came, they had written a letter. When she came, they had not written a letter. When she came, had they written a letter? وقتی او ا مد ا نها يک نامه نوشته بودند وقتی او ا مد ا نها يک نامه ننوشته بودند وقتی او ا مد ا يا ا نها يک نامه نوشته بودند 7

9 زمان گذشته آامل استمراری: زمان را هم بيان می کند. برای بيان استمرار کارهايی است که در زمان گذشته انجام شده و طول + had been + فاعل فعل + ing + قبل از اينکه او بيايد برای دو ساعت داشتم يک نامه می نوشتم قبل از اينکه او بيايد برای دو ساعت نامه نمی نوشتم I had been writing a letter for two hours before he came. I had not been writing a letter for two hours before he came. قبل از اينکه او بيايد ا يا داشتم برای دو ساعت نامه می نوشتم came? Had [you/i] been writing a letter for two hours before he came. You had been writing a letter for two hours before he قبل از اينکه او بيايد برای دو ساعت داشتی نامه می نوشتی came. You had not been writing a letter for two hours before he قبل از اينکم او بيايد برای دو ساعت نامه نمی نوشتی came? Had you been writing a letter for two hours before he قبل از اينکه او بيايد ا يا برای دو ساعت داشتی نامه می نوشتی قبل از اينکه او بيايد ماری دو ساعت داشت نامه می نوشت came. [He/She/It/Marry] had been writing a letter for two hours before he قبل از اينکه او بيايد ماری برای دو ساعت نامه نمی نوشت. hecame [He/She/It/Marry] had not been writing a letter for two hours before قبل از اينکه او بيايد ا يا ماری دو ساعت داشت نامه می نوشت came? Had [he/she/it/marry] been writing a letter for two hours before he came. We had been writing a letter for two hours before he قبل از اينکه او بيايد ما برای دو ساعت داشتيم نامه می نوشتيم came. We had not been writing a letter for two hours before he قبل از اينکه او بيايد ما برای دو ساعت نامه نمی نوشتيم came? Had [you/we] been writing a letter for two hours before he قبل از اينکه او بيايد ا يا ما دو ساعت داشتيم نامه می نوشتيم قبل از اينکه او بيايد شما برای دو ساعت داشتيد نامه می نوشتيد came. You had been writing a letter for two hours before he قبل از اينکه او بيايد شما برای دو ساعت نامه نمی نوشتيد came. You had not been writing a letter for two hours before he قبل از اينکه او بيايد ا يا شما برای دو ساعت نامه می نوشتيد came? Had you been writing a letter for two hours before he قبل از اينکه او بيايد ا نها برای دو ساعت نامه می نوشتند came. They had been writing a letter for two hours before he قبل از اينکه او بيايد ا نها برای دو ساعت نامه نمی نوشتند came. They had not been writing a letter for two hours before he قبل از اينکه او بيايد ا يا ا نها برای دو ساعت نامه می نوشتند came? Had they been writing a letter for two hours before he 8

10 زمان ا ينده ساده: برای بيان کارهايی است که قرار است در ا ينده انجام شود. + will + + قيد زمان ا ينده + حالت ساده فعل فاعل I will write a letter tomorrow. I won t write a letter tomorrow. Will [you/i] write a letter tomorrow? من فردا يک نامه خواهم نوشت من فردا يک نامه نخواهم نوشت ا يا من فردا يک نامه خواهم نوشت You will write a letter tomorrow. You won t write a letter tomorrow. Will you write a letter tomorrow? تو فردا يک نامه خواهی نوشت تو فردا يک نامه نخواهی نوشت ا يا تو فردا يک نامه خواهی نوشت tomorrow. [He/She/It/Mary] will write a letter او / ماری فردا يک نامه خواهد نوشت tomorrow. [He/She/It/Mary] won t write a letter او / ماری فردا يک نامه نخواهد نوشت Will [he/she/it/mary] write a letter tomorrow? ا يا او/ ماری فردا يک نامه خواهد نوشت We will write a letter tomorrow. We won t write a letter tomorrow. Will [you/we] write a letter tomorrow? ما فردا يک نامه خواهيم نوشت ما فردا يک نامه نخواهيم نوشت ا يا ما فردا يک نامه خواهيم نوشت You will write a letter tomorrow. You won t write a letter tomorrow. Will you write a letter tomorrow? شما فردا يک نامه خواهيد نوشت شما فردا يک نامه نخواهيد نوشت ا يا شما فردا يک نامه خواهيد نوشت They will write a letter tomorrow. They won t write a letter tomorrow. Will they write a letter tomorrow? ا نها فردا يک نامه خواهند نوشت ا نها فردا يک نامه نخواهند نوشت ا يا ا نها فردا يک نامه خواهند نوشت 9

11 زمان ا ينده استمراری: برای بيان کارهايی است که قرار است در ا ينده انجام شود و از زمان دقيق انجام ا ن در ا ينده اطلاع داريم. + will be + فاعل فعل + ing + I will be writing a letter tomorrow at this time. I won t be writing a letter tomorrow at this time. Will [you/i] be writing a letter tomorrow at this time? فردا اين موقع دارم يک نامه می نويسم فردا اين موقع در حال نوشتن نامه نيستم ا يا فردا اين موقع دارم يک نامه می نويسم You will be writing a letter tomorrow at this time. You won t be writing a letter tomorrow at this time. Will you be writing a letter tomorrow at this time? فردا اين موقع داری يک نامه می نويسی فردا اين موقع در حال نوشتن يک نامه نيستی ا يا فردا اين موقع داری يک نامه می نويسی فردا اين موقع او/ ماری دارد يک نامه می نويسد فردا اين موقع او/ماری در حال نوشتن نامه نيست ا يا فردا اين موقع او /ماری دارد يک نامه می نويسد [He/she/It/Mary] will be writing a letter tomorrow at this time. [He/she/It/Mary] won t be writing a letter tomorrow at this time. Will [he/she/it/mary] be writing a letter tomorrow at this time? We will be writing a letter tomorrow at this time. We won t be writing a letter tomorrow at this time. Will [you/we] be writing a letter tomorrow at this time? فردا اين موقع ما داريم يک نامه می نويسيم فردا اين موقع ما در حال نوشتن يک نامه نيستيم ا يا فردا اين موقع ما داريم يک نامه می نويسيم You will be writing a letter tomorrow at this time. You won t be writing a letter tomorrow at this time. Will you be writing a letter tomorrow at this time? فردا اين موقع شما داريد يک نامه می نويسيد فردا اين موقع شما در حال نوشتن يک نامه نيستيد ا يا شما فردا اين موقع داريد يک نامه می نويسيد They will be writing a letter tomorrow at this time. They won t be writing a letter tomorrow at this time. Will they be writing a letter tomorrow at this time? فردا اين موقع ا نها دارند يک نامه می نويسند فردا اين موقع ا نها در حال نوشتن يک نامه نيستند ا يا فردا اين موقع ا نها دارند يک نامه می نويسند 10

