INDEX PAGE 1. INTEGRATION OF WOLF MANAGEMENT AND RURAL AREAS 2 2. PRESENT SITUATION OF THE IBERIAN WOLF 3

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2 INDEX 1. INTEGRATION OF WOLF MANAGEMENT AND RURAL AREAS 2 2. PRESENT SITUATION OF THE IBERIAN WOLF 3 3. PREVENTIVE MEASURES NATIVE BREEDS STOCKBREEDING 3.2. HUSBANDRY PRACTICES 3.3. RATIONAL SHEPHERDING 3.4. WATCHDOGS 3.5. DONKEY PRESENCE AMONG THE LIVESTOCK 3.6. PROTECTIVE FENCES 3.7. ELECTRIC FENCES 3.8. PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS 3.9. MULADARES SHOOING DEVICES NEW TECHNOLOGIES 4. LEGAL MEASURES COMPENSATION OF DAMAGES 4.2. SUBVENTIONS TO BOOST THE ADOPTION OF TECHNIQUES FOR LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT FAVOURING THE REDUCTION OF DAMAGES CAUSED BY WOLVES 4.3. PAYMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES 4.4. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FOR STOCKBREEDERS 4.5. LINES OF INSURANCE 4.6. REGISTER OF DOG POSSESSION, SALE, BREEDING AND HEALTH MONITORING 4.7. WILD DOGS CONTROL 4.8. REGISTER OF WOLVES IN CAPTIVITY 5. CONTROL MEASURES FOR THE WOLF POPULATION MONITORING 5.2. RESEARCH 5.3. ZONING 5.4. HUNTING/CONTROL 6. WOLF PROTECTION MEASURES HABITAT PRESERVATION 6.2. POACHING CONTROL 6.3. CAUSES OF ACCIDENTAL DEATH CONTROL 7. CYNEGETIC EXPLOITATION 23 PAGE Edited by: WOLF, wild life and farmers Cooperation project by the Red Rural Nacional 8. INFORMATIONAL, EDUCATIONAL AND AWARENESS-RAISING MEASURES CAMPAINGS FOR DIVULGATION, INFORMATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION 8.2. PUBLIC OFFICIALS TRAINING 8.3. SOCIAL CONSENSUS 9. INTEGRATION OF THE WOLF IN THE SUSTAINABILITY STRUCTURES 27 OF THE RURAL AREA 9.1. TOURIST EXPLOTAITION

3 1 OF WOLF MANAGEMENT AND RURAL AREAS PRESENT SITUATION OF THE IBERIAN WOLF Throughout history, human activity has always shared territories with animals and the cohabitation with wild fauna has always had its difficulties. In many cases these places converge in the spaces of the Red Natura 2000, being their maintenance fundamental for the good state of preservation of the flora and fauna species. The contribution of the rural environment to the preservation of biodiversity is unquestionable. For this reason, the active participation of the people living and depending on these spaces is essential. The Iberian wolf population, as is detailed below, has recovered after the low population levels during the 19th and 20th centuries to arrive to the current state of preservation. This expansion along with the change in the management of agriculture and livestock has provoked the conflict which exists nowadays. A problem transcending purely economic considerations (the loss of livestock or an increase in production costs). In many cases this implies a reduction of the number of animals in the farms (in the most serious cases, the cessation of activity), changes in livestock management (underutilisation of the most distant montane pastures), transformations in the production model directed to intensification, a replacement of livestock breeds, a decrease in quality of life of the livestock exploitations owners or a difficulty in generational shift. It is, therefore, necessary to have in mind all the points of view in order to create management measures allowing to preserve both the wolf and the intensive stockbreeding, making their existence compatible. This Good Practices Guide aims to be a compendium of guidelines for the preservation and management of the wolf in its coexistence with agriculture and livestock. The goal is to achieve the preservation of the wolves, maintaining a population level that guarantees their present and future viability, being it compatible with the right appropriate development of the agricultural exploitations and the social acceptance in the rural environment. It is estimated that nowadays there are between 1500 and 2000 wolves in the Iberian peninsula, distributed mainly in Castilla y León and Galicia, hosting respectively 57% and 26% of the Spanish population. These are followed by Asturias, Cantabria, País Vasco and La Rioja, with some observations in Aragón, Navarra, Cataluña, Sierra Morena, Sierra del Segura and Madrid. In 2005, the "Estrategia Española de Conservación y Gestión del Lobo" (Spanish strategy for the preservation and management of the wolf) was approved, with the purpose of establishing a frame of reference and a regulator collecting the basic guidelines to be considered in the management of the wolf in Spain, watching over the preservation of its populations and guaranteeing the coexistence with human uses. The development of this management strategy is in the hands of the different comunidades autónomas (autonomous communities). With the Directiva de Hábitats (Habitats directive) (1992) as a basis, the wolf is protected south of the Douro river, while the population of the north can be subject to management measures. The state of the wolf in the Comunidades Autónomas is as follows: Comunidad Autónoma Status Legal Approx. % of the Spanish population Control Andalucía Protected < 5% No No Aragón General regulations Law 4/ Yes No Hunting Asturias Singular species 11% Yes No Management plan Cantabria Cynegetics < 5% Yes Yes Castilla-La Mancha Castilla y León Cataluña Protected < 5% No No North of the Douro Cynegetics South of the Douro Protected General regulations Law 4/ % Yes North Yes South No < 5 % No No Extremadura Protected -- No No Galicia Cynegetics 26% Yes Yes La Rioja Cynegetics < 5% Yes Yes As can be checked, the principal wolf population in the Iberian peninsula is found in the north-western quadrant. In these territories, the main conflict of its existence is related to the damages inflicted to the stockbreeding, being these more important in mountain areas and pastures since the livestock is in an extensive system. A reproductive population does not exist in the regions of Aragón, Cataluña, Extremadura and Madrid. Madrid General regulations Law 4/ País Vasco Orden Foral de Vedas in the different provinces < 5% Yes No Source: Estrategia para la conservación y la gestión del lobo (Canis lupus)en España. 2 3

