GOVERNO DO ESTADO DO AMAZONAS CURSO DE QUALIFICAÇÃO PROFISSIONAL INGLÊS BÁSICO ALUNO (A): -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PROFESSOR (A): ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ CETAM Centro de Educação Tecnológica do Amazonas SEPLAN Secretaria de Estado de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Econômico 1
CONTENTS UNIT 1...04 English, an international language UNIT 2...05 Greetings Definite article Indefinite article Verb to be UNIT 3...10 Object Pronouns Possessive Pronouns Possessive Adjectives UNIT 4...17 Demonstrative Pronouns UNIT 5...18 Interrogative Pronouns UNIT 6...22 Simple Present Tense Verb there to be Present Continuous Tense UNIT 7...26 Simple Past Tense To be Simple Past Tense Verb There to be Past Continuous Tense UNIT 8...35 Simple Present Tense Simple Past Tense (Regular Verbs/Irregular Verbs) UNIT 9...41 Simple Future Tense Future with going to 2 UNIT 10...47
Interrogative Pronouns How much/many? UNIT 11... 52 Present Perfect Tense Adverbs used with the Present Perfect Tense UNIT 12... 56 Past Perfect Tense UNIT 13... 58 Plural of Nouns Degrees of Adjectives UNIT 14... 65 Prepositions UNIT 15... 70 Reflexive Pronouns REVIEW EXERCISES...72 LISTS...91 3
UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION English, an international language Why learn English? Because English is the most important international language in the world. Some facts prove that: English is the international language of air and sea travels, of computing, of pop music, of politics, of science and medicine, sports, TV and films. The World today is a very small place. Communication and travel are very extremely quick: think of jets planes, satellite TV, telephones, telex and fax, for example. Because of this, we need a common language, and this language is English. English s the first language in: Australia; Bahamas; Canada; Ireland; Guyana; New Zealand; United States; United Kingdom. And it is the official second in many other countries like: India, Nigeria, South Africa, Israel. English is slowly becoming more than one language, because in every country it is spoken there are differences in some vocabulary words. SPEAKING Now Interview two friends: Friend 1: Friend 2: 1. Are you interested in English? 2. Are you organized to learn English? 3. Are you a good English student? Friend 1 Friend 2 YES NO YES NO 4
UNIT 2 GREETINGS Saudações e apresentações Oi. Tudo bem? Qual seu nome? Oi, eu sou Prazer. Você conhece o João? Eu quero lhe apresentar ao Já ouvi falar muito de você. Greetings and introductions Hi. How are you? What is your name? Hi, I am Nice to meet you. Do you know João? I d like you to meet... I ve heard a lot about you. VOCABULARY EXPANSION - NOUNS bus nook bike cup of coffee television car Centro de Edhamburger ucação Tecnológica do airplane Amazonas - CETAM beaver 5
DEFINITE ARTICLE The (o, a, os, as) Is Joe the American boxer? That s the magic! The Brazilian soccer players are the best.. Sue and Claire are the American students.. INDEFINITE ARTICLE A / an (um, uma) A usado antes de sons consonantais Sam is a lawyer. Bill is a mechanic. An usado antes de sons vocálicos Jane is an actor.. The game is an hour along. A e an são usados somente no singular. He is a skier, but they are swimmers EXERCISES 1. Complete with a or an. a) bus. b) airplane. c) book. d) bike. e) cup of coffee. f) beaver. g) television. h) car. i) decision. j) hamburger. 6
VOCABULARY EXPANSION JOBS fireman policeman mechanic waiter painter dentist nurse secretary teacher actor postman carpenter student butcher lawyer VERB TO BE Subject Pronouns I You Verb to be Simple Present Tense am a fireman. are a policeman. 7
He She It We You They is a mechanic. is a nurse. is an office. are divers. are lawyers. are students. 1. Verb to be a) Forma afirmativa: She is a nurse. Forma interrogativa: Is she a nurse? Forma negativa: She is not a nurse. b) Formas contratas: Afirmativa: I m You re He s She s It s We re You re They re Negativa: I m not You re not/you aren t He s not/he isn t She s not/she isn t It s not/it isn t We re not/we aren t You re/you aren t They re not/they aren t EXERCISES 1. Use the verb to be. a) I a student. b) The world is a small place. c) We important. d) Spanish our official language. e) Communication and travel extremely quick. f) You and I Brazilian. g) Bruno and Maria Brazilian. h) A jet plane very quick. 2. Add the verb to in the negative form. a) These languages difficult. b) Portuguese the official language in Europe. c) That a jet plane. 8
d) I on vacation. e) The candies in the stove. 3. Change to question form. a) A telephone is different from a fax. b) This flat is small. c) You are from Fortaleza. d) These words are different in American English. e) This cab is old and slow. 4. Rewrite the sentences substituting the words in bold for subject pronouns. a) Are Ricardo, João and you skiers? Yes, Ricardo, João and I are skiers. b) Is that sport radical? No, that sport is not radical. c) Are Maria and Susan mountaineers? No, Maria and Susan are not mountaineers. Mary and Susan are swimmers. d) Is Diana a driver? Yes, Diana is a driver. 9
GROUP ACTIVITY Formem grupos e elaborem um dialogo usando os GREETINGS e algumas das profissões aprendidas. UNIT 3 VOCABULARY EXPANSION VERBS Relacione as colunas: 1- To talk 2- To need 3- To help 4- To work 5- To love 6- To drink 7- To have 8- To ask ( ) Trabalhar ( ) Precisar ( ) Ter ( ) Perguntar ( ) Conversar ( ) Beber ( ) Amar ( ) Ajudar OBJECT PRONOUNS Subject Pronouns I You He She It We You They Object Pronouns me you him her it us you them Os object pronouns são usados como complementos verbais, vindo imediatamente após um verbo ou uma preposição. Call us tomorrow morning. Peter is so tired! Talk to him. EXERCISES 1. Fill in the blanks with object pronouns. a) Look at me, Alex! I m talking to. b) Jeanne needs your help. Please, study with. c) Your computer isn t working well. Don t leave on. 10
d) Samuel loves orange juice. He drinks every morning. e) I have some books that Henry needs. So, I m giving to. f) We need to see Mary today. Ask to call. VOCABULARY EXPANSION - NOUNS house music radio dog computer POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS That hamburger is mine. Those sandwiches are yours. I You He She We Mine Yours His Hers Ours 11
They Theirs Referem-se sempre ao possuidor. Não são seguidos de substantivos. I am playing with my father and you are playing with yours. EXERCISES 1. Complete with the appropriate possessive pronoun. a) This isn t our computer. Is it? Yes, it s mine. b) Is Roberto doing his homework? Yes, he is. And his sister Jane? Jane is doing too. c) Is Carol and Magalia s dog a Labrador? No, is a Cocker Spaniel. d) Is Joel s father well? Yes, he is. And yours? is well, too. e) Is Susan s book with Antonio? No, is with Betty. GENITIVE CASE: noun + s + noun Jane s video game is new. Carlos s (Carlos ) VCR is old. The children s radio is small. Today s news on TV is positive. My parents TV set is big. A forma possessiva é frequentemente usada com: Pessoas ou animais 12
Tom s full name is Thomas Wolf. Substantivos no plural não terminados em s The children s nicknames are Billy and Timmy. Nomes próprios terminados em s Dennis s mother is Jane. Expressões de tempo, medida, lugar e com alguns substantivos, tais como: sun, sea, moon, government. The sun s rays are not always healthy. Usa-se somente o apóstrofo com substantives no plural terminados em s The girls radios are new. EXERCISES 1. Use the possessive form. a) The experience of my friend.... b) The house of those people.... c) The first party of Mary Lou.... d) The style of the teenagers.... e) The music of Chopin.... f) The meeting of the ecologists.... g) The protest of the youngsters.... h) The stories of the adults.... 2. Follow de example. a) One of Joe s colleagues is here. A colleague of Joe s is here. 13
b) One of Albert s brothers is living abroad.... c) One of my mother s friends left for Italy.... d) I am one of Prince s fans.... d) Tropicália is one of Caetano s songs.... VOCABULARY EXPANSION FAMILY 14
Grandfather Father Sisters Son Daughter Mother Grandmother Brothers POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES My grandfather is shy. His sister is shy. Their mother is shy. I You He She It We They My Your His Her Its our their Referem-se sempre ao possuidor. Vêm sempre acompanhados de substantivos. Não são antecedidos de artigos. John is shy, but his cousin isn t. EXERCISES 1. Complete with possessive adjectives. a) William is my brother. nickname is Bill. b) Joan is living in a four bedroom house now. house is very big. c) We are working in San Francisco, but brothers are working in Los Angeles. d) Prince Charles is talking to mother. Queen Elizabeth. 15
e) Tim and Tom are playing. They are playing with pet. f) I am drinking red wine, but favorite drink is white wine. g) My dog is black and white, but mother is all black. h) Susan and I are eating pasta now. i) William s father is prince Charles and brother s name is Harry. 2. Possessive adjective or possessive pronoun? a) Why don t you read a poem of yours? b) The T-shirt Sandra is wearing is not. It belongs to brother. c) My friend and I always do lessons at the library. Where do you and friends do? d) Teenagers usually express feelings. Do adults express? e) Susan didn t write name on that book. Is the book really? f) We develop creativity. Some ideas of often become hits. g) Some people create own fashion style. h) Of course I think about problems. You have to think about too. i) The magazine I m reading is not It has no name on cover. Is it yours? j) Clodovil is famous for clothes. A dress of costs a lot. 16
UNIT 4 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS Singular: This (isto, este, esta), that (aquilo, aquele, aquela). This- refere-se à coisa, animal ou pessoa que está próxima de quem fala. That- refere-se à coisa, animal ou pessoa que está distante de quem fala. This e that- podem funcionar como adjetivos, antes do substantivo (this sandwich; that salad), ou como pronomes substantivos (this is for you; that is for me). Exemplo: What s this? pergunta o que é uma coisa que está perto da pessoa que fala. What s that? pergunta o que é uma coisa que está longe da pessoa que fala. Plural: these (estes; estas), those (aqueles; aquelas). These- refere-se à coisas, animais ou pessoas que estão próximos de quem fala. Those- refere-se à coisas, animais ou pessoas que estão distantes de quem fala. These e those- podem funcionar como adjetivos, antes do substantivo (these cookies; those pies), ou como pronomes substantivos (these are good; those are bad). 17
Exemplo: What are these? - pergunta "o que são estas" coisas que estão perto da pessoa que fala. What are those? pergunta "o que são aquelas" coisas que estão longe da pessoa que fala. UNIT 5 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS Who - quem (usado como sujeito da oração). Whose de quem. Exemplo: Who is he? He is Paul. Whose computer is this? It s Ted s computer. Who is this man?. Who is this woman?.. 18
EXECISES 1. Make up dialogs. Model: Radio / his / John Smith Whose radio is it? It s his. Who is this man? He is John Smith. a) Dvd / hers / Joan Green. b) Computer/ theirs / Carol and Paul Wright. c) Radio / mine / Kate Miller. d) TV set / ours / Peter and Robert Watson. 19
VOCABULARY EXPANSION - VERS to wait to cough to sit to sleep to eat to cry INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS 20
Why Por que? Exemplo: Why are you here? Because I want to see you. Usos: Why Usado em perguntas. Because Usado em respostas. EXERCISES 1. Match questions and answers. a) Why is he happy? b) Why is he using your mobile phone? c) Why are they leaving? d) Why is Mary studying? ( ) Because he needs to talk to Peter now. ( ) Because he won a lot of money. ( ) Because she has a test. ( ) Because they must sleep early. 21
UNIT 6 VOCABULARY EXPANSION VERBS to wake up to run to sing to swim to write to look SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE - VERB THERE TO BE There is / There are Simple present tense 22
Affirmative Form Interrogative Form Negative Form There is (there s) a participant in radical sports in our group. There are participants in radical sports in our group. Is there a participant in radical sports in our group? Are there participants in radical sports in our group? There is not (there isn t) a participant in radical sports in our group. There are not (there aren t) participants in radical sports in our group. There is seguido de substantivos incontáveis ou no singular. There are seguido de substantivos contáveis no plural. EXERCISES 1. There is or there are? a) international films on TV. b) different countries with different languages. c) a boy in the elevator. d) a subway in São Paulo. e) delicious candies for you on the stove. 2. Change to negative and, then, to interrogative form. a) There are two correct answers for this questions. There are not (aren t) two correct answers for this question. Are there two correct answers for this questions? b) There is a telephone in the classroom.... 23
c) There are difficult words in the text.... d) There are different languages in Brazil.... VOCABULARY EXPANSION VERBS to smoke to paint to think to walk to stand to clean PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE 24
Present Continuous Tense Form: To be (present tense) + verb + ing Affirmative form Interrogative form Negative form I am sleeping. Am I sleeping? I am not sleeping. She is watching TV. Is she watching TV? She is not watching TV. They are dancing. Are they dancing? They are not dancing. 1. ing a) regra geral: verbo + ing read reading I am reading the newspaper now. b) verbos terminados em: e elimina-se o e e acrescenta-se ing: drive driving We are driving south. ie troca-se o ie por y e acrescenta-se ing: die dying It is dying. c) verbos monossílabos ou dissílabos oxítonos terminados em: consoante + vogal + consoante: dobra-se a última consoante e acrescenta-se ing run running swim swimming He is running in the park. We are swimming very well. 2. Usos: Enunciar ações que estejam ocorrendo no momento em que se fala: Look! They are talking to the skiers now. Enunciar situções temporárias: I am working in Brazil now. 25
EXERCISES 1. Use the present continuous tense. a) (to become) English an international language. b) (to translate) I the text. c) (to communicate) We the fact. d) (to prepare) They a protest T-shirt. 2. Use the present continuous tense. a) (to sit) You on my new jeans. b) (to cut) Sue and Jeff the cake. c) (to put on) We our t-shirt. 3. Use the present continuous tense. a) (to begin) Democracy. b) (to emit) That factory carbon dioxide. c) (to control) The policeman the traffic. d) (to arrest) The sheriff the bandits. 4. Use the present continuous tense. a) (to lie) They! I want the truth. b) (to improve) You your English. c) (to lead) He the students. d) (to get dressed) Wait a minute! Mary. e) (to come) The students first. f) (to begin) This place to become political. g) (to study) I about democracy and dictatorship in the world. h) (to die) Look! This flower. i) (to wait) The band leader for you. j) (to take) You and I English lessons now. 26
5. Change to negative form. a) You are thinking about politics. b) The boys are going to the beach now. c) She is sitting irreverently. d) I am writing a text at the moment. 6. Change to question form. a) I am choosing the correct answer. b) That student is getting good marks. c) You are really learning the new words. d) Many animal species are dying. e) People are claiming for justice. 27
UNIT 7 VOCABULARY EXPANSION VERBS to count to take a bath to fly to throw to catch to study SIMPLE PAST TENSE TO BE 28
Affirmative form Interrogative form Negative form I was here yesterday. You were here yesterday. He was here yesterday. She was here yesterday. It was here yesterday. We were here yesterday. You were here yesterday. They were here yesterday. Was I here yesterday? Were you here yesterday? Was he here yesterday? Was she here yesterday? Was it here yesterday? Were we here yesterday? Were you here yesterday? Were they here yesterday? I was not here yesterday. You were not here yesterday. He was not here yesterday. She was not here yesterday. It was not here yesterday. We were not here yesterday. You were not here yesterday. They were not here yesterday. EXERCISES 1. Complete the sentences with the simple past tense of the verb to be. a) Bob and Mary sad last night. b) Mr. Smith happy with his job last year? c) I m sure Ralph an ambitious man. d) We didn t understand the explanation last class. It really difficult. e) Betty and Marian ugly when they were young. 2. Use the past tense of the verb to be to complete the dialogs below: a) Where you two years ago? I in Washington. 29 b) What the young man s smile like?
It very kind. c) Who your first boyfriend? His name Mark. He and I were thirteen years old. he your classmate? No, he. He my cousin s friend. d) When you in Canada? We there in 1998. VOCABULARY EXPANSION - VERBS to fight to dance to bloom to cook to laugh to get married to climb SIMPLE PAST TENSE - VERB THERE TO BE 30
There was / There were Simple Past Tense Affirmative form Interrogative form Negative form There was a garden in the palace. There were roses in the garden. Was there a garden in the palace. Were there roses in the garden? There was not a garden in the palace. There were not roses in the garden. EXERCISES 1. Change to the simple past tense. a) There are hamburgers in the bridge. b) It is a very large palace. There is even a room full of gold.... c) That yellow rose is ugly and it has no smell. d) There are good books with games and mazes. VOCABULARY EXPANSION VERBS 31
to watch TV to ride to come to go to speak to listen PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE Form: To be (past tense) + verb + ing Past Continuous Tense Affirmative form Interrogative form Negative form She was writing a story last night. Was she writing a story last night? She was not writing story last night. You were reading tales last night. Were she reading tales last night? You were not reading tales last night. Usos: Expressa uma ação que estava acontecendo em determinado momento, no passado: Tom was sending e-mails in the morning. Expressa uma ação que estava acontecendo em determinado momento, no passado, quando outra ação ocorreu: The prince was playing polo when the reporters arrived. Com while, expressa duas ações contínuas e simultâneas no passado: While John was studying English, her boyfriend was studying Spanish. 32
EXERCISES 1. Use the past continuous tense. a) (to do) Jerry his lessons at that time. b) (to shit) I down when he came back. c) (to have) They breakfast when we arrived. d) (to run) The athlete when he fell down. e) (to turn) She off the TV when she saw me. f) (to get) As the children hungry, we decided to stop for a snack. g) (to think) When you phoned, I about you. h) (to travel) When they abroad, they sent me a postcard. 2. Use the past continuous tense. a) (to sing/ to dance) While Eric Clapton, Madonna. b) (to daydream/ to clean) The girls while their mother the house. c) (to walk/ to watch) While she in the forest, wolves her. d) (to work/ to do) I hard while you nothing. 3. Change to negative form. a) He was listening to the radio when I turned it off.... b) The man was protesting when the police arrived.... c) The baby was crying while his mother was preparing some food. 33
... 4. Change to interrogative form. a) The man was dying when they called a doctor.... b) She was eating vanilla ice-cream when we met.... c) It was raining when we came here.... 5. Give long answers. a) Were you having dinner when your sweetheart phoned? b) Was your boyfriend reading a tale during the class?... c) Was your mother working while you were studying?... d) Were the students feeling nervous when the test began?... e) Was the bus leaving when saw it?... 34
UNIT 8 VOCABULARY EXPANSION VERBS 35
to cut to hold to open to close to jump to wash SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE Affirmative form Interrogative form Negative form I work. You work. He works. She works. It works. We work. You work. They work. Do I work? Do you work? Does he work? Does she work? Does it work? Do we work? Do you work? Do they work? I do not work. You do not work. He does not work. She does not work. It does not work. We do not work. You do not work. They do not work. 1. Formação da 3 a pessoa do singular (forma afirmativa): a) Regra Geral: verbo + s (get) She gets home late every night. (use) He uses the computer in the afternoon. b) Verbos terminados em: S, z, ch, sh, x, o: verbo + es (brush) She brushes her teeth three times a day. (go) It goes from north to south. Consoante + y: verbo + ies (study) Sally studies English on Tuesdays and Thursday. (cry) The baby cries every night. Exceção: have has She has lunch at a restaurant every Saturday. 2. Usos: 36
Expressar ações habituais, geralmente indicadas por expressões adverbiais de tempo (every day, Monday, on Fridays ) ou advérbios de frequência (always, never, usually, often, sometimes, seldom ) I always get dressed before breakfast. Exprimir fatos em geral I like to travel We live in Argentina Enunciar verdade em geral: Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. EXERCISES 1. Use the simple present tense. a) (to work) Tom in a shopping center. b) (to buy) Teenagers special type of clothes. c) (to consider) I this point very significant. d) (to have) She a special way to say hello. e) (to break) That boy always school system rules. 2. Use the simple present tense. a) (to wash) She her clothes on Mondays. b) (to teach) Sarah English. c) (to relax) Joe after lunch. d) (to go) He to school in the morning. e) (to buzz) A bee. 3. Use the Simple present tense. a) (to cry) She like a baby. b) (to study) Paul Spanish. c) (to fly) A jet plane long distances. d) (to play) He guitar very well. 4. Use the simple present tense. a) (to study) Mary English twice a week. b) (to say) He seldom hello to me. 37
c) (to have) That student to develop his creativity. d) (to protest) They always against corruption. e) (to live) They on little money. f) (to teach) He French to teenager. g) (to do) Henry his homework in the afternoon. h) (to meet) Sometimes they their friends at the club. i) (to buy) We our clothes in shopping center. 5. Change to negative form. a) Certain ideas become a fashion hit. b) He studies at home every day. c) The teacher explains every new word. d) They mobilize only the middle classes. e) My mother relaxes after lunch. 6. Change to interrogative form. a) You have a rebellious trait in your personality. b) Youngsters take to the streets to protest. c) I develop my creativity. d) Mary claims for justice. e) Bob does all the work in the shop. 38
VOCABULARY EXPANSION VERBS to lose to put on to want to buy to win to spill SIMPLE PAST TENSE Simple Past Tense (Regular Verbs) Affirmative form Interrogative form Negative form I worked yesterday. You worked yesterday. He worked yesterday. She worked yesterday. It worked yesterday. We worked yesterday. You worked yesterday. They worked yesterday. Did I work yesterday? Did you work yesterday? Did he work yesterday? Did she work yesterday? Did it work yesterday? Did we work yesterday? Did you work yesterday? Did they work yesterday? I did not work. You did not work. He did not work. She did not work. It did not work. We did not work. You did not work. They did not work. 39
a) Forma afirmativa: Regra Geral: verbo + ed The concert started at nine o clock and finished at midnight. Verbos Terminados em e: verbo + d They closed the store at nine last night. Verbos terminados em y, precedido de consoante: y + ied The children studied for the test two days ago. Verbos monossílabos tônicos e dissílabos oxítonos terminados em consoante + vogal + consoante: dobra-se a última consoante e acrescenta-se ed. The train stopped at this station at five o clock. b) Expressar uma ação completa no passado, geralmente indicada por advérbios ou expressões adverbiais de tempo (yesterday, a week ago, last month etc.). They opened that mark last month. Simple past tense (irregular verbs) Affirmative form Interrogative form Negative form She saw the movie yesterday. They met Bob at a restaurant last night. Did she see the movie yesterday? Did they meet Bob at the restaurant last night? She didn t see the movie yesterday. They didn t meet Bob at a restaurant last night. Há uma lista de verbos irregulares no final da apostila. 40
UNIT 9 VOCABULARY EXPANSION VERBS 41
to turn off to turn on to share to give to call to throw away SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE Affirmative form Interrogative form Negative form I will learn. You will learn. He will learn. She will learn. It will learn. We will learn. You will learn. They will learn. Usos: Will I learn? Will you learn? Will he learn? Will she learn? Will it learn? Will we learn? Will you learn? Will they learn? I will not learn. You will not learn. He will not learn. She will not learn. It will not learn. We will not learn. You will not learn. They will not learn. Expressa a provável realização de uma ação no futuro: They will probably keep a laboratory in space. Exprime ações futures decididas no momento em que se fala: Okay! I ll think about a solution to the problem. Além de advérbios ou expressões adverbiais de tempo (tomorrow, next week, in two months etc.), este tempo verbal é geralmente usado com palavras que expressam dúvida, como I think, probably, I m not sure EXERCISES 1. Use the simple future. a) (to study) All of us hard from now on. b) (to send) The Jetsons you a letter from Mexico. 42
c) (to open) They some fashion shops next month. d) (to get) You strong muscles if you practice sports. e) (to play) Artur Moreira Lima Mozart in next concert. f) (to have) In a short time we the money to travel abroad. g) (there to be) Some day peace in the world. 2. Change to negative form. a) I ll photograph only the beautiful scenes.... b) They will come back at 9 o clock.... c) The tourist will visit all the churches in the city....... d) We ll travel to London by plane.... e) Chess will make you lose weight.... 3. Change to interrogative form. a) You will remember to bring me the car.... b) He will love her forever.... c) The wolf will eat the rabbit.... d) There will be a good opportunity for us.... 4. First change to negative form and, then, complete. a) He will stay here. (to go back to Bahia) 43
He won t stay here, he will go back to Bahia. b) Next class we ll study Spanish. (mathematics)...... c) She will be in Paris next month. (to come back to London)...... d) Tom Cruise will play guitar in his next film. (to sing)...... e) Frank will study to be a doctor. (an engineer)...... f) Tomorrow you will pay 5 dollars for a hamburger. (only 4 dollars)...... VOCABULARY EXPANSION VERBS V 44
to color to find to look for to fix to break FUTURE WITH GOING TO Form: to be (present tense) + going to + verb Affirmative form Interrogative form Negative form He is going to build a house at the beach. They are going to build a house at the beach. Is he going to build a house at the beach? Are they going to build a house at the beach? He is not going to build a house at the beach. They are not going to build a house at the beach. Usos: Expressa ações que já decidimos ou pretendemos realizar no futuro: I am going to sell my apartment at the beach next year. Expressa ações que achamos que irão acontecer devido a alguma situação no presente: She has the money now. She is going to pay the doctor tomorrow. É geralmente indicado por advérbios ou expressões adverbiais de tempo, como: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next Sunday, next year, soon. We are going to join the group soon. EXERCISES 1. Express the future with going to. 45
a) (to rest) We are tired. We for a while. b) (to keep) They their daily routine. c) (to study) I English this afternoon. d) (to overcome) She her problems. e) (to go) Your group to the museum tomorrow. 2. Change to interrogative form. a) They are going to meet us at school. b) We are going to play that game again. c) She is going to eat fast food tonight. d) The boys are going to prepare a surprise party. e) His family is going to travel Saturday night. 3. First change to negative form and, then, complete. a) I m going to the movies. (theatre) I m not going to the movies. I m going to the theatre. b) I am going to drink a orange juice. (milkshake) c) We are going to visit Pará. (Amazonas) d) You are going to buy a white T-shirt. (purple T-shirt) e) Sam is going to sell his house. (his car) 46
4. Give short answers. a) Is your dog going to take a bath today? b) Are those boys going to smoke in the classroom? c) Are you going to do this exercises? d) Are the students going to read these sentences? e) Is your colleague going to behave well at school? f) Is your mother going to prepare dinner? UNIT 10 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS What- qual, quais, o que Exemplo: What is your occupation? 47
What is a electric circuit? What about- que tal Exemplo: What about going to the theater? What like?- Expressão usada para perguntar, sobre aspectos geográficos, físicos ou psicológicos. Exemplo: What is Manaus like? When- Quando Exemplo: When does that girl play volleyball? On Tuesdays and Fridays. VOCABULARY EXPANSION DAYS WEEK 48
EXERCISES Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Wake up late Go to school Go to school Go to school Go to school Go to school Work at a snack bar. Have lunch at grandparents Swim at a gym Have English class Swim at a gym Have English class work at a snack bar Play soccer. house Watch TV Play soccer Go to the cinema Play soccer Watch TV Go to a disco Go to the cinema. 1. Give complete answers about Ronald s weekly activities. a) When does Ronald work at a snack bar? b) When does Ronald swim at a gym? c) When does he have lunch at his grandparents house? d) When does he play soccer? e) When does he go to the cinema? f) When does he go to the disco? 49
g) When does he go to school? h) When does he wake up late? i) What was Ronald doing on Monday? j) What was Ronald doing on Tuesday? l) What was the first thing that Ronald did on Saturday? m) What was the last thing that Ronald did on Wednesday? HOW MUCH / MANY? Quantifiers Much / a lot of 50
Affirmative Negative Interrogative There is much / a lot of sugar in the cup. There isn t much / a lot of salt in that steak. Is there much / a lot of milk in the glass? Many / a lot of Affirmative Negative Interrogative There are many / a lot of apples in the basket. There aren t many / a lot of pears in the dish. Are there many / a lot of oranges in the refrigerator? Usos: Much é usado com substantivos incontáveis. Is there much cheese in the freezer? Many é usado com substantivos contáveis. There are many watermelons on the table. EXERCISES 1. Complete the sentences with many or much and the suggested word. a) (milk) I want to prepare pancakes, but there isn t. Let s buy some. b) (apple) There are in the refrigerator. Let s make a pie. c) (orange) I am going to make a fruit salad but there aren t in the refrigerator. d) (rose) Your garden isn t beautiful now because there aren t in it. e) (sugar) We can t prepare this pudding because you didn t bring. f) (lettuce) Children don t like to eat, but they are very good for their health. g) (ham) There isn t in the refrigerator, let s buy some. 51
INTERROGATIVE WORDS How much cheese do you need for the pie? Uncountable noun How many melons did you buy yesterday? Countable noun EXERCISES 1. Make up questions using how many or how much. a) There are three bedrooms in my house. b) Jane s father bought a lot of pears yesterday. c) I drink one cup of tea every day. d) There were five thieves in the bank last night. UNIT 11 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE Present Perfect Tense Form: To have (present tense) + verb (past participle) Affirmative form Interrogative form Negative form I have tried it. He has tried it. She has tried it. It has tried it. Have I tried it? Has he tried it? Has she tried it? Has it tried it? I have not tried it. He has not tried it. She has not tried it. It has not tried it. 52
We have tried it. You have tried it. They have tried it. Have we tried it? Have you tried it? Have they tried it? We have not tried it. You have not tried it. They have not tried it. 1. Formação (past participle) Verbos regulares: verbo + ed / d / ied to start- started to live- lived to cry- cried Verbos irregulares: forma própria (Veja a lista de verbos irregulares no final da apostila). to give- given 2. Forma Contrata I have I ve You have not You haven t She has not She Hasn t 3. Usos: Expressa ações ou situações que começaram no passado e continuam até o presente. We have been here for a long time. Nesse caso, o present perfect tense é bastante usado com: o for (durante, por, há), indicando a duração de algum acontecimento. I ve have lived in Brazil for two years. o since (desde), indicando o início de um período de tempo. Ann has lived in Brazil since 2005. O present perfect tense também é usado com os seguintes advérbios de tempo indefinido: lately (ultimamente), recently (recentemente), several times (diversas vezes), many times (muitas vezes). This problem has happened several times. Expressa ações ou eventos passados completamente terminados, desde que tenham importância no presente. Sam is well now. He has been to a doctor. EXERCISES 53
1. Complete with the present perfect tense. a) (to try) I a cash machine near here. b) (to live) Alex in Ireland for many years. c) (to be) We friends since childhood. d) (to buy) Your mother and father some interesting books lately. e) (to eat) Carol a lot of sugar. That s not good for her because of the carbohydrates. f) (to make) My husband and I up our minds, we are going to buy a small house in the country next October. g) (to work) Susan well lately. h) (to have) You a lot of time to study since last year. i) (to eat) They different diets in the last month. 2. Write sentences using for: a) I am here (one hour) I ve been here for one hour. b) Parents advises us to eat more vegetables. (sometimes)... c) She does her best to help you. (a long time)... d) Steven Spielberg is an excellent movie director. (many years)... 3. Write sentences using since: a) Paul is very shy. (he was a little boy)... b) Your girlfriend loves you. (she was 13 years old)...... 54
c) Eric has some duties at home. (last years)... ADVERBS USED WITH THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE Already: in affirmative and interrogative sentences. We have already lived in Scotland. Have you already lived in Scotland? Always: in affirmative sentences We have always lived in Scotland. Ever: in interrogative sentences Have you ever lived in Scotland? Yet: in interrogative and negative sentences Have you lived in Scotland yet? We haven t lived in Scotland yet. Never: in affirmative sentences with negative idea We have never lived in Scotland. EXERCISES 1. Answer the questions in full using already or never. a) Has she ever been to Houston? No,... b) Have they ever driven so fast? No,... c) Has she ever eaten pretzels? Yes,. d) Have you ever read O Principe? Yes,. 55
2. Complete de dialogs using already, always, ever, never or yet. a) Have you studied for your English test? No, I haven t studied for it. b) Are you the author of this book? Yes, I am. It s such a pleasure to meet you. I have wanted to talk to you. c) Has your friend been to Australia? Yes, he taught Portuguese there. He is a great teacher. What about you? Oh, I ve been to Australia. UNIT 12 PAST PERFECT TENSE Past Perfect Tense Form: had + verb (in the past participle) Affirmative Interrogative I (you, he, she, it, we, you, they) had found a solution before he came up with a new idea. Had they found a solution before he came up with a new idea? 56
Negative They had not found a solution before he came up with a new idea. Usos: Expressa uma ação que ocorreu antes de uma outra, no passado. When my parents arrived home, I had already gone out. EXERCISES 1. Complete the sentences with the past perfect tense of the verbs in parentheses. a) (come back) I to school before the teachers arrived. b) (teach) Mr. Block English in Japan before he went back to England c) (hear) The neighbors never of any problems with the nuclear power plant before the accident happened. d) (run away) When the police entered the houses, the criminals already. e) (remind) Before I talked to the family, some friends me of the problems I might face. f) (decide) Mary to drop by her friend s house before I called her. 2. Rewrite the sentences. a) First she studied, and then she played with her friends. After she had studied, she played with her friends. b) First we hung the menorahs in the windows, and then we went out. c) First the children broke the mirror, and then they carried the pieces outdoors. d) First she cleaned the house, and then she took a shower. 57
e) First you agreed with the congressmen, and then you complained about their political plans. f) First my cousin gave all his things to a poor family, and then he disappeared. g) First they ate dinner at a restaurant, and then they left for a movie theater. UNIT 13 PLURAL OF NOUNS 1. Regra Geral: Acrecenta-se S aos substantivos: Boy- boys husband- husbands 2. Com Substantivos terminados em s, z, sh, ch, x, o, acrescenta-se es. Beach- beaches potato- potatoes Dish- dishes match- matches Exceções: acrecenta-se apenas s aos substantivos: 58
o Terminados em o, precedidos de vogal ou que forem de origem estrangeira: Radio- radios photo-photos Zoo- zoos piano- pianos o Terminados em ch com som de k: Monarch- monarchs epoch- epochs 3. Com substantivos terminados em y antecedidos de consoante, elimina-se o y e acrescenta-se ies: Strawberry- strawberries city- cities 4. Com substantivos terminados em f ou fe, elimina-se o f ou fe e acrescentase ves. Life- lives wife-wives knife-knives Half-halves leaf- leaves thief- thieves 5. Alguns substantivos formam o plural de modo irregular: Child- children person- people Man- men foot- feet Woman- women tooth- teeth Ox- oxen goose- geese mouse- mice EXERCISES 1. Change to plural form. a) policeman- b) dishwasher- c) thief- d) grandchild- e) piano- f) chief- g) tooth- h) sandwich- i) hand- j) fox- l) strawberry- m) tomato- 59
n) stomach- o) pockets- p) process- q) typist- r) cowboy- s) housewife- t) boss- u) mouse- 2. Change to the singular form. a) The women are driving their children to school.... b) These babies have two teeth.... c) Those men are waiting for you.... d) There are people waiting to see her now.... VOCABULARY EXPANSION - ADJECTIVES 60
strong / weak beautiful / ugly boring / funny heavy / light slow / fast big / small DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES Degrees of Comparison Simple Degree Affirmative sentences Negative sentences As + adjective + as Joe is as rich as Mary Bob is as poor as Joe. Not + as/so + adjective + as Jane is not as young as Pamela. Susan is not so old as Carol. Degrees of Comparison Comparative degree One syllable Two or more syllables Adjective + er + than Helen is shorter than Julie. This bike is cheaper than that one. More + adjective + than This appliance is more expensive than that one. This problem is more difficult than the other one. 1. Adjetivos monossílabos: Terminados em e acrescenta-se apenas r: Joan is nicer than Susy. Terminados em consoante + vogal + consoante, dobram a consoante final e acrecenta-se er: Sally is fatter than Jim, so Jim is thinner than Sally. 61
2. Adjetivos dissílabos: Na sua memória, formam o grau comparativo usando more + adjetivo + than. Alguns adjetivos de duas sílabas, tais como stupid, gentle, polite, quiet, simple, common, clever, narrow e pleasant, admitem as duas formas: adjetivo + er + than ou more + adjetivo + than. Your son is more polite / politer than mine. 3. Adjetivos terminados em y precedidos de consoante, elimina-se o y e acrescenta-se ier: This exercises is easier than that one. The boys are uglier than the girls. Exceção: shy- shyer 4. Formas irregulars: Life today is better than in the past. Good better Bad worse EXERCISES 1. Make sentences. a) John / tall / Bob John isn t as tall as Bob. So John is shorter than Bob. b) Mary / fat / Jane. c) Cristina / fat / Jane d) This problem / difficult / that problem 62
e) This watch / bad / that watch VOCABULARY EXPANSION ADJECTIVES clean / dirty easy / hard empty / full high / low old / new wet / dry close / far long / short Superlative One syllable Two or more syllables The + adjective + est Tom is the tallest boy of his group The most + adjective Helen is the most careful girl of her group. Jane is the most outgoing girl in the school. 63
Obs.: o grau superlativo segue as mesmas regras de formação do grau comparativo. Formas irregulares: This game is the best of the year. Good the best Bad the worst EXERCISES 1. Complete the sentences with the given adjectives in the superlative: a) (expensive) This is computer of them all. b) (new) This is book on the store. c) (small) This is house on the street. d) (polite) Carol is girl in the school. e) (sad) Herbert is boy of them all. f) (smart) This is dog on the street. g) (careful) My brothers is boy I know. 2. Choose the correct alternative: a) Jack is friend I have. ( ) better than ( ) the best ( ) as good as b) This is math problem. ( ) the worst ( ) worse than ( ) as bad as c) My grandfather is my grandmother. ( ) as tall ( ) taller than ( ) the tallest d) This jacket is that one. ( ) as good 62
( ) the best ( ) better man e) This refrigerator is that dishwasher. ( ) more expensive than ( ) the most expensive ( ) expensive as f) Helen is woman in my family. ( ) the older ( ) the oldest ( )older than g) My cat is your dog. ( ) uglier ( ) uglier than ( ) the ugliest h) The supermarket near your house is the supermarket near my house. ( ) as big ( ) the biggest ( ) bigger than i) Rio de Janeiro is one of cities in the world. ( ) the most beautiful ( ) more beautiful than ( ) as beautiful as UNIT 14 PREPOSITIONS Prepositions of Time At Com horas, momentos, festividades 63
I ll be there at 2 o clock. He s working at this moment. On com dias da semana, dias do mês. I play tennis on Sundays. He was born on may 23 rd. In com anos, meses, estações de tempo, partes do dia. He graduated in 2003. She is going to México in the summer. He goes to school in the mornings. During com substantivos, para mostrar quanto dura uma ação. He slept during the film. For Com expressões adverbiais de tempo, para mostrar quanto dura uma ação. He has slept for 2 hours. From com um ponto de início quase sempre seguido de till, until ou to para mostrar por quanto tempo a situção continua. I studied German from 2002 till / untill / to 2004. EXERCISES 1. Complete with the correct prepositions: a) Bob will meet his girlfriend 8 o clock. b) I play football Saturdays. c) Carol will stay in London the summer. d) He slept the flight to Caracas. e) We worked in Teresina June October. f) Susy will go to Paris January 22 nd. 2. Ask and answer the questions: a) you / 12 / 24 When were you born? I was born on December twenty-fourth. b) Douglas and Michael / 8 / 13 64
c) Richard / 9 / 5 / 1998 d) your girlfriend / 11 / 28 /1989 3. Ask and answer the questions? a) Jane / mornings When did Jane study English? Jane studied English during / in the mornings. b) Paul / January / July c) the boys / April d) John / Monday / Saturday VOCABULARY EXPANSION PREPOSITIONS 65
behind in front in by between under on over Prepositions of place and direction In com cidades, estados, países. She works in Curitiba. He studies in Texas. He lives in the United States. On com endereços incompletes Betty lives on Madison Avenue. At com endereços completes. Betty lives at 456 Madison Avenue. Across do outro lado 66
Sam is across the avenue. Next to, Beside ao lado She lives next to Jane. Out para for a, sem complemento. Go out! Out of para fora, com complemento. Go out of the room. In Para dentro, sem complemento Come in. Into para dentro, com complemento Come into the room. Inside do lado de dentro. She is inside the car. Outside do lado de for a He is outside the car. Through- através de. They are passing through the tunnel. Towards- com sentido de direção They went towards the place of the accident. To- com sentido de destino They went to the party. Beyond - além de, do outro lado The farm is beyond the city. Above- You can see a helicopter above the mountains. You can see a helicopter above the mountains. Bellow abaixo de, mais baixo do que The antique vase is bellow that big picture. EXERCISES 1. Make up sentence with the given words. Put the verbs in the correct verb tenses: 67 a) Bill / be / Manaus / now
b) I / buy a house / Regent Street / last year c) The movie theater / be / the avenue / the drugstore d) The bus / go / Floripa / now e) Sally / live / 30 Oxford Street f) The train / Rio de Janeiro / leave / afternoon. g) Tom / be / the street. h) Marcelo s car / be / the fence. UNIT 15 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 68
I You He She It We They Myself Yourselves Himself Herself Itself Ourselves Themselves Usos: Como pronomes reflexivos, em que pratica e sofre a ação: Stay away from the fire. You are going to burn yourself. Como pronome enfático, significando mesmo(a), próprio(a). Nesse caso, pode ser usado logo após o sujeito ou logo após o complemento verbal: John himself repaired the TV. John repaired the TV himself. Antecedido pela preposição by, significa sozinho(a): She did the math exercises by herself. EXERCISES 1. Complete the sentences with reflexive pronouns: a) I think she was angry with because she was getting fatter. b) We usually enjoy when we go to the beach. c) Julie and Sarah are going to live by in Rome. d) What s the problem with you and Maggie? You are repeating. e) The movie was very good, but the artist weren t. f) She repaired the machine by. g) My son cut when he was playing in the yard. 69
2. Complete the dialogs using reflexive pronouns: a) A: Who cleaned the office? B: I cleaned it. A: What about Betsy? B: She asked me to do that. b) A: I think those man are going to talk to the president. B: The secretary told Mr. Todd to talk to them. A: Look, Mr. Todd is calling them to go into his office. c) A: Shirley doesn t have much tome to buy the things for the party. B: Yes, she said she will be on vacation. A: Who will buy the things for the party? B: We will buy the things. REVIEW EXERCISES ARTICLES 70
Choose the correct answer. 1. Can you tell me how to get to bank from here? a) a b) an c) the d) (Nothing) 2. city museum is closed today. a) a b) an c) the d) (Nothing) 3. He is one of smartest people I know. a) a b) an c) the d) (Nothing) 4. I recommend you eat apple pie at this restaurant. a) a b) an c) the d) (Nothing) 5. milk is good for you. a) a b) an c) the d) (Nothing) 6. Would you like to see movie? a) a b) an c) the d) (Nothing) 7. apple a day keeps doctor away. a) a b) an c) the d) (Nothing) 8. I can't believe I failed yesterday's test! a) a b) an c) the d) (Nothing) 71
9. Do you have dictionary that I can borrow? a) a b) an c) the d) (Nothing) 10. Is there public telephone near here? a) a b) an c) the d) (Nothing) 11. Please speak little louder. a) a b) an c) the d) (Nothing) 12. He has my car today. a) a b) an c) the d) (Nothing) 13. May I have your phone number? a) a b) an c) the d) (Nothing) 14. Please tell me your address. a) a b) an c) the d) (Nothing) 15. This is easy question. a) a b) an c) the d) (Nothing) 16. I have never seen UFO. a) a b) an 72
c) the d) (Nothing) 17. What is name of the next station? a) a b) an c) the d) (Nothing) 18. David is best student in our class. a) a b) an c) the d) (Nothing) 19. I went sea during my summer vacation. a) a b) an c) the d) (Nothing) OBJECT PRONOUNS Choose the correct answer. 1. Is she writing to Leonardo di Caprio? a) her b)him c) his d) it 2. John is making a lot of noise! a) him b) it c) its d)her 3. Please tell Mrs. Smith to come in. Sorry, I don't know. a) her b) him c) she d) he 4. I can't find my glasses! You are wearing! a) them b) there c) they d) him 73
5. Do you like bananas? I love! a) hers b) its c) them d) they 6. Why is he always talking about Pamela Anderson? He obviously likes! a) her b) him c) she d) he 7. Where is my book? Oh, dear! I've lost! a) him b) it c) its d) he 8. Is that Mary's new boyfriend? Don't ask me, ask! a) her b) his c) it d) its 9. What is the title of that song? I'm afraid I can't remember. a) him b) it c) them d) they 10. Why is David so happy? His friends gave a guitar for his birthday! a) him b) it c) them d) they 11. What are you going to do with those old papers? I'm going to recycle. a) their b) them c) they d) him 12. Let's see the latest Spielberg movie! I have seen already! a) him b) it c) there d) they 74
13. How are your parents? I haven't seen for some time now! a) them b) there c) they d) him 14. Have you met Tom and Lisa? No, I have never met. a) its b) the c) them d) they POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS Choose the correct answer. 1. It belongs to me, it's a) mine b) hers c) his d) its 2. It belongs to my father, it's a) his b) mine c) hers d) its 3. It belongs to her, it's a) theirs b) ours c) hers d) his 4. It belongs to Mr. and Mrs. Smith, it's a) theirs b) ours c) yours d) its 5. It belongs to me and my wife, it's a) yours b) mine c) thers d) ours 6. It belongs to my mother, it's. a) mine b) hers c) his d) theirs 7. It belongs to him, it's. a) his b) hers 75
c) theirs d) mine 8. It belongs to you, it's. a) mine b) ours c) yours d) theirs 9. It belongs to the dog, it's. a) its b) yours c) hers d) mine 10. It belongs to them, it's. a) mine b) its c) yours d) theirs POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES Choose the correct answer. 1. John Anderson forgot book. a) my b) his c) her d) your 2. Mary and Susan talk like mother. a) my b) your c) our d) their 3. Alex and I were late for class. a) its b) my c) our d) their 4. Princess Caroline is wearing new Gucci gown. a) him b) her c) your d) their 5. Where are keys? I can't find them. MY a) my b) his c) her d) ours 6. Where do you keep money, in the bank? YOUR 76