12 زمان ا ينده آامل: برای بيان کارهايی است که قرار است درزمان ا ينده قبل از کار ديگری انجام شود. + فاعل will have + P.P. + I will have written a letter by Peter come back. I won t have written a letter by Peter come back. Will [you/i] have written a letter by Peter come back? تا پيتر برگردد من يک نامه خواهم نوشت تا پيتربرکردد من يک نامه نخواهم نوشت تا پيتر برگردد ا يا من يک نامه خواهم نوشت You will have written a letter by Peter come back. You won t have written a letter by Peter come back. Will you have written a letter by Peter come back? تا پيتر برگردد تو يک نامه خواهی نوشت تا پيتر برگردد تو يک نامه نخواهی نوشت تا پيتر برگردد ا يا تو يک نامه خواهی نوشت تا پيتر برگردد او يک نامه خواهد نوشت back. [He/She/It/Mary] will have written a letter by Peter come تا پيتر برگردد او يک نامه نخواهد نوشت back. [He/She/It/Mary] won t have written a letter by Peter come تا پيتر برگردد ا يا او يک نامه خواهد نوشت back? Will [he/she/it/mary] have written a letter by Peter come We will have written a letter by Peter come back. We won t have written a letter by Peter come back. Will [you/we] have written a letter by Peter come back? تا پيتر برگردد ما يک نامه خواهيم نوشت تا پيتر برگردد ما يک نامه نخواهيم نوشت تا پيتر برگردد ا يا ما يک نامه خواهيم نوشت You will have written a letter by Peter come back. You won t have written a letter by Peter come back. Will you have written a letter by Peter come back? تا پيتر برگردد شما يک نامه خواهيد نوشت تا پيتر برگردد شما يک نامه نخواهيد نوشت تا پيتر برگردد ا يا شما يک نامه خواهيد نوشت They will have written a letter by Peter come back. They won t have written a letter by Peter come back. Will they have written a letter by Peter come back? تا پيتر برگردد ا نها يک نامه خواهند نوشت تا پيتر برگردد ا نها يک نامه نخواهند نوشت تا پيتر برگردد ا يا ا نها يک نامه خواهند نوشت 11

13 زمان ا ينده آامل استمراری: برای بيان کارهايی است که درزمان مشخصی در ا ينده قرار است کامل شود. + will have been فعل + + فاعل ing + By the time we get home, I will have been writing this letter for three hours. تا برسيم خانه من سه ساعت است کم دارم اين نامه را می نويسم By the time we get home, I won t have been writing this letter for three hours. تا برسيم خانه من سه ساعت نيست که دارم اين نامه را می نويسم By the time we get home, will [you/i] have been writing this letter for three hours? تا برسيم خانه ا يا سه ساعت است که من دارم اين نامه را می نويسم By the time we get home, you will have been writing this letter for three hours. تا برسيم خانه تو سه ساعت است که داری اين نامه را می نويسی By the time we get home, you won t have been writing this letter for three hours. تا برسيم خانه تو سه ساعت نيست که داری اين نامه را می نويسی By the time we get home, will you have been writing this letter for three hours? تا برسيم خانه ا يا سه ساعت است که تو داری اين نامه را می نويسی By the time we get home, [he/she/it/mary] will have been writing this letter for three hours. تا برسيم خانه او/ماری سه ساعت است که دارد اين نامه را می نويسد By the time we get home, [he/she/it/mary] won t have been writing this letter for three hours. تا برسيم خانه او/ ماری سه ساعت نيست که دارد اين نامه را می نويسد By the time we get home, will [he/she/it/mary] have been writing this letter for three hours? تا برسيم خانه ا يا او/ ماری سه ساعت است که دارد اين نامه را می نويسد By the time we get home, we will have been writing this letter for three hours. تا برسيم خانه ما سه ساعت است که داريم اين نامه را می نويسيم By the time we get home, we won t have been writing this letter for three hours. تا برسيم خانه ما سه ساعت نيست که داريم اين نامه را می نويسيم By the time we get home, will [you/we] have been writing this letter for three hours? تا برسيم خانه ا يا ما سه ساعت است که داريم اين نامه را می نويسيم By the time we get home, you will have been writing this letter for three hours. تا برسيم خانه شما سه ساعت است که داريد اين نامه را می نويسيد By the time we get home, you won t have been writing this letter for three hours. تا برسيم خانه شما سه ساعت نيست که داريد اين نامه را می نويسيد By the time we get home, will you have been writing this letter for three hours? تا برسيم خانه ا يا شما سه ساعت است که داريد اين نامه را می نويسيد By the time we get home, they will have been writing this letter for three hours. تا برسيم خانه سه ساعت است که ا نها دارند اين نامه را می نويسند By the time we get home, they won t have been writing this letter for three hours. تا برسيم خانه سه ساعت نيست که ا نها دارند اين نامه را می نويسند By the time we get home, will they have been writing this letter for three hours? تا برسيم خانه ا يا سه ساعت است که ا نها دارند اين نامه را می نويسند 12

14 تبديل جملات معلوم به مجهول قيد + مفعول + فعل + فاعل : جمله معلوم قيد + PP + مشتقات + to be نايب فاعل: جمله مجهول زمان حال ساده... am/is/are زمان گذشته ساده was/were... زمان ا ينده ساده... will be زمان حال استمراری... (am/is/are) being زمان گذشته استمراری... (was/were) being زمان حال کامل... (have/has) been زمان گذشته کامل... had been زمان ا ينده کامل... havebeen will day. -1 She sees me every او هر روز مرا می بيند 1- I am seen every day. من هر روز ديده می شوم 2- Sona wrote a letter yesterday. سونا ديروز يک نامه نوشت yesterday. 2- A letter was written يک نامه ديروز نوشته شد 3- I will clean the window tomorrow. من فردا پنجره را تميز خواهم کرد tomorrow. 3- The window will be cleaned پنجره فردا تميز خواهد شد wall. -4 They are painting the ا نها دارند ديوار را رنگ می کنند painted. 4- The wall is being ديوار دارد رنگ می شود kitchen. -5 She was washing the او داشت ا شپزخانه را می شست washed. -5 The kitchen was being ا شپز خانه داشت شسته می شد glass. 6- He has broken the او ليوان را شکسته است broken. 6- The glass has been ليوان شکسته شده است school. 7- We had bought some books for ما تعدادی کتاب برای مدرسه خريده بوديم school. 7- Some books had been bought for the تعدادی کتاب برای مدرسه خريده شده بود He will have bought a new car by او تا سال 2012 يک ماشين خواهد خريد A new car will have been bought by تا سال 2012 يک ماشين خريده خواهد شد صفات صفت مطلق/متساوی: قبل از اسم می ا يد و برای بيان خصوصيات دو چيز است که دارای کيفيت مساوی هستند. as + صفت + as 13

15 This table is as big as that table. This car is as expensive as that house. اين ميز به بزرگی ا ن ميز است اين ماشين به گرانی / هم قيمت ا ن خانه است not so + صفت + as Today is not so warm as yesterday. امروز به گرمی ديروز نيست اسامی کيفی در حالت مقايسه در غالب زير می ا يند: وزن weight,اندازه size,طول length,رنگ color,روش style,قيمت price,قد height,سن Age the same + اسم + as This chair is the same color as that bike. اين ميز هم رنگ ا ن دوچرخه است friend. Mary is the same age as her ماری هم سن خواهرش است به ساختار های زير توجه کنيد: fruit. Fresh fruit coast twice as much as canned قيمت ميوه تازه دو برابر کمپوت ميوه است We eat twenty times as much sugar as we did in ما دو برابر سال 1800 شکر می خوريم need. We have half as many as we ما نصف ا ن چيزی را داريم که لازم داريم صفت تفصيلی (تر):برای بيان خصوصيات دو چيز است که دارای کيفيت متفاوت هستند. + er صفت يک سيلابی بزرگتر bigger بزرگ big بلند تر taller بلند tall This tree is taller than that tree. اين درخت بلندتراز ا ن درخت است. صفت چند سيلابی + more زيباتر more beautiful زيبا beautiful This house is more beautiful than that one. اين خانه زيبا تر از ا ن يکی است. صفت عالی (ترين): برای بيان خصوصيات بيش از دو چيز است که دارای کيفيت متفاوت هستند. The + صفت يک سيلابی + est چاق ترين the fattest چاق fat He is the fattest student in the class. او چاق ترين دانش ا موز اين کلاس است. 14

16 صفت چند سيلابی + most The گرانترين the most expensive گران expensive This is the most expensive car here. اين گران ترين اتومبيل اينجا هست. به جدول زير توجه کنيد: صفت عالی (ترين) صفت تفضيلی (تر ( صفت مطلق/متساوی بهترينbest The بهترBette خوب Good/ well بدترين The worst بدترworse بد Bad/ ill کمترين The least کمتر Less کم Little بيشترين The most بيشتر More خيلی Much/ many بيشترين The farthest دور ترين The furthest بيشتر Farther دور / زياد Far دور تر Further جملات شرطی جملات شرطی نوع اول + حالت ساده فعل + will/can/may + فاعل+, زمان حال ساده + فاعل + If If Mary studies hard, she will/can/may pass the exam. اگر ماری سخت مطالعه کند امتحان را پاس خواهد کرد. If you go to the station, you will/can/may see your friend. اگر تو به ايستگاه بروی دوستت را خواهی ديد. (ميل داشتن) you. If you would like to come, I will get a ticket for اگر دوست داری که بيايی برای تو يک بليط خواهم گرفت. جملات شرطی نوع دوم + حالت ساده فعل would/could/might+ + فاعل +,زمان گذشته ساده + فاعل + If If Mary studied hard, she would/could/might pass the exam. اگر ماری سخت مطالعه می کرد امتحان را پاس می کرد. 15

17 If you went to the station, you would/could/might see your friend. اگر تو به ايستگاه می رفتی دوستت را می ديدی. جملات شرطی نوع سوم If + فاعل + زمان گذشته کامل + فاعل + (would/could/might) have + pp + If Mary had studied hard, she would/could/might have passed the exam. اگر ماری سخت مطالعه کرده بود امتحان را پاس کرده بود. If you had gone to the station, you would/could/might have seen your friend. اگر تو به ايستگاه رفته بودی دوستت را ديده بودی. If he had run all the way, he would have gotten there in time. اگر او تمام راه رو دويده بود به موقع به ا نجا رسيده بود. If I had known of your arrival, I would have met you. اگر من ازورود شما مطلع بودم شما را ملاقات کرده بودم. If he had taken my advice, he would be a rich man now. اگر او به نصيحت من گوش داده بود الان يک شخص پولدار بود. در جملات شرطی نوع دوم فعل to be برای تمام ضماير تبديل به were مشود به عبارت ديگر در جملات شرطی نوع دوم was نداريم. If I were a doctor, I would help him. اگر من يک دکتر بودم به او کمک می کردم. If today were off, we would go shopping. اگر امروز تعطيل بود ما به خريد می رفتيم. اگر در جملات شرطی were, had و should می کنيم: داشته باشيم به صورت زير عمل If I were rich, I would help him. Were I rich, I would help him. If Jack had come, we. Had Jack come, we. If they should help, we Should they help, we اگر من پولدار بودم به او کمک می کردم اگر جک ا مده بود ما... اگر ا نها احيانا به ما کمک کنند ما... Unless = if not Unless it rains, we will go shopping. اگر باران نبارد ما به خريد خواهيم رفت. 16

18 به موارد زير توجه کنيد: If we heat water, it will changes into steam. If he should come, give this book to him. اگر ما ا ب را گرم کنيم به بخار تبديل می شود. اگر او احيانا ا مد اين کتاب را به او بده. If you say 'Yes", I say 'No'. Should در اين جمله "شک و ترديد" را می رساند اگر تو بگويی بله من می گويم نه Relative pronouns ضماير موصولی Who که او/ که ا نها- انسان- حالت فاعلی Whom که او را / که ا نها را- انسان- حالت مفعولی Which که ا ن/ که ا ن را/ که ا نها/ که ا نها را- غير انسان- حالت فاعلی و مفعولی Whose که مال او/ که مال ا نها/ که مال ا ن- انسان- حالت ملکی Its/ their که مال ا ن/ که مال ا نها/ که مال ا ن- غير انسان- حالت ملکی Where جايی که- مکان پسری که دارد می ا يد دوست من است. friend. The boy who is coming is my دخترانی که دارند می رقصند دوستان من هستند. friends. The girls who are dancing are my مردی که شما شب قبل ديديد برادر من است. brother. The man whom you saw last night is my پسرهايی که شما ديروز ملاقات کرديد در کلاس من class. The boys whom you met yesterday are in my هستند. The dog which is running is mine. سگی که دارد می دود مال من است. The cars which you saw are ours. ماشينی که شما ديديد مال ما است. The girl whose bag is red is my friend. دختری که کيفش قرمز هست دوست من است. yard. The table its leg is broken is in the ميزی که پايه اش شکسته است توی حياط است. The school where we study is big. مدرسه ای که ما توش درس می خوانيم بزرگ است. 17

19 تبديل جملات نقل قول مستقيم به غير مستقيم Direct speech & indirect speech جملات خبری: He said to me, "Elham goes to school". He told me that Elham went to school. She said, "I can drive my car". She said that she could drive her car. او به من گفت "الهام به مدرسه می رود." او به من گفت که الهام به مدرسه می رود. او گفت "من می تونم رانندگی کنم." او گفت که می تونه رانندگی کنه. جملات امری/ نهی: معلم به من گفت "نام خودت رو بنويس. name" The teacher said to me, "Write your معلم به من گفت که نام خودم را بنويسم. name. The teacher told me to write my He said to the drivers, "don t park your cars here" او به رانندها گفت "اتومبيل هايتان را اينجا پارک نکنيد " He told the drivers not to park their cars there. او به رانندها گفت که اتومبيل هايشان را ا نجا پارک. نکنند جملات پرسشی: He asked Atena, "What time will you come back?" او از ا تنا پرسيد " چه ساعتی بر خواهی گشت " He asked Atena what time she would come back. او از ا تنا پرسيد که چه ساعتی می خواست. برگردد Jack asked me," what time is it?" جک از من پرسيد "ساعت چند است " Jack asked me what time it was. جک از من پرسيد که ساعت چند بود. She asked me, "Can the pilots speak English?" او از من پرسيد " ا يا خلبان ها می توانند انگليسی صحبت کنند " She asked me if/whether the pilots could speak English. او از من پرسيد که ا يا خلبانها می توانستند انگليسی صحبت کنند. ا ن شب that night امشبtonight ا ن that اين This ا ن روز that day امروزtoday ا نهاthose اينهاthese روز بعدش the next day فرداtomorrow ا نجا there اينجاhere روز قبلش the day before ديروزYesterday قبل پيشbefore قبل ago سپس بعدش then الان Now 18

20 Much, many, few, a few, little, a little, a lot of, a great deal of.. :Few/ a few کمی /يه کمی- برای اسامی قابل شمارش- با اسم و فعل جمع می ا يند. :Little/a little کمی /يه کمی- برای اسامی غير قابل شمارش- با اسم و فعل مفرد می ا يند. A: lot of مقدار زيادی- برای اسامی قابل شمارش- با اسم و فعل جمع و برای اسامی غير قابل شمارش- با اسم و فعل مفرد می ا يد. : Many مقدار زيادی- برای اسامی قابل شمارش- با فعل جمع می ا يد. :Much برای اسامی غير قابل شمارش- با فعل مفرد می ا يد. I have a few friends. من تعداد کمی دوست دارم. There are a few books on the table. تعداد کمی کتاب روی ميز است. فقط يک مقدار کمی شير توی بطری است. bottle. There is only a little milk in the تعداد زيادی اتومبيل در خيابان است street. There are a lot of cars in the There is a lot of bread in the basket. مقدار زيادی نان در سبد است. He didn't eat much fruit. او ميوه زيادی نخورد. I don't have many friends here. من اينجا دوستان زيادی ندارم. She doesn't have much money. او پول زيادی ندارد. Neither/ either/ so/ too neither & either :در جملات منفی می ا يند. فاعل + فعل کمکی مثبت + neither, and + جمله منفی اول I Alex can't drive a car, and neither can ا لکس نمی تواند رانندگی کند من هم همينطور. you. Mary shouldn't go there, and neither should ماری نبايد ا نجا برود تو هم همينطور. + either فعل کمکی منفی + فاعل + and, جمله منفی اول ا لکس نمی تواند رانندگی کند من هم همينطور. either. Alex can't drive a car, and I can't ماری نبايد ا نجا برود تو هم همينطور. either Mary shouldn't go there, and you shouldn't :so& too در جملات مثبت می ا يند فاعل + فعل کمکی مثبت + so and +,جمله مثبت اول Alex can drive a car, and so can I. Mary should go there, and so should you. Sara works hard, and so does her sister. ا لکس می تواند رانندگی کند من هم همينطور ماری بايد ا نجا برود تو هم همينطور. سارا سخت کار می کند همينطور هم خواهرش. + too فعل کمکی مثبت + فاعل + and,جمله مثبت اول 19

21 Alex can drive a car, and I can too. Mary should go there, and you should too. Sara works hard, and her sister does too. She went to park, and I did too. ا لکس می تواند رانندگی کند من هم همينطور ماری بايد ا نجا برود تو هم همينطور. سارا سخت کار می کند همينطور هم خواهرش او به پارک رفت من هم همينطور به کاربرد کلمات زير توجه کنيد Too/ so/ such a, an/ enough/ very. + too + adj + (for sb) + to + V +.. جمله مثبت / معنی منفی اين چای برای نوشيدن خيلی گرم است (اين چای را نمی توانم بنوشم ( drink. This tea is too hot (for me) to امروز برای سارا خيلی گرم است که يک کت بپوشد. coat. Today is too hot for Sara to wear a جمله منفی / مثبت + that.+ so + adj + اين مسي له ا نقدر سخت است که نمی توانم ا ن را حل کنم. it. This problem is so difficult that I can't solve This movie is so exciting that we want to watch it again. اين فيلم ا نقدر هيجان انگيز است که ما می خواهيم ا ن را دوباره تماشا کنيم. So + much/ many/ little/ few There is so much food in the refrigerator. مقدار زيادی غذا در يخچال وجود دارد.. + such (a/an) + (adj) + N + that + او چنان دختر با ادبی است که همه او را دوست دارند her. She is such a polite girl that everybody likes It was such an exciting book that I read it completely. ا ن چنان کتاب جالبی بود که من ا ن را کامل خواندم. It was such good news that I told them immediately. ا ن چنان خبر خوبی بود که من ا ن را فورا به ا نها گفتم. Have you ever seen such a thing? ا يا تا به حال يک چنين چيزی ديده ايد... + enough + N + + adj + enough + She has enough money to buy that book. (N) He is strong enough to lift this box (adj) او به حد کافی پول دارد که ا ن کتاب را بخرد. او به حد کافی قوی هست که اين بسته را بلند کند. 20

22 + very + adj + I am very happy to hear that. He is very clever. + ing + be used to + V + فاعل خوشحالم که اين را می شنوم. او خيلی باهوش است. عادت کنو نی He is used to smoking cigarette. او عادت دارد سيگار بکشد. من عادت دارم قبل از خواب روزنامه بخوانم. bed. I am used to reading newspaper before I go to + حالت ساده فعل + to + used فاعل He used to smoke cigarette when he was young. She used to smoke, but she no longer does so. عادت ترک شده او وقتی جوان بود عادت داشت سيگار بکشد. او عادت داشت سيگار بکشد ولی ديگر نمی کشد. No longer به معنی«ديگر» بوده و جمله را منفی می کند قوانين در مورد I wish در زمان حال فعل I wish گذشته می ا يد: I wish I had her phone number now. I wish کاش الان شماره تلفن او را داشتم. برای زمان گذشته و گذشته کامل فعل گذشته کامل می ا يد: کاش ديروز ا نجا را زودتر ترک کرده بوديم yesterday. I wish we had left there earlier در زمان ا ينده فعل Iا ينده wish در گذشته می ا يد: I wish it would rain. I wish you wouldn't make so many noises. کاش باران ببارد. (خدا کند با ران بيايد ( کاش شما اينقدر سرو صدا نمی کرديد. were می شود. I wish نکته: فعل to be در برای تمام ضماير تبديل به I wish today were off. I wish I were a doctor. If only he didn't drive so fast. If only the rain would stop. کاش امروز تعطيل بود. کاش من يک دکتر بودم. If only مثل I wish است و بيشتر برای بيان تاسف بکار می رود. کاش او اينقدر سريع رانندگی نمی کرد. کاش / خدا کند باران قطع شود. 21

23 It's time we went. I wish هم مثل As if / as thought/ it's time هستند. وقت ا ن است که برويم. : قوانين در مورد حرف تعريف the اگر کلمه ای برای دومين بار در جمله تکرار شود the می گيرد: I bought a book; the book I bought is about war. من يه کتابی خريدم کتابی که من خريدم در باره جنگ است. I live in Iran. قبل از اسامی قاره ها کشورها ايالات استانها شهرها... the نمی ا يد. نکته: ولی بعد از اسامی ايالات متحده ا مريکا بريتانيا جزاير دومينيکن... theمی ا يد They live in the Great Britain. ا نها در بريتانيای کبير زندگی می کنند. بعد از اسامی اقيانوسها درياها رودها کوه ها جزاير خليج هاو... the می ا يد. اقيانوس اطلس The Atlantic Ocean دريای خزر The Caspian Sea کوه های ا لپ The Alps قبل از اسامی تک مثل خورشيد ماه بهشت و جهنم theمی ا يد The moon is beautiful. ماه زيبا است خورشيد هر روز طلوع می کند. day. The sun rises every قبل از دو صفت تفضيلی theمی ا يد هرچه جعبه بزرگتر است سنگين تر خواهد بود. be. The bigger the box, the heavier it will The more, the better. هر چه بيشتر بهتر. جالبترين The most interesting The first / the second/ the third The opera/ the concert/ the theater/ the cinema In the morning/ in the afternoon/ in the evening تمام دانش ا موزان All the students All over the world سراسر دنيا معلم/ استاد The teacher/ the professor طلا گرانبها است Gold is precious but: The gold which is found in Iran is precious. به موارد زير توجه کنيد: اول / دوم/ سوم... اوپرا / کنسرت/ تي اتر/ سينما صبح / بعد از ظهر/ عصر طلايی که در ايران پيدا شده گرانبها است. He speaks English but: He speaks the English language. او انگليسی صحبت می کند. او به زبان انگليسی صحبت می کند 22

24 Negation قوانين در مورد منفی کردن جملات: It is a book. It is not a book. He has a book. He does not have a book. has have something. She bought او يه چيزی خريد She did not buy anything.. او هيچ چيز نخريد some any I have my lunch. من ناهار می خورم lunch. I do not have my من ناهار نمی خورم او قبلا کلاس را ترک کرده است. theclass She has already left She has not left the class yet. او هنوز کلاس رو ترک نکرد already yet He still works here. او هنوز اينجا کار می کند. He does not work here anymore. still anymore او ديگر اينجا کار نمی کند. Let's go home. بيايد / اجازه بديد بريم خانه. Let's not go home. بياييد / اجازه بديد خانه نريم. Open the door. در را باز کن. Don't open the door. در را باز نکن. Would you please open the door? ممکنه لطفا در را باز کنی Would you please not open the door? ممکنه لطفا در را باز نکنی window? Would you mind closing the اشکالی ندارد / زحمتی نيست که پنجره را ببنديد window? Would you mind not closing the اشکالی ندارد/ زحمتی نيست که پنجره را نبنديد Tag ending/ question tag پريسا می تواند انگليسی صحبت کند مگه نه she? Parisa can speak English, can't الهام امروز غايب نيست مگه نه /اينطور نيست she? Elham isn't absent today, is They could practice yesterday, couldn't they? ا نها می توانستند ديروز تمرين کنند نمی تونستند / مگه نه The women help in the farm, don't they? زنها در مزرعه کمک می کنند مگه نه I am teaching English, aren't I? من انگليسی درس می دهم مگه نه Open the door please, will you? Let's speak English, shall we? در را باز کن ممکنه / اين کار رو می کنی اجازه بديد انگليسی صحبت کنيم باشه قوانين در مورد حروف اضافه / with in / on / at / by / به موارد زير توجه کنيد: In: in January in 1980 در تابستان in summer in the afternoon in Iran/Tehran در ا سمان in the sky in the morning in ink با جوهر به منظور in order to در غيب من in my absence در حضورمن in my presence 23

25 در جلوی in front of در پايان in the end علی رغم in spite of عاشق شدن fall in love with اعتقاد داشتن به believe in علاقمند بودن بهinterestedin On: در جمعه on Friday در تولد من on my birthday on foot پياده با دوچرخه on bicycle on the whole تو تعطيلات منvacation on my بطور کل به موقع on time بر عکس on the contrary اصرار کردن روی insist on بستگی داشتن به depend on بر اساس based on خرج کردن روی spend on rely on اعتماد کردن به تبريک گفتن congratulateتمرکز on کردن رویon concentrate تو تعطيلات on vacation پشت خط on the phone برای کار on business At: at ten o'clock شب هنگام at night at play تو بازی هنگام طلوع at sunset at first هنگام کريسمس at Christmas در ابتدا پشت ميز at the table با حد اکثر سرعتfullspeed at پشت در at the door هنگام سپيده دم at dawn هنگام جنگ / صلحwar/peace at هنگام طلوع at sunrise لبخند زدن به smile at نگاه کردن بهlookat خنديدن به laugh at By: (mostly for transportation) پياده by walk از روی اشتباه by mistake از روی شانس by chance از حفظ by heart از روی ساعت من by my watch by check با چک از راه دريا by the sea شب هنگام by night از راه هوا / پرواز by the air بوسيله اتوبوس by bus تا فردا by tomorrow در ضمن by the way With: (mostly for tools) با قاشق with spoon با دوستانشhisfriend with بوسيله چشم / گوش with eye/ear با کمال ميل with pleasure با چشمان ا بی with blue eyes با موهای سفيدwhitehair with راضی از satisfied with خوشحال از happy with خطا کردن در wrong with عصبانی ازangrywith مشکل داشتن در / با trouble with پوشيده از covered with in accordance with مطابق با fall in love with عاشق شدن stay/keep in touch with در تماس بودن با To: منجر شدن به lead to متعلق به belong to شکايت کردن از complain to سپاسگزار ازgratefulto کنار next to عذر خواهی از apologize to گوش دادن به listen to مربوط به related to دعوت کردن به invite to بخاطر owing to فرستادن به send to معرفی کردن به introduce to For: تحقيق برایsearchfor درخواست کار apply for a job درخواست برای ask for منتظر wait for تاسف خوردن برایsorryfor پرداختن برای pay for استفاده شدن برای be used for 24

26 From: قرض کردن از borrow from غايب از absent from دور از away from جلو گيری کردن ازpreventfrom وارد کردن از import fro فرار کردن ازescapefrom متفاوت ازdifferentfrom دور از far from حفاظت ازprotectfrom Of: مغرور از proud of خجالت کشيدن از shy of شرمنده از ashamed of علاقمند به fond of بجای instead of علی رغم in spite of در مقابل in front of به دنبال in search of در انتهای at the end of نيازمند in need of توجه: اين افعال بدون حرف اضافه می ا يند حضور يافتن در to attend a place پاسخ دادن به( thisquestion to answer ( answer پرسيدن از me ) to ask ( he asked نزديک شدن به to approach رسيدن به to reach to allow اجازه دادن به به خارج رفتن to go abroad ازدواج کردن با to marry رفتن به خانه to go home اثر گذاشتن روی to affect دفاع کردن از to defend وارد شدن به to enter اطاعت کردن ازtoobey مشورت کردن با to consult به موارد زير توجه کنيد: و... هر دو and both My pen and book both have been lost. خودکارم و کتابم هر دوتا گم شده اند. both..and هر دو... و هر دوتا هم خودکارم و هم کتابم گم شده اند. lost. Both my pen and book have been either.or She plays either tennis or golf. او هم تنيس بازی می کند هم گلف. يا... يا nether nor نه... نه Neither the driver nor the passengers knew what had happened. نه راننده و نه مسافران هيچکدام نمی دانستند که چه اتفاقی افتاده است. چه /خواه...چه/خواه whether.or Whether you teach or your friend, it makes no different. چه تو درس بدهی چه دوستت فرقی نمی کند. نه تنها... بلکه not only.but also She speaks not only French but also English. او نه تنها فرانسه صحبت می کند بلکه انگليسی هم حرف می زند. 25

27 NO/ Not N.) He has no money, no friend. ( no + او نه پولی دارد و نه دوستی. Peter has no black car. N ) ( no + adj + پيتر اتومبيل سياه ندارد. I have no more money. ) adj ( no + comparative من پول بيشتری ندارم. Not + (much many any enough) There is not any paper on the desk. کاغذ زيادی روی ميز نيست. Would you please not open the door? ممکنه لطفا در را باز نکنيد door? Would you mind not opening the ا يا اشکالی ندارد / زحمتی نيست در را باز نکنيد Not much time / not many girls / not enough chairs / not often / not now/ not yet party. Not many girls were there in the دختر های زيادی در ميهمانی نبودند. Among / Between سربازان غذا را بين خودشان تقصيم کردند. themselves. The soldiers divided the food among His car is between two trees. اتومبيل او بين دو درخت است. Each other/ one another These two students help each other. Those three students help one another. اين دو دانش ا موز به يکديگر کمک کردند. ا ن سه دانش ا موز به همديگر کمک کردند. Until / till / as far as (به معنی "تا" برای زمان ( morning. He studied until/till او تا صبح مطالعه کرد. (به معنی "تا" برای مکان ( home. She walked as far as her او تا خانه پياده رفت. Affect / effect کار او تاثير بدی روی درسش گذاشته است. (Verb) His job has affected badly on his study. The patient felt the effects of the medicine immediately. (Noun) بيمار اثر دارو را بلافاصله احساس کرد. Advise / advice I advised him to continue his study abroad. من او را نصيحت کردم که درسش را در خارج ادامه بدهد. My advice didn't work. نصيحت من عمل نکرد/ فايده ای نداشت. 26

28 Beside / besides (کنار ( me. He sat beside او نشست کنار من. club. A man besides his friends went into the (بعلاوه) يک مرد بعلاوه دوستانش وارد کلوپ شدند. Leave / forget ) فراموش کردن چيزی در جايی) home. I have left my bag at من چترم را در خانه جا گذاشته ام. ) فراموش کردن چيزی در ذهن) number. She always forgets my phone او هميشه شماره تلفن مرا فراموش می کند. Pour / spill (pour intentionally), (spill unintentionally) (ريختن عمدی/ارادی ( cup. She poured the tea into the او چای را داخل ليوان ريخت. (ريختن غير عمدی/غير ارادی ( T-shirt. She spilt/spilled the milk on her new او شير را روی تی شرت جديدش ريخت. So that + N / so as + V Please be quiet so that the baby can sleep. (N) I went there so as to see him. (V) لطفا ساکت باش تا بچه بتواند بخوابد. من ا نجا رفتم تا او را ببينم. I came here quietly so as not to wake the child. (V) من ا رام اينجا ا مدم تا بچه را بيدار نکنم. Remember / remind name. I try to remember his من سعی می کنم اسم او را حفظ کنم. (به خاطر سپردن) pill. Please remind me to take my لطفا يادم بيانداز قرصم را بخورم. (ياد ا وری کردن) Neither/ either هيچ کدام از اين دو کتاب مال من نيست. (هيچ کدام) mine. Neither of these two books is (هر دوتای) answer. Either of those two students is ready to هر دو تا دانش ا موز ا ماده اند برای جواب دادن. Rather/ fairly angry. She is rather (صفت منفی) او نسبتا عصبانی است. beautiful. She is fairy (صفت مثبت ( او نسبتا زيبا است. 27

29 Number/ amount A large/ small number of students from other countries attended state university. تعداد زيادی / کمی از دانش ا موزان ديگر کشورها به دانشگاه دولتی می روند. A large/ small amount of rain is expected tomorrow. فردا انتظار مقدار زياد/ کم باران می رود. In / into The money is in the drawer. He threw the money into the drawer. پول داخل کشو است. او پول را به داخل کشو انداخت. Bath / bathe (شستشو / حمام ( (N I will have a hot bath and go to bed. من می خواهم يک حمام گرم بگيرم و به رختخواب بروم. (شستن) (V) Bathe you eyes with hot water. چشمانت را با ا ب گرم بشور. Cloth / clothe (تکه پارچه) (N) I need a cloth to clean the table. من يک تک پارچه لازم دارم تا ميز را تميز کنم. (لباس پوشاندن) (V) Can you please bathe and clothe the baby? Lie, lay, rise, raise, sit, set Lie rise sit intransitive verbs Lay raise set transitive verbs ممکنه لطفا بچه رو بشوری و لباس تنش کنی (دراز کشيدن) place. The cat always lies in front of the fire گربه هميشه جلوی شومينه دراز می کشد. (قرار دادن) table. He always lays his bag on the او هميشه کيفش را روی ميز قرار می دهد. The sun rises in the east. (بالا رفتن) خورشيد از شرق طلوع می کند. (بالا بردن) question. She raised her hand to ask a او دستش را بالا برد تا يک سوال بپرسد. He sits at his desk. (نشستن ( او پشت ميزش می نشيند. (قرار دادن / چيدن ( desk. He set the book on the او کتاب را روی ميز قرار داد. 28

30 روش وصل کردن دو جمله به هم. ) جملات اسمی) اگر بخواهيم يک جمله خبری را به عنوان مفعول يک جمله ناقص بکار ببريم بايد از that استفاده کنيم: I think John is a doctor. I think that John is a doctor. من فکر می کنم که جان يک دکتر باشد. اگر بخواهيم يک جمله پرسشی را به عنوان مفعول يک جمله ناقص بکار ببريم دو حالت پيش می ا يد : جمله پرسشی با کلمه پرسشی شروع می شود: I want to know What time is it? Mother wants to know. Where did you go last night? I want to know what time it is. می خواهم بدانم ساعت چند است. Mother wants to know where you went last night. مادر می خواهد بداند که شما شب قبل کجا رفتيد. جمله پرسشی با فعل کمکی شروع می شود: I want to know.. Is jack a student? I want to know if/ whether Jack is a student. من می خواهم بدانم که ا يا جک يک دانش ا موز است. قوانين دو فعل قيد زمان + قيد مکان + قيد حالت + مفعول غير شخص + مفعول شخص + فعل اصلی + قيد تکرار + فعل کمکی + فاعل افعال کمکی: بعد از افعال کمکی فعل بعدی بصورت ساده می ا يد Am, is, are, was, were, can, could, will, would, may, might, shall, should, must, have, has, had, ought to قيدهای تکرار:,گاهیsometimes,هميشهalways,هرگزnever,معمولاusually,اغلبOften. بندرتscarcely,بندرتrarely,بندرتseldom,گاهیoccasionally 29

31 اگر در يک جمله دو فعل بيايد فعل دوم to می گيرد: I want to buy a new bag من می خواهم يک کيف جديد بخرم. They have decided to change their house. ا نها تصميم گرفته اند خانه اشان را عوض کنند. اگر فعل اول يکی از افعال زير باشد فعل بعدی -ing می گيرد: خطر کردن risk اجتناب کردن avoid تمام کردنfinish لذت بردن Enjoy ادامه دادن keep در نظر گرفتن consider اهميت دادن mind تصور کردنImagine قدر دانی کردنappreciate متوقف کردنstop انکار کردنdeny متنفر بودن Dislike موفق شدنsucceed منع کردن forbid خيال کردن fancy قبول کردن Admit وانمود کردنpretend فرض کردنsuppose پيشنهاد دادن propose حذف کردن Omit معذرت خواستن excuse گريختنescape ادامه دادنcontinue تلاش کردنAttempt ارزش داشتنbeworth مشغول بودنbusy be وصل شدنgetthrough قصد داشتنIntend چشم به انتظار بودن look forward to ميل داشتنFeellike عادت کردن به be/get accustomed to I enjoy watching TV. من از تماشای کارتون لذت می برم. اشکالی نداره در را ببنديد door? Would you mind closing the Keep doing good jobs. هميشه کارهای خوب انجام دهيد. سونا مشغول شستن ظرف ها است. dishes. Sona is busy washing the I look forward to hearing from you as soon as possible. منتظر جواب هر چه سريعتر شما هستم. You will soon get used to standing in line/ queue. به زودی به ايستادن در صف عادت می کنيد. فايده ای ندارد It's no use مقاومت نکردن Can't resist خوب نيست It's no good تحمل نکردن Can't stand چاره ای نداشتنCan'thelp It's no use going there, it's too late. فايده ای ندارد ا نجا برويم خيلی دير است. It's no good laughing at strangers. خوب نيست به خارجی ها بخنديم. در ساختار زير فعل بعد از to be می ا يد: با to بصورت مصدر It is + adj + (for sb) + to + V English. It is important for me to study برای من مطالعه انگليسی مهم است. line. It is essential to stand in توی صف ايستادن ضروری است. 30

32 سوم شخص / s فعل ساده بدون It is + adj + that + sb + to I felt that it was important that John write to his family as soon as possible. فکر کردم اين مهم است که جان هر چه سريعتر برای خانواده اش نامه بنويسد. بعد از حروف اضافه بجز to فعل بعدی -ing ميگيرد: For, of, before, after, in, on, at, without. Before using the machine read the instruction manual. قبل از استفاده از دستگاه دفترچه ا موزش را بخوانيد. بعد از افعال با حرف اضافه فعل بعدی -ing ميگيرد: فکر کردن به, think of علاقمند به, fond of اصرار کرد رویon, insist علاقمند به Interested in خسته شدن ازof, tired حساب کردن روی count on We are tired of sitting here. I am fond of reading story books. من از نشستن در اينجا خسته شده ام. من به خواندن کتاب های داستان علاقمند هستم. بعد از افعال حسی فعل بعدی می تواند هم بصورت ساده يا با - ing بيايد: See, watch, hear, notice, seem, feel, taste I saw him lock the door. ديدم که او در را قفل کرد. I saw him locking the door. ديدم که او داشت در را قفل می کرد. (من دستوراتی را که او داد شنيدم ( fire. I heard him tell his class what to do in case of من شنيدم که او به بچه های کلاس گفت موقع وقوع ا تش چه کار کنند. I heard him telling his class what to do in case of fire. ) روشن نيست که من تمام دستورات را شنيده ام يا فقط قسمتی از ا ن را) من شنيدم که اوداشت به بچه های کلاس می گفت موقع وقوع ا تش چه کار کنند. به موارد زير توجه کنيد: I think that it will rain. I thought that it would rain. He sees that he has made a mistake. He saw that he had made a mistake. He has done all that is necessary. فکر می کنم که می خواهد باران ببارد. فکر می کردم می خواست باران ببارد. او می بيند که اشتباه کرده است. او ديد که اشتباه کرده بوده است. او تمام ا نچه که لازم است را انجام داده است. 31

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