4 3PREVENTIVE MEASURES PREVENTIVE MEASURES The damages to the livestock accompany the wolf in its complete area of distribution and any way to avoid the problem has been found. For this reason, it is very important to implant control actions to prevent and minimize the damages to the livestock or to protect those species in danger which could be affected by the presence of the wolf Native breeds stockbreeding Diverse reasons originated the recession of the number of native domestic animals until almost its disappearance, but without any doubt, these are the best way to take advantage of the natural resources found in the territories where they live. Their effectiveness and profitability is based mainly in two pillars: The distinctive quality of their products thanks to a higher price per unit. The adaptation to the local conditions and dangers allowing a production efficiency. It is accepted that the adaptation of the native breeds to the territory they inhabit allows them a better and more effective defence against the possible aggressions whether they are environmental, climatological or due to the 3.2. Husbandry practices. Calves and lambs are very vulnerable right after their birth and, in the same way, sheep and cows can be very vulnerable after a difficult birth. In this cases, it is advisable to confine them during 1-2 weeks in order to reduce their vulnerability. The birth, the synchronization of births and the breeding of small animals in areas with little wolf presence, or in the proximities of human activity, can also reduce depredation risks Rational shepherding. The evolution in the composition and breeds experimented by the livestock population in the last years has motivated substancial changes in the stockbreeding management systems. In the current management model, the animals are not permanently accompanied by a shepherd or stockbreeder, but the presence of the wolf is forcing to change these habits, since an increasing number of stockbreeders have to enclose their livestock during the night to prevent the wolf attacks. Just like that, the fear to the existence of predation episodes provokes that, in many cases, the dates when the livestock is taken to the mountains are being delayed, and this is brought back to the population nucleus earlier, so the pasture exploitation structure is being disrupted. Since some years ago, several schools for shepherds have been created in Spain. They intend to fight against these and other challenges in the future of extensive stockbreeding, like the lack of generational shift and the technical knowledge of the younger generations. These, along with other initiatives like (cooperation project among the territories of Picos de Europa, Sierra Norte de Madrid and Pirineos) are creating a professional network of qualified shepherds with better resources for their professional development allowing them to start working in other sectors like the commercialization of products. The results could not be more encouraging. The articulation of a livestock population based on native breeds according to the tradition and productive vocation of each territory. The improvement of the stockbreeding infrastructures. The functionality of the stockbreeding units is also recovered, preserving the landscapes associates to this sector. The cooperation with the administrations has established a working framework between stockbreeding areas and protected natural areas in which stockbreeding management plans allowing the integral and sustainable exploitation of the mountains are formulated. The development of this primary sector is creating the basis for an impulse of the local presence of wild fauna like the wolf. From the diverse administrations, different ways of encouraging the stockbreeding production models linked to each territory have been articulated, with the consequent use of the native breeds, encouraging the adaptation of the stockbreeding exploitations to production systems which improve the hygienic conditions, the animal welfare and the environmental These schools, in addition to supporting the maintenance of an activity which provides cultural, economic and environmental richness, also mean an improvement in the training of the people who take up farming and stockbreeding as their career, teaching the traditional management and implementing new techniques according to the current technical developments. agri-food industry, promoting small traditional businesses that transform the stockbreeding raw materials. preservation The School for Shepherds in Arantzazu, Guipuzcoa, along with the School for Shepherds in Picos de Europa (Asturias) have been pioneers and their programmes combine theoretic and practical training. Native breeds School for Shepherds in Picos de Europa 4 5

5 3PREVENTIVE MEASURES PREVENTIVE MEASURES 3.4. Watchdogs. To boost the use of mastiff dogs by the stockbreeders whose exploitation systems are extensive and semi-extensive. The Spanish or leonés mastiff accompanies the flocks (mainly sheep) since ancient times. Unlike other breeds, its function is not the shepherding but the defence against the attacks of wolves or other wild animals. Their commitment is so important that the stockbreeders since antiquity protect their necks with solid carlancas or collars with iron spikes and feed them with the best food. It is demonstrated that the significant increase of the number of dogs in the livestock flocks contributes in a significantly to the reduction of losses caused by the wolves. The Montesinho Natural Park in collaboration with the Asociación de Criadores de Mastín Transmontano (Braganza - Portugal) has activated a programme to work with the stockbreeding explotations in the use of dogs belonging to the Transmontano mastiff breed, with flocks in the northwest of this natural space in the defence against the attacks of the wolves. The dogs used belong to the stockbreeding exploitations in the territory and the process works as follows: 1. Request: The request is processed by the service of the protected areas in the regions (Montesinho Natural Park, Douro International Natural Park), or by the agents assisting directly to the stockbreeder in case of wolf attacks. 2. Assignment: the assignment of the dogs is made according to a waiting list maintained and organised by the Montesinho Natural Park. The list is subject to the following priority criteria: a. Greatest need situations: due to the big quantity of wolf attacks. b. Being associated to the Asociación de Criadores de Mastín Transmontano c. Stockbreeding exploitations inside the protected area. d. Time since the request has been made. 3. Dog packs: The management of the litter starts with the identification and selection of the puppies and their parents. Each time a litter is accepted, the following protocol is applied: 1st week of life: Checking that they are given an appropriate feeding for dogs in breastfeeding period. The feeding is maintained during the complete monitoring period of the litter. 15 days old: Individual register for the revised dogs. First internal parasite treatment and collection of biometric data. 1 month old: Second internal parasite treatment 2 months old: The dogs are distributed in litters, according to the order defined in the waiting list. The beneficiary receives the respective Health informative sheet and has to sign a document acknowledging all the program conditions (see Compromisos Asumidos por los beneficiarios del programa Transmontano mastín Parque Natural de Montesinho) 1 month after the first vaccination: The strengthening of the first vaccination and an internal and external parasite treatment take place in the owner's house. The general state of the animal is verified and the biometric data are updated, ending the dog assignation process. The Transmontano mastiff dog register emitted by the Portuguese Kennel Club is later send to the beneficiary. With all the litters, the pack inscription form and the individual inscription form are filled (included in the Natural Park Montesinho database) and these are presented to the Portuguese Kennel Club. The dogs are acquired only from breeders who accept the functioning conditions of the distribution programme protocol, who are the following; The complete original litter of the dogs used in the programme must present the described protocol. At least one of the dogs of each litter will be acquired by the programme. It is not allowed to leave the puppy litter until the end of all the treatments. Blood samples are collected from the parents and all the dogs of the litter in order to allow a better sequencing of the relevant gene. Advantag es. An important aspect in the management of the dogs used in the programme, and that makes it more important in its protective function, is the fact of having been born in farms, often in those where later they will take care of the livestock, establishing in this way a relation of great proximity with the domestic livestock that must be accompanied and protected along their life. of the dogs, external parasite treatment (when necessary) and collection of biometric data. 7 weeks old: Vaccination and positioning of the electronic identification. The biometric data are collected once again. The dogs are monitored during approximately ten days for the reaction to the vaccination. In the areas with a very intensive public use, the mastiffs can generate problems, so one must be extremely cautious in their use. Users must be informed about the function of the mastiffs and about how to behave in their presence. Source: Watchdogs Watchdogs 6 7

6 3PREVENTIVE MEASURES PREVENTIVE MEASURES Fundación Oso Pardo has also worked in this donation subject, throughout the project Life COEX, with 75 mastiff puppies for 42 stockbreeding exploitations in Salamanca, Ávila 3.5. Donkey presence among the livestock Protective fences. The installation of fixed or mobile protective fences prevents from the attacks of wolves to the In the framework of the COEX project in Italy (7 associates, from which 3 are national parks in the Abruzzo region), electrical fences were delivered to selected stockbreeders on the and Segovia which had suffered attacks from wolves or wild dogs. This clever initiative has been imported from Namibia. There, the young donkeys are in livestock by maintaining it together during the night. basis of the damages suffered and their availability to participate in the project. This project included the edition of "EL MASTÏN, UN ALIADO DEL GANADERO" (The Mastiff, a Stockbreeder's ally) in order to give the stockbreeder some instructions and guidelines necessary to transform their puppy in a good livestock protector able to reduce or eliminate the attacks of the wolves or wild dogs in their exploitations. Source: Fundación Oso Pardo charge of protecting the livestock from the attack of leopards and cheetahs. A method also used in the defence against the wolf in the Swiss Alps and in some parts of the United States. The donkeys, once they are used to be with the livestock, protect it as it was their own family. With their big ears they detect possible attacks much before the livestock does and they bray warning of the presence of a wolf and alerting the cows and mastiffs. This strong defensive reaction serves also as a deterrent effect for the wolves looking for easier preys. The Casa Grande de Xanceda in A Coruña has been the first one in using this Characteristics: These are simple enclosures with an area big enough to include the whole flock. They usually have an average length of 300 m, 2 m high, with knotted field fences 200/20/15, cantilever to the exterior with 3 threads of barbed wire, a door 4 m wide and the base of the fence buried 20 cm to the exterior and cemented or tied with nails to the terrain. Although it is a first dissuasive measure, in some cases the predators learn how to jump through it or dig under it, so it is advisable to complement it with other actions Electric fences. A total of 161 fences of different kinds and for different uses were provided: Fences connected to the electricity network, mainly used for the night protection of sheep flocks when shepherding in the mountains during the summer. Very light and easy to transport. Fences with threads and tapes for cows, used for the daytime and night protection of newborn calves, in summer. In Spain this project was brought by the Fundación Oso Pardo and its area of activity was Ávila, Salamanca and Segovia. In these territories 30 electric fences, 13 fixed fences and more than 70 mastiffs were assigned. method in Spain. Since these animals accompany the livestock, the Galician stockbreeding has proved their effectiveness, decreasing the attacks and their incidence. This way, not only the livestock is protected, but donkeys are also given a new use being closer to extinction in our country. The electric fences constitute a very effective method for protecting flocks during the night. The use of mastiffs strengthens the effectiveness of these fences. Characteristics: Movable installations with more or less five electrified threads in approximately 200 metres in perimeter are placed around the enclosure where the livestock sleep in the countryside. The installation is cheap but, however, their efficiency is very high. In the exploitations where some of these preventive methods were implanted, the level of damages produced by wolves or wild dogs decreased markedly. In addition, the satisfaction level of the stockbreeders with any of these methods is very high, so its effectiveness has spread by word of mouth in the whole area of action, making that a high number of stockbreeders have requested Donkeys Their components are: Very light and easy to install and disassemble fences, distributed with posts at least 1.5 m high and composed by metal or plastic any of these measures. Source: Life COEX and Fundación Oso Pardo bars holding five threads transmitting electric current. - A feeder that can be a solar collector or a simple car battery. An electric fence generating short high voltage and low-intensity impulses. Insulators and folding reels. The effectiveness of this measure comes from the correct insulation of the conductors and from a well-constructed earthing system. 8 9

7 3PREVENTIVE MEASURES PREVENTIVE MEASURES 3.8. Psychological arriers. Lines of flags or also called "barbacanas or fladry". They consist of cords about 1.5 and 2.5 m high from which spaced fabrics or plastics hang. A research done by the National Wildlife Research Center of the United States developed in Alberta (Canada), Idaho, Montana and Wyoming (United States) has proved the capability of the anti-wolf barriers made with flags hanging from cords to impede the access to the wolves. In different tests carried out in periods of 60 days, these barriers impeded the access to wild wolves in 100 m2, proving that, although they approached they did not crossed; on the other hand, during the tests, in adjacent ranches and in the monitored ranches attacks from wolves were registered before and after the test. The results suggest that the psychological barriers are effective to dissuade the wolves between 1 and 60 days, and that the wild wolves change to an alternative livestock when they are excluded. Source: National Wildlife Research Center. USA 3.9. Muladares. These spaces are places where dead animals can be abandoned in a controlled way so that wolves and other wild animals can feed avoiding the attacks to the livestock. In Spain, this practice was interrupted with the appearance between 1996 and 2000 of the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy -BSE- (known as mad cow disease). This health and food crisis at European level propitiated the application of regulations to avoid the infection of this and other diseases between stockbreeding species and human beings. In practice, the application of these regulations supposed the obligation of moving away the dead animals from the countryside for their analysis and their monitored elimination by official collection systems. Therefore, a priori, these animals are not available for their consumption by scavenger species like the wolf. This fact provoked an increasing number of incidents or attacks by wolves to the livestock, generating thereby a conflict and social alarm. The offices of Agriculture and Stockbreeding, Development and Environment of Castilla y León have initiated the process to authorise muladares for protected and in danger of extinction species. A measure claimed in these days by agricultural organisations, but which will not imply in a general way the abandonment of dead animals in the countryside. With this, the use of the dead animals from the stockbreeding exploitations for the feeding of scavenger species is regulated. This decree allows to keep the food security levels, to improve the situation of certain scavenger species which where altering their eating habits having dead animals only in muladares, and to reduce the management costs of the stockbreeding exploitations not having to collect the dead animals. Legislation: DECREE 17/2013, of May 16, by which certain animal subproducts not destined to human consumption are used to the feeding of scavenger species of communitary interest in Castilla y León. (BOCYL ) CORRECTION of errors in the Decree 17/2013, of May 16 (BOCYL ) Shooing devices. Measures and/or devices which dispel the wolves from the vicinities of the flocks while these are confined in enclosures or folds Audible. Working with ultrasounds and infrasounds. The human ear receives sounds with a frequency comprising from 20 to cycles per second. If a sound exceeds this frequency it is called ultrasound and if it is under this frequency it is known as infrasound. Since the hearing range of the wolf and many other animals can reach to cycles, we have a frequency space to modulate it with high-pitched whistles which would cause deafness to any human, but since we can not perceive them, they only annoy to those able to hear them, the animals in this case. The ultrasounds system has a long-term effect. Each emitter can have radius of action of about 25 metres, therefore, several systems would be needed for an hectare Lighted. They are placed surrounding the protective fences and it is advisable to use other preventive measures together with them The radio. There are numerous stockbreeders who, to impede the wolves to get closer to the livestock, they complement the fences with a radio "during day and night" since their experience confirms that "the more noise, the better" for the wolves not to come New technologies. The new technologies can be an excellent ally to improve the wolf-livestock coexistence. In this sense, the research and development are key to find new prevention and/or protection systems. In the last years, the Swiss biologist Jean-Marc Landry has been working on the development of a collar for the sheep able to monitor their heart beats and detect when they are distressed. This way, the collar alerts the shepherd when it detects that the heart beats are faster during a certain period of time. The collars will have a chip that not only will alert the shepherds via SMS, in some occasions they will be also able to emit a strong sound to frighten the wolves. Sheep farming 10 11

8 4 LEGAL MEASURES LEGAL MEASURES 4.1. Compensation of damages. The compensation for the damages to the stockbreeding contribute to the stockbreeders tolerance to the wolves, although it does not solve permanently the conflict. In this sense, each autonomic administration opts for different compensation methods considering the characteristics of the area, of the stockbreeding exploitations and the legal status of the wolf. Autonomous Community Regulatory Framework Andalucía Decree 4/1986, of January 22. List of protected species and regulations for their protection in Andalucía. Asturias Decree 155/2002 of December 5. Wolf Management Plan in the Principality of Asturias. Description The administration of the Autonomous Community responds to the damages caused by the wolf. Only the damage occasioned to the owner by the death of the animals can be indemnified. The administration of the Autonomous Community responds to the damages caused by the wolf. When the damages are produced inside the Natural Spaces integrated in the Regional Network of Protected Natural Spaces and are already declared, the compensations increase by 10%. Autonomous Community Regulatory Framework Madrid Law 2/1991, of February 14, Protection and Regulation of Wild Flora and Fauna Order 1082/2006, with 27 regulatory basis. Aids to make compatible the stockbreeding activity with wild wolves. País Vasco FORAL DECREE 33/2010, of June 29, Wolf Management Plan (Canis lupus). FORAL DECREE 61/2008, of June 10. Regulatory basis for the compensation to stockbreeding exploitations due to wolf attacks. FORAL DECREE 88/2001, of May 10. Aids to stockbreeding sanitation programs in Bizkaia. Description Contracting an insurance policy covering the attacks from wild animals is an indispensable condition. The established excess will be eligible, either in the insurances included in the National Plan of Agricultural Insurances or in any of the policies whose coverage include the risk of damages produced by wolves and wild dogs. The compensations could depend on the proper management of the livestock and could contemplate mechanisms giving priority in a preferential way to those exploitations applying prevention measures and to those developing their stockbreeding activity in the spaces included in the Red Natura The compensations to be perceived by the stockbreeders as a consequence, exclusively, of the attacks by the wolves or that can be attributed to wolves, for death or hurt animals not recoverable, will be till 40% of the quantity determined as payable by the agricultural insurance, being this aid compatible with the compensations paid by the insurance company. Cantabria Law of Cantabria 12/2006, of July 17. Hunting in Cantabria The Administration responds to the damages caused in territories included in the protected natural spaces or in the ambit of the presence of threaten species, where their managing or planning tools prohibit specifically the hunting. DECREE 50/2010, of November 3. Regulatory basis for payments for the environmental services and payments for compensation for income loss. Payments for Environmental Services are contemplated in those stockbreeding exploitations contributing with their intervention to the preservation of the habitats and species of wild fauna and the compensation for income loss to stockbreeders developing their activity in areas with wolf presence. In the case of private hunting preserves, the responsible of paying the compensations is the preserve itself Subventions to boost the adoption of techniques for livestock management Castilla y La Mancha The Order of 13/06/2008, of the Office of Environment and Rural Development Aids in the excess established to the insurances included in the National Plan of Agricultural Insurances, or in any of the policies subscribed by the stockbreeder or the owner of the stockbreeding exploitation, in which it is included in the coverage the risk of damages produced by wolves and wild dogs. favouring the reduction of damages caused by wolves. (exploitations closures, livestock surveillance, etc.). These subventions imply the obligatory nature of actions and attitudes environmentally friendly. Castilla y León Galicia ORDER MAM/1751/2005, of 23 regulatory basis. Aids to palliate the damages produced in Castilla y León. DECREE 28/2008, of April 3. Wolf Preservation and Management Plan in Castilla y León. In process of updating. Law 4/1997, of June 25, of hunting in Galicia In the north of the Douro river, the administration of the Autonomous Community will respond to the damages caused by the wolf in accordance with what is stipulated in the regulatory norms of the responsibility for damages caused by the hunting pieces. In the rest of the territory, the existence of at least one attainable insurance will be guaranteed, covering the damages produced by wolves or wild dogs in the exploitations. Additionally, the Office of Environment will compensate the excess of the insurance and, in the assumptions when can be proved that the damages have been caused by wolves, the income loss and indirect damages will be compensated. The owners of cynegetic exploitations in terrains subject to a special cynegetic regime will respond in the cases of damages caused by the cynegetic species. The Office of Environment and Sustainable Development, prior instruction of the corresponding valuation document, will compensate the damages produced effectively by the cynegetic species in the cynegetic territories of common exploitation, of the autonomic tecor of the administration, of the game reserves, of the wildlife refuges and of any other terrain whose administration and management the administration is responsible for. Measure Regulations (CE) 1257/1999, of May 17 (FEOGA). Later developed by the Regulations nº 1750/1999. ANDALUCÍA Description Aids for the areas with specific environmental limitations: Red Natura The article 16 of the Regulations (in its reformed version of 2003), indicated that the farmers could be compensated for the costs and losses of income resulting from the limitations of agricultural exploitation in areas with restrictions derivative from the application of directives concerning fowls and habitats provided that these payments were necessary to solve specific programs coming from the application of both directives. Law 8/2003, of October 28 of wild flora and fauna Article 17. Prevention measures for damages in agriculture and stockbreeding. Program of actions for the preservation of the wolf in Andalucía III ( ) - Encouragement of the use of traditional techniques for the livestock management: use of mastiffs dogs, enclosing the livestock at night, vigilance by the shepherd, etc. - Installation of different infrastructures to avoid the damages: enclosures, electric fences, barbicans, lighten shooing devices, etc - Installation of systems to avoid the wolf attacks. These devices have only been installed inside the areas of distribution of wolves, in particular in the eastern part of Sierra Morena, since this is the area where there are more attacks.

9 Measure Description AL MEARES LEGAL CASTILLA - LA MANCHA Order of 13/06/2008, of the Office of Environment and Rural Development: The improvements in the security of existing corrals and stockbreeding sheepfolds, the installation of small fences in places where the livestock rests during the day, which can be portable, and the acquisition of mastiff dogs for guarding the livestock, will be subject to aids. GALICIA On a yearly basis, orders regulating the aids for the prevention of damages produced by wolves will be elaborated. These measures can be for the acquisition of mastiff dogs, electric fences, portable electrified fences, and sheep fences together with posts made of treated wood. PAIS VASCO - ÁLAVA The Council will collaborate with the sheep and goat stockbreeding exploitations in the provision of quality watchdogs, supporting the improvement of other ways of attack prevention Technical assistance for stockbreeders. This measure is intended to facilitate the process for the communication of losses which conveys for the stockbreeder a series of administrative proceedings. The punditry system in Álava includes the following services: Contact telephones operative 24/7 every day of the year, through which the affected stockbreeder can notify to the technical staff about the existence of a damage Payments for Environmental Services. The Álava Council is aware of the benefices derived from the shepherding of well managed sheep livestock for the preservation of grazing habitats of interest. Similarly, it realizes that the compensations were mainly intended for those stockbreeders suffering damages caused by the wolf, but these ignored those shepherds who, thanks to their management and dedication, contribute to the decrease of the conflict stockbreeding-wolf and to the preservation of natural spaces. This is why the Foral Council of Álava launches by means of a Foral Decree (80/2008, of the representative board of July 29) a pioneer initiative for applying the Payments for Environmental Services (Pagos por Servicios Ambientales, PSA) and the Aids for Loss of Income (Ayudas por Lucro Cesante), as a tool for the management of habitats, species and places and that, among other goals, encourages the sheep livestock management practices in the cohabitation with wolves. Characteristics: The payments are dependent of a minimum of three months of effective shepherding in the mountain and they are quantified according to: Number of ovine animals shepherded in the mountains. If they belong to Red Natura or not. If they apply active or passive management preventive measures. Number of dogs marked and tested. The Decree also regulated the PSA for the preservation of the threatened flora and fauna (flora in danger, bat colonies, troughs for carrion birds and wetlands with amphibians) and the preservation of unique trees. The Payments for Environmental Services are common in the countries of the centre and south of America and they are barely used in Europe. The example of Álava and its impact in the recipients of the payments have contributed to make people aware of their importance in the preservation of the habitats and species, making them to appreciate the natural value of the areas where they shepherd or which they own. The PSA mean, therefore, an initiative that can be very useful to contribute to the preservation of the wolves and to the cohabitation between this species and the stockbreeding. Source: J. Carreras de Bergaretxe, M. Olalde, E. Arberas Mendibil, A. Berganza & B. Agra III Congreso Iberico del lobo. 1. Communication of the damage. Prescription of the case in a month. 2. Visit of the environmental agent. Verification of the damages and their origin. Quantitative estimation of the damages. The agent draws up a report which is transferred to the Office of Environment. 3. Delivery of the damages report and aids applications. 4. Answer by the Office of Environment. If in the following 6 moths the Office does not communicate a decision, the application shall be deemed to have been rejected. Average response time: variable depending on the Autonomous Community. In order to eliminate the difficulties and delays in the communication, some public administrations have set up a 24h assistance service where: Reporting a suffered loss. Arranging the visit of the technical staff to draw up the corresponding reports in order to determine if this has been caused by wolves or wild dogs. Advising the person affected about the existing aids and their completion and the documentation that must be provided. Informing the affected person about the preventive measures that can be adopted, the line of grants that can be applied for to introduce them and advise in the insurances processing. Average response time of 90 minutes after the reception of the notice. A technician (equipped with an all terrain vehicle, digital camera, GPS, and dissection and asepsis instrumentation) arrives to the place where the incident has happened. Technical report seeking information about the stockbreeder, the affected livestock (identification, breed, gender, age, location of the injuries, etc.) and performing an inspection of the surroundings of the place to collect complementary information. After the inspection, the stockbreeder is given an application form that should be filled and delivered in the Agrarian Regional Office. On his behalf, the technician draws up a complete report about what has been collected which is delivered to the corresponding Foral Council Office. 15 bovine stockbreeding

10 4LEGAL MEASURES LEGAL MEASURES 4.5. Lines of insurance. In the major part of the territory, the aids or compensations are subject to the subscription of an insurance. Below there is a summary of the lines of insurance and how the damages are compensated in case of having a loss caused by wild fauna: Stockbreeding insurances. Sheep and goat stockbreeding exploitation insurance. It covers the attack from wild animals or wild dogs (either by direct bite or by the crowding together of the animals). It is applied an excess of 10% of the damage payable by the insured unless the owner of the animal is identified and has filled the pertinent complaint, in which case it will be of 25%. Bovine breeding and growing livestock exploitation insurance. It covers the attack from wild animals or wild dogs. It is applied an excess of 10% of the damage payable by the insured. Fattening cattle exploitation insurance. It covers the death of the animal due to causes beyond the human control. An excess of 15 20% of the damage is applied according to the type of exploitation. Cattle for meat production exploitation insurance. It covers the death or dying condition of at least 3 reproductive animals or breedings caused by an event happened in the same place at the same time. It is established an excess of 10% of the damage in payable by the insured. Fighting bulls exploitation insurance. It covers the injuries caused due to attacks by wild animals. It is established an excess of 10% of the damage in Horse breeding exploitation insurance. It covers the attack from wild animals or wild dogs. It is established an excess of 10% of the damage in payable by the insured. Agrarian insurances. All the damages caused by wild fauna, understanding this as the whole of vertebrate animals living in natural conditions and not requiring the care of the human for their survival can cause verifiable and observable damages in the insured properties. Depending of the line of insurance, the excess oscillates between 10% of the damage per plot or 20% of absolute excess per plot. In the case of woody crops like the vineyard, the damage to the plantation is also covered, with an absolute excess of 20% per plot. In the case of agricultural exploitations, these insurances cover exceptional risks among which the damages caused by wild fauna are included. The damages being compensated by specific aids to palliate the losses caused by wild fauna and the damages caused in plots with crops whose purpose is the feeding of species with cynegetic exploitation are excluded. The plots abandoned and those destined to the personal consumption placed in "familiar vegetable gardens" are not included. In relation with the stockbreeding exploitations in the lines of insurances covering the damages caused by wild fauna, in all the cases, the events giving place to a compensation are the death or sacrifice of the animals, except in the case of sheep and goat livestock exploitations for which it is contemplated the "unusability of the insured animal". Source: Guía de compatibilización del sector agrario y la fauna silvestre de COAG y Fundación Felix Rodríguez de la Fuente Register of dog possession, sale, breeding and health inspection. Promoting that the councils have this register, specially for hunting and shepherding dogs and livestock watchdogs, having into account both the uniqueness and the importance of their task and the possible risks derivative from the lack of attention and care by their owners. In the regulations is considered the obligatory tagging and the competencies to collect the abandoned or dead animals Wild dogs control. Unleashed, wandering and wild dogs can damage the livestock and wild species, and they worsen the wolves' problems since the damages caused by these dogs are often attributed to the wolves. In this sense, it is necessary the collaboration of different public competent entities in order to make up for the possible lacks of material or human resources to carry out the control Register of wolves in captivity. The illegal releases of wolves can cause conflicts and the genetic contamination of the wild populations. To avoid these releases, it is advisable that the regional administrations have a register of all the wolves kept in captivity in the different Autonomous Communities. This control must be implemented through subcutaneous devices, genetic tagging, and monitoring their zoological nucleus. The municipalities will require to travelling circuses, zoos, and similar installations with the presence of animals that in the application for a municipal license the existence of these animals must be indicated. wolves and dogs payable by the insured. 17

11 5CONTROL MEASURES ABOUT THE WOLF POPULATION CONTROL MEASURES ABOUT THE WOLF POPULATION 5.1. Monitoring. The monitoring of the wolves is responsibility of the different Offices of Environment of the Autonomous Communities, being advisable to issue a public report annually given the interest in this subject. The monitoring patrols in situ are in charge of performing the census and surveillance actions supported by methods like radio-tracking. To achieve a better precision in the determination of the size of the wolf populations, they work with approximate figures in which it is determined: 5.2. Research. The aim is to improve the knowledge of the species thanks to the monitoring programs to know the availability of food, the occupation of the territories and the genetic knowledge of the species and their later use in the evaluation of the authorship of the attacks. For this reason, it is important to homogenize the information received from the different Environmental Territorial Services and/or official organisms, normalizing the protocols for data collection like: Since the mid-nineties, this project has worked for the recovery of the wolf in this natural space. Since then, the monitoring and reach of its impact is one of the priorities, checking annually the effects of the wolf in the ecosystems. Yearly, it is issued a report with details about, among other points, subjects so relevant as the zoning, the population and its characteristics, the reproduction, death, cohabitation with other species, catches taken, predation and behaviour based on factors like seasonal variation. Source: density, damages to the livestock and social attitudes, among others. In this sense, Castilla y León and Galicia have already integrated this system in their respective Wolf Preservation and Management Plans. DECREE 28/2008, of April 3, approving the Wolf Preservation and Management Plan in Castilla y León. DECREE 297/2008, of December 30, approving the Wolf Management Plan in Galicia. The estimation of the approximate number of packs. The evolution of the distribution area borders. The evolution of the density in recently recolonised areas. Registered wolf packs and living animals. Wolf mortality. Predation to the livestock. Sample collection of all the captured animals, for their genetic analysis, including wild dogs, and monitoring Zoning. For a better monitoring of the species it is convenient to determine in a territory the areas meeting the requirements for the wolves to develop without creating conflict. To achieve more reliable data, it is advisable the collaboration of the hunters in the areas where this species is considered as cynegetic, and agricultural and ecologist associations in order to perform monitoring actions in conflictive places. those higher An example of transparency in the monitoring, research and control of the wolf is the one carried out by the Yellowstone Park Foundation which works in cooperation with the Yellowstone National Park Service under the project "Yellowstone Wolf Project". The zoning must be designed having into account the biological and social criteria, always seeking to reach the maximum level of social agreement. To determine the potentiality of the environment to host wolves, some minimum criteria have to be taken into account. of all the morphological data. Wolf density. Using population data. The availability of wild preys and carrions. The potential tensions and disputes with extensive stockbreeding because of the livestock management. proved attacks. Considering the number of For a better adjustment to reality, each administration should revise the data justifying the zoning established in its territory. In this sense, the development of Geographic Information Systems is very useful since they allow to monitor in a fast Monitoring. and efficient way variables like the food availability, habitat, death, wolf density, stocking Zoning 18 19

12 5 CONTROL MEASURES 5.4. Hunting/control. ABOUT THE WOLF POPULATION Hunting has been used as a control method of this species in authorised game and hunting parties when their number may be a danger. In that regard, its status in the peninsula is unalike. Asturias. The wolf has not been included among the cynegetic species, neither is included in the Threaten Species National Catalogue and the Regional Catalogue of Vertebrate Fauna Threaten Species in the Principality of Asturias. For this reason, the wolf has a particular protection, since it is not object of cynegetic exploitation and it does not belong to a clearly defined category of threaten species. Only the Guardería has competence to perform these control measures. Castilla León. y Hunting season for the species: If during the hunting season of the species, episodes of special tensions and disputes had place, upon a request of control execution formulated by the affected persons, the General Direction for Natural Environment will notify about this circumstance to the owner of the cynegetic exploitation of the terrain where the damages has been registered with an assigned extraction quota, urging to try the abatement of the animals for which is authorised as soon as possible. If the owner of the exploitation rejects this possibility or has completed the quote, the Autonomic Administration can execute directly the control action. Closed season for the species: I f o u t o f t h e e s t a b l i s h e d h u n t i n g s e a s o n f o r t h e s p e c i e s e p i s o d e s o f s p e c i a l t e n s i o n s a n d d i s p u t e s t a k e p l a c e, u p o n r e q u e s t o f t h e c o n t r o l e x e c u t i o n f o r m u l a t e d b y t h e a f f e c t e d p e r s o n s, t h e G e n e r a l D i r e c t i o n f o r N a t u r a l E n v i r o n m e n t c a n a u t h o r i s e t h e c o n t r o l a c t i o n. 21 This can be performed by the Autonomic Administration, directly or in collaboration with the hunters collectives in the affected cynegetic territories. Galicia. Occasionally, the collaboration with the hunting associations is used to accomplish the control of the wolves authorising the hunting as a species management measure. Depending on the area, these measures can only be carried out by the competent regional administration. In any case, the supervision by the regional administration agents competent in environmental matters is preceptive. Except in cases exceptionally justified, the carrying out of controls during the reproductive season must be avoided, and its realization is subject to the need of guaranteeing the maintenance of the wolf population in controlled levels. País Vasco. The Directorate for Environment in accordance with the Directorate for Agriculture can authorise controls for the wolf on initiative of the Directorates of the Environment and/or Agriculture Departments in the cases referred in the article 57 of the Law 16/1994, of June 30, on the Nature Preservation in the País Vasco (to prevent damages in the crops, the livestock, the woods, the game, the fishing and the waters); by request of the affected stockbreeders when the existence of damages has been appropriately denounced and verified or by request of the competent authorities in the adjoining geographical areas. The control measures can only be carried out by staff authorised expressly by the Directorate for Environment.

13 6 MEASURES FOR THE SPECIES PRESERVATION 6.1. Habitat preservation. The wolf is a generalist animal able of living even in very humanized environments. However, certain modifications in its natural habitat can originate a wolf whose ecological behaviour is less valued culturally. For this, it is very important to establish measures for the preservation of its habitat guaranteeing the rational behaviour of the species. Encouraging the restoration of wild preys where it is possible and dealing mainly with criteria of high impact of the wolf in the livestock population, since these are its main source of trophic resources. If the recovery of the ungulated does not happen in a natural way, an option is the reintroduction and/or repopulation, always having into account the local ecology and hunting planning. Identification of corridors. Many ecologists believe that the effects of the fragmentation can be reduced by maintaining or providing passage links between the subpopulations. Offering habitat "corridors" suitable for daily or seasonal mobility Poaching control. Increasing the efficiency of the surveillance against the poaching, rigorous application of the investigation procedures in the suspected cases of poisoning or capture with effective and selective traps for wild fauna. These measures guarantee the validity of the possible evidences provided in criminal proceedings and in the sanctioning administrative proceedings derived Causes of accidental death control. Identification and signposting of those areas where the run over the species is specially frequent and, in a more detailed level, of specific places where the accidents are concentrated inside them, the known as black spots. The collaboration between the Environmental Territorial Services and the administrations owners of the roads is key for its development. CYNEGETIC EXPLOITATION Cynegetic Exploitation. The cynegetic exploitation can help to achieve the goals of population size and distribution area set for a determined area. However, it is advisable to consider that this exploitation must be always done in an organized and sustainable way, guaranteeing the maintenance of the favourable preservation state of the populations. In addition, the integration of the game in the wolf management allows a high valuation of the species besides supposing an economic resource in certain areas. In those territories where the cynegetic exploitation is allowed, this is practised during the hunting season established in the hunting annual orders. In these orders,, the quote of wolves to be extracted in each territory is determined in order to guarantee the preservation in the long term and to maintain the management goals in each area. However, if catastrophic situations happen, or if illegal captures are confirmed jeopardizing the survival of the species population members in a territory, temporary moratorium can be established for the assignation of the quotes, while the favourable state of preservation of the species is re-established. Interaction with large infrastructures. Their presence does not seem in itself a determining effect over the presence of wolves but in many cases, industrial or residential areas, roads, railroads, tunnels or viaducts can complicate their mobility. Their planning must be done having into account environmental criteria considering the existence of wild fauna or its passage by these points. In the already existing infrastructures the passage must be facilitated to the extent possible. Forestry exploitations. The management of the countryside can cause significant risks for the wolves. In the areas where the presence of wolves is stable this must be considered

14 8MEASURES INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND AWARENESS- RAISING MEASURES INFORMATION EDUCATION AND AWARENESS- RAISING The knowledge of the wolf and the complexity of its management are key to counterbalance the common myths about the species and to reduce the tensions and disputes accompanying its management. On the understanding that each social group and each geographical area can require specific messages, the complexity of the awareness-raising must be recognized and a specific action plan must be established for each territory in which the following points are addressed: 8.1. Campaigns for divulgation, information and environmental education The aim is to recognize the complexity of its management and the common myths about the species. Addressed to: Rural environment inhabitants and stockbreeders in particular. Urban society, in general, and the school community, in particular. Hunters, ecologist associations, and other involved sectors. The presence of the wolf as a natural added value which increases the environmental interest in the areas occupied by the species is favoured Sectorial and regional meetings with collectives and agents involved. (Stockbreeders, farmers, hunters, agrarian associations, protectionist and conservationist collectives and public administrations like local government, councils... etc.) looking for TERRITORIAL PACTS. Through the project Wolf, the different Local Action Groups organized these meetings in which they exchanged opinions and experiences about the wolf problems and the possible agreements about the management of the species were analysed Awareness-raising activities with the people and education. environmental Exhibitions. The WOLF project organised an exhibition with the participation of Carlos Sanz ("field biologist" with a wide knowledge of Iberian wolves). In this exhibition the different realities of the wolf in each territory participating in the project are shown. From their biology, distribution and behaviour to their history and habits. In this way, the results of the project are spread helping to generate a raising awareness about the value of the "wolf" among the local inhabitants, and to demonstrate the necessity of preserving the species and the ways to achieve this. To complement the exhibition, a Didactic Booklet was edited with key questions of the exhibition summarizing in a direct way its contents and inviting to the reflection. During the first year, the exhibition has visited all the territories of the Local Action Groups participating in the project, veterinary schools and other places and organizations interested in the subject. In the future, it will be made available to any organization, association, etc. which wants to use it as a support for the informative and awareness-raising activities Activities for the schooling population. Conferences in which the reality of the wolves in their territories is shown and how the current problems are confronted, all of this from a didactic point of view. Through this WOLF project, most of the participating territories developed this point in different conferences. These have been focused to raise the awareness and to awaken attitudes of respect and care for the environment in future generations. Activities for the schooling population. Conferences in which the reality of the wolves in their territories is shown and how the current problems are confronted, all of this from a didactic point of view. Through this WOLF project, most of the participating territories developed this point in different conferences. These have been focused to raise the awareness and to awaken attitudes of respect and care for the environment in future generations. Contests related to the wolf among the schools in the participating territories (storytelling competition, comic competition, nature photography competitions... etc.), where the prize was a visit of several days to a natural area situated in the territories participating in the project. ducation and awareness-raising National and regional conferences and seminars. To participate in the exchange of initiatives and experiences contributes to maintain the participating territories alive. In this sense, some participation examples have helped to motivate the knowledge and awareness-raising of the coexistence of wild fauna and agricultural and farming activities: III Iberian Congress on the Wolf celebrated in Lugo in Organised by the Asociación Galega de Custodia do Territorio (AGCT) with the support of different local and national associations, universities and administrations. A meeting bringing together all the researchers and managers in Spain and Portugal who work with the Iberian wolf to disseminate the latest developments. Wild10. 10th World Congress on Wild Lands celebrated in Salamanca in Within the framework of this congress, the Local Action Groups participating in the "Wolf, wild life and farmers" project presented the actions of the project by means of an open interactive workshop with participants from Asturias, Galicia and Castilla y León and Estonia, Portugal and Romania. In the workshop, the means for the coexistence between stockbreeding and wild fauna (specially with bears and wolves) were evaluated; contributing with solutions to the current problems.

15 8MEASURES INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND AWARENESS- RAISING 9 INTEGRATION OF THE WOLF IN THE SUSTAINABILITY STRUCTURES IN RURAL TERRITORIES 8.2. Public officials Training. Courses for technicians, Forestry and Environmental agents and principally for the members of the patrols of fauna monitoring and for their coordinators, as well as for the lawenforcement officers. The subjects to be dealt are those mainly linked with the management of the species, the fight against the death causes, etc Social consesus. Establish a social participation system in which all the sectors directly related to the wolf management assume their joint responsibility in the management and preservation of the species. Promote the creation of a Consulting Committee in which take part the representatives of the Regional Administration, Councils, agrarian organisations, hunters associations, conservacionist groups and other implied collectives, being it informed and heard for the approval of an annual programme of actions. Fauna observation 9.1. Tourist Exploitation. On the understanding that the cultural, anthropological and biological values related with the wolf can be subject to a tourist exploitation, as numerous experiences prove in that regard, it is necessary to suggest a rational exploitation of the "wolf" tourist resource. Integration of subjects related to the wolf in already existing routes. Creation of theme-specific routes, whenever possible, in which the main attraction is related with the tangible heritage (elements traditionally linked to the livestock protection and to the traditional methods for capturing the wolf) and intangible (traditions and constructions) related to the wolf, as well as the tracking of traces and other attractions which allow to prove the presence of this species in the area. To promote the recovery and appreciation of the historical cynegetic structures (cousos, calechos, pozos lobales, chorcos and callejos) used traditionally for capturing wolves. To encourage the nature photography as a way of achieving a deep knowledge of the fauna and landscape of a territory Products and services. The aim is to promote the products elaborated from the stockbreeding potential victim of the attacks like: wool, cheeses or cold meats, and to promote the hotel, restaurant, leisure, etc. industries, linking the wolf with their leisuregastronomic offerings. The goal is to make known for the consumers that behind this product or service there are a series of benefits favouring the biodiversity and that the producers assume an additional cost being in a territory respectful with the wolf and with wild fauna in general, establishing a link with the final customer and creating a differentiated market. The LIFE project had the aim to preserve wolves and bears in France, Italy and Spain, in this case promoting the cheeses produced by farmers who supported the preservation initiative. In reference to the tourist sector, in the last years the demand for nature tourism, and in particular the watching of wild fauna, is notably increasing. In this sense, it should be noted that places like Sierra de la Culebra, whose orientation to this kind of tourism and particularly to view wolves, has grown in the last years. It is characterised by having an important international demand and a significant volume of business both for accommodation and meals and for the services and merchandising related. Once a current of interest about the wolf has been created in a territory, with all that this means for the territory hosting it, the next step to follow is to support the product and services offer circumscribed in the area. The design of certifications and labels is a way of giving visibility to these values of social engagement for the coexistence and the repercussion of each product on biodiversity. In this aspect, a key for the activity to be sustainable and respectful with the environment is to adopt a planning and monitoring global strategy to avoid exceptional problems in the interaction with the agriculture and livestock sectors and the overcrowding in certain moments and places, minimising in this way the possible impacts and troubles to the fauna

16 BIBLIOGRAPHY Andalucía. Ley 8/2003 de 28 de octubre de la Flora y la Fauna Silvestres en Andalucía. (BOE ). Decreto 4/1986, de 22 de enero. Lista de especies protegidas y normas para su protección en Andalucía. Decreto Foral 50/2010 de 19 de octubre. Pagos por servicios ambientales y Pagos por compensación por lucro cesante. Decreto Foral 61/2008 de 10 de junio. Indemnizaciones a titulares de explotaciones ganaderas que sufran daños en el ganado doméstico por ataques de lobo. Asturias. Decreto 155/2002, de 5 de diciembre, Plan de Gestión del Lobo en el Principado de Asturias Decreto 38/1994, de 19 de mayo, Plan de Ordenación de los Recursos Naturales del Principado de Asturias Resolución de 10 de febrero de 2012, de la Consejería de Aroganadería y Recursos Autóctonos, ayudas a los agricultores y ganaderos en el ámbito de las ayudas directas de la política agrícola común, y de determinadas medidas de desarrollo rural, bienestar animal y de fomento de sistemas de producción de razas ganaderas autóctonas en regímenes extensivos. (BOPA ). Cantabria. Ley 12/2006, de 17 de julio, de Caza de Cantabria. Castilla-La Mancha. Decreto 33/1998, por el que se crea el Catálogo Regional de Especies Amenazadas de Castilla la Mancha. (DOCM, ). Orden de 13/06/2008 Ayudas para prevenir y paliar los daños producidos en Castilla la Mancha por el lobo ibérico al ganado doméstico y para compensar el lucro cesante y los daños indirectos originados. (DOCM ). Castilla y León. Decreto 28/2008, de 3 de abril, Plan de conservación y gestión del lobo en Castilla y León. Orden FYM/773/2013, de 9 de septiembre 2013 (BOCYL ) Ayudas reguladas en la Orden MAM/1751/2005, de 23 de diciembre relativa a los daños producidos en Castilla y León por lobos y perros asilvestrados a diferentes tipo de ganado. Orden MAM/1751/2006, de 23 de diciembre, ayudas para paliar los daños producidos en Castilla y León por lobos y perros asilvestrados al ganado vacuno, ovino, caprino y equino y para compensar el lucro cesante y los daños indirectos originados por ataques de lobo a dicho ganado. DECRETO 17/2013, de 16 de mayo, por el que se desarrolla en Castilla y León el uso de determinados subproductos animales no destinados al consumo humano para la alimentación de especies necrófagas de interés comunitario. (BOCYL ). CORRECCIÓN de errores del Decreto 17/2013, de 16 de mayo (BOCYL ). Galicia. Decreto 297/2008, de 30 de diciembre, Plan de gestión del lobo en Galicia. Orden de 26 de junio de 2013 por el que se determinan las épocas hábiles de caza, las medidas de control por daños y los regímenes especiales por especies durante la temporada (DOG, ) Ley 4/1997, de 25 de junio, de caza de Galicia y posterior modificación Ley 6/2006 de 23 de octubre. Orden de 23 de diciembre de Ayudas para paliar los daños producidos por el lobo. (DOG ) Madrid. Orden 3041/2011 de 13 de septiembre, Ayudas para compatibilizar la actividad ganadera con la existencia de poblaciones de lobos y perros asilvestrados en la Comunidad de Madrid. Ley 2/1991, de 14 de febrero, para la Protección y Regulación de la Fauna y Flora Silvestres en la Comunidad de Madrid. País Vasco. Ley 16/1994, de 30 de junio. Conservación de la naturaleza del País Vasco. (BOPV ). Peritaciones de daños ocasionados por la fauna silvestre a la ganadería en el País Vasco. Magazine "Foresta - Especial País Vasco-Euskadi". Colegio Oficial de Ingenieros Técnicos Forestales. Incidencia del lobo (Canis lupus signatus) en la ganadería del País Vasco. Miguel Ángel Campos Marcos. Naturzale (2004) Sociedad de Estudios Vascos. Bizkaia Decreto 88/2011 de 10 de mayo. Ayudas económicas en relación con programas de saneamiento ganadero del territorio Histórico de Bizkaia. (BOB ) Álava: 28 29

17 Decreto Foral (80/2008, del consejo de diputado de 29 de julio). Pago por Servicios Ambientales. Orden Foral 68/2010 de 10 de marzo. Ayudas a titulares de explotaciones ganaderas para compensar parte de los gastos por tenencia de perros de guarda de ganado para prevenir ataques de lobo. Decreto Foral 33/2010 de 29 de junio. Plan de Gestión del Lobo (canis lupus) para afrontar el conflicto con la ganadería extensiva en el Territorio Histórico de Álava (BOTHA ) Others: Reglamento (CE) 1257/1999, de 17 de mayo (FEOGA).Posteriormente desarrollado por el Reglamento nº 1750/1999. Ley 4/1989 de 27 marzo Conservación de los Espacios Naturales y de la Flora y la Fauna silvestres. Guía de compatibilización del sector agrario y la fauna silvestre COAG and Fundación Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente. VII Congreso Nacional del Medio Ambiente. Plan de gestión del Lobo Iberico en Galicia. Consejería de Medio Ambiente de la Junta de Galicia. Estrategia para la conservación y la gestión del lobo (Canis lupus) en España. Grupo de trabajo del Lobo. Comisión Nacional de Protección de la Naturaleza ( ) y por la Conferencia Sectorial de Medio Ambiente ( ) Directrices técnicas para la gestión de la alimentación de especies necrófagas en España. Approved by the Conferencia Sectorial de Medio Ambiente Transnational Meetings for the Agrocompatibility and coexistence of the stockbreending and the wolf. Project Wof, wild life and farmers. Fonsagrada, October III Congreso Ibérico del lobo. Asociación Galega de Custodia o Territorio. Lugo, November Seminario Internacional sobre la Gestión y Conservación del lobo "Conviviendo con el lobo", 2003: Plan de gestión del lobo en Galicia. Mercedes Robles Gómez. Xunta de Galicia. Bases para una estrategia de conservación y gestión del lobo en España. Borja Heredia. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza. Ministry of the Environment. Gestión del lobo en el Parque Nacional de Picos de Europa. Borja Palacios Alberti - Ministry of the Environment. Estrategia del Plan de Gestión y Conservación del lobo. Servicio de Caza y Pesca y de Espacios Naturales de la Dirección General del Medio Natural de la Consejería de Medio Ambiente. Junta de Castilla y León. La conservación del lobo en Andalucía. Antonio Franco. Consejería de Medio Ambiente de la Junta de Andalucía. Situación actual de las poblaciones de lobo iberico en Castilla- La Mancha y medidas de conservación adoptadas. Rafael Ruiz López de la Cova. Delegación Provincial de Medio Ambiente de Guadalajara. Regulación de las ayudas por daños ocasionados por el lobo en Álava. José Ramón Aguirrezábal Sanz. Servicio de Montes de la Diputación Foral de Álava Política italiana para la conservación del lobo. Piero Genovesi. Instituto Nacional de Vida Silvestre. Italy. Situación actual y gestión del lobo en Estonia. Peep Männil. Situación y distribución del lobo en Portugal. Inés Barroso. EuropaProject. Improving coexistence of large canivores and agriculture in S. Europe (COEX). Institute of Applied Ecology - Italy. Análisis y estudio de la contribución de la ganadería de montaña al mantenimiento del paisaje y de la biodiversidad en los territorios asociados. Transnational cooperation project Pastor 2. Universidad de Oviedo. Wolf Depredation Trends and the use of fladry barriers to protect livestock in western North America. National Wildlife Research Center of the United States developed in Alberta (Canada) Lines of defense. Coping with predators in the Rocky Mountain Region. Utah State University Extension. Action Plan for the conservation of the wolves in Europe. Luigi Boitani. Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats. Yellowstone Wolf Project. Annual Report. Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Escuela de Pastores de los Picos de Europa Escuela de pastores de Arantzazu Guipuzoa Casa Grande de Xanceda Fundación Oso Pardo Montesinho Natural Park. Transmontano mastiff project

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19 FUNDED SPANISH GOVERNME NT MINISTRY FOR AGRICULTURE, FOOD AND ENVIRONMENT European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development: Europe investing in rural areas