Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation of School Buildings (K-12)

FEMA 395 Dcmbr 2002 Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings (K-12) Prprd for Fdrl Emrgncy Mngmnt Agncy Undr Contrct No. EMW-2000-CO-0380 by: World Institut for Disstr Risk Mngmnt, Virgini Polytchnic Institut nd Stt Univrsity, Alxndri, Virgini Building Tchnology Incorportd, Silvr Spring, Mrylnd Mlvyn Grn & Associts Inc., Torrnc, Cliforni

FEMA Disclimr: This rport ws prprd undr Contrct No. EMW-2000-CO-0380 btwn Fdrl Emrgncy Mngmnt Agncy (FEMA) nd Virgini Polytchnic Institut nd Stt Univrsity. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or rcommndtions xprssd in this publiction do not ncssrily rflct viws FEMA. Additionlly, nir FEMA nor ny its mploys mks ny wrrnt, xprssd or implid, nor ssums ny lgl libility or rsponsibility for ccurcy, compltnss, or usfulnss ny informtion, product, or procss includd in this publiction. Usrs informtion from this publiction ssum ll libility rising from such us. For furr informtion concrning this publiction, contct World Institut for Disstr Risk Mngmnt, Virgini Polytchnic Institut nd Stt Univrsity, Alxndri, Virgini, 703-535-3444. For dditionl copis this publiction contct FEMA Distribution Cntr, 1-800-480-2520.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Principl Authors: Frdrick Krimgold, DRM/VT Dvid Httis, BTI Mlvyn Grn, MGA Contributors: John Hrrld, GWU Chrls Scwthorn, ABS Consulting Mdhi Strh, VT Rn Vn Dorp, GWU Willim Whiddon, BTI Projct Advisory Pnl: Dnil Abrms, Univrsity Illinois Dnil Butlr, Ntionl Rtil Fdrtion John Coil, John Coil Associts Josph Donovn, Crr Amric Jms Hrris, Ntionl Multi Housing Council Rndl Hslm, Jordn School District, Uth Jms Mlly, Dgnkolb Enginrs Mik Mhrin, URS Dms & Moor Anthony Moddstt, UC Dvis Mdicl Cntr Lwrnc Rvly, Univrsity Uth Tchnicl Rviw: Chris Polnd, Dgnkolb Enginrs Dnil Shpiro, SOHA Enginrs Production: L-Ann Lyons nd Amy Sigl, URS Group, Inc. Th dvlopmnt s mnuls ws inspird nd guidd by ldrship Ugo Morlli, FEMA Projct Officr

Contnts Excutiv Summry... i Forword... iii Prfc... iv Introduction... vi How to Us This Mnul... viii PART A Criticl Dcisions for Erthquk Sfty in Schools... A-1 A.1 Is Thr n Erthquk Hzrd for Your Schools?... A-1 A.2 Ar Your School Buildings Sf?... A-3 A.3 Wht Cn B Don to Rduc Erthquk Risk in Existing Vulnrbl School Buildings?... A-5 A.4 Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Existing Schools... A-6 PART B Plnning nd Mnging Procss for Erthquk Risk Rduction in Existing School Buildings... B-1 Introduction... B-1 B.1 Intgrting Efforts Fcility Mngmnt, Risk Mngmnt, nd Finncil Mngmnt... B-2 B.2 Intgrting Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion into Fcility Mngmnt Procss... B-3 B.2.1 A Modl Fcility Mngmnt Procss for Existing School Buildings... B-3 B.2.2 n Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Progrm... B-3 B.2.2.1 Sismic Scrning... B-3 B.2.2.2 Sismic Evlution... B-4 B.2.2.3 Dvloping Risk Rduction Policy... B-5 Contnts

B.2.2.4 Sismic Rhbilittion Plnning for Spcific Buildings... B-5 B.2.2.5 Stging Sismic Rhbilittion Incrmnts... B-7 B.2.2.6 Budgt Pckging... B-8 B.2.2.7 Bond Pckging... B-8 B.2.2.8 Sismic Rhbilittion Projct Mngmnt... B-9 B.2.3 Intgrtion into Schools Fcility Mngmnt Procss... B-9 B.3 Opportunitis for Sismic Risk Rduction in Support Intgrting Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion into Fcility Mngmnt Procss... B-10 B.3.1 Rsponding to Occupnt Concrns... B-10 B.3.2 Emrgncy Mngmnt/Rspons Plnning... B-11 B.3.3 Emrgncy Mngmnt/Mitigtion Plnning... B-11 B.3.4 Dvloping Risk Rduction Policy... B-11 B.3.5 Incorporting Fdrl nd Stt Mndts nd Progrms... B-12 B.3.6 Coordinting with Risk nd Insurnc Mngrs... B-12 B.3.7 Bcoming Fmilir with Applicbl Cods... B-12 B.3.8 Estblishing nd Mintining Rostr Dsign Prssionls... B-12 B.3.9 Ngotiting Cod Enforcmnt... B-12 B.4 Prpring Pln for Suprintndnt nd Bord... B-13 B.5 Additionl Componnts Comprhnsiv Erthquk Sfty Progrm... B-14 B.5.1 Building Contnts Mitigtion... B-14 B.5.2 Erthquk Curriculum... B-14 B.5.3 Erthquk Drills... B-14 PART C Tools for Implmnting Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion in Existing School Buildings... C-1 Introduction... C-1 Guid to Sctions C.1 nd C.2... C-1 C.1 How to Us Enginring Srvics... C-2 C.2 Discovring Intgrtion Opportunitis for Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion... C-4 Introduction... C-4 Ctgoris Mintnnc nd Cpitl Improvmnt Projcts... C-4 Work Dscriptions nd Mtrics Sismic Prformnc Improvmnt Opportunitis... C-4 Dfinitions Sismic Prformnc Improvmnts... C-6 C.2.1 Roing Mintnnc nd Rpir/R-Roing... C-8 C.2.2 Extrior Wll nd Window Mintnnc... C-10 Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

C.2.3 Fir nd Lif Sfty Improvmnts... C-12 C.2.4 Modrniztion/Rmodling/Nw Tchnology Accommodtion... C-14 C.2.5 Undrfloor nd Bsmnt Mintnnc nd Rpir... C-16 C.2.6 Enrgy Consrvtion/Wriztion/ Air-Conditioning... C-18 C.2.7 Hzrdous Mtrils Abtmnt... C-19 C.2.8 Accssibility Improvmnts... C-19 C.2.9 Dfinitions Sismic Prformnc Improvmnts... C-20 Appndix. Additionl Informtion on School Fcility Mngmnt... App-1 Introduction: Typicl Fcility Mngmnt for Schools... App-1 1. Th Currnt Building USE Phs School Fcility Mngmnt... App-2 2. Th PLANNING Phs School Fcility Mngmnt... App-5 3. Th Mintnnc nd Rhbilittion BUDGETING Phs School Fcility Mngmnt... App-7 4. Th Mintnnc nd Rhbilittion FUNDING Phs School Fcility Mngmnt... App-8 5. Th Mintnnc nd Rhbilittion IMPLEMENTATION Phs School Fcility Mngmnt... App-10 Contnts

i Excutiv Summry Erthquks r srious thrt to school sfty nd pos significnt potntil libility to school ficils nd to school districts. School buildings in 39 stts r vulnrbl to rthquk dmg. Unsf xisting buildings xpos school dministrtors to following risks: Dth nd injury studnts, tchrs, nd stff Dmg to or collps buildings Dmg nd loss furnishings, quipmnt, nd building contnts Disruption ductionl progrms nd school oprtions Th grtst rthquk risk is ssocitd with xisting school buildings tht wr dsignd nd constructd bfor us modrn building cods. For mny prts Unitd Stts, this includs buildings built s rcntly s rly 1990s. Although vulnrbl school buildings nd to b rplcd with sf nw construction or rhbilittd to corrct dficincis, for mny school districts nw construction is limitd, t tims svrly, by budgtry constrints, nd sismic rhbilittion is xpnsiv nd disruptiv. Howvr, n innovtiv pproch tht phss sris discrt rhbilittion ctions implmntd ovr priod svrl yrs, incrmntl sismic rhbilittion, is n ffctiv, ffordbl, nd non-disruptiv strtgy for rsponsibl mitigtion ction. It cn b intgrtd fficintly into ongoing fcility mintnnc nd cpitl improvmnt oprtions to minimiz cost nd disruption. Th strtgy incrmntl sismic rhbilittion mks it possibl to gt strtd now on improving rthquk sfty in your school district. This mnul provids school dministrtors with informtion ncssry to ssss sismic vulnrbility ir buildings, nd to implmnt Excutiv Summry

ii progrm incrmntl sismic rhbilittion for thos buildings. Th mnul consists thr prts: Prt A, Criticl Dcisions for Erthquk Sfty in Schools, is for suprintndnts, bord mmbrs, businss mngrs, principls, nd or policy mkrs who will dcid on llocting rsourcs for rthquk mitigtion. Prt B, Mnging Procss for Erthquk Risk Rduction in Existing School Buildings, is for school district fcility mngrs, risk mngrs, nd finncil mngrs who will initit nd mng sismic mitigtion msurs. Prt C, Tools for Implmnting Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion in School Buildings, is for school district fcility mngrs, or thos orwis rsponsibl for fcility mngmnt, who will implmnt incrmntl sismic rhbilittion progrms. To gt most out this mnul: Communict importnc ssssing your district s risks nd pss this mnul on to stff mmbrs rsponsibl for fcility mngmnt, risk mngmnt, nd finncil plnning. Spcify tht y dvlop n nlysis currnt sismic risk your buildings nd strtgy for risk rduction. Promptly initit progrm rthquk risk rduction in district s buildings loctd in n rthquk-pron zon tht wr not dsignd nd constructd to mt modrn building cods. Considr incrmntl sismic rhbilittion s cost-ffctiv mns to protct buildings nd, most importntly, sfty studnts, tchrs, nd stff, bcus it is tchniclly nd finncilly mngbl strtgy tht minimizs disruption school ctivitis. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

iii Forword Th concpt sismiclly rhbilitting buildings in discrt sgmnts, s rsourcs bcom vilbl or s prt structurl rnovtion progrm, ws pionrd by FEMA nd Virgini Polytchnic Institut/Building Tchnology Inc. tm tht, in rly 1990s, publishd Existing School Buildings Incrmntl Sismic Rtrit Opportunitis, FEMA 318. Lck rsourcs t tim, howvr, rstrictd ppliction this promising concpt to fw stts in Pcific Northwst nd to singl occupncy or us ctgory: schools. FEMA is rfor now plsd to mk vilbl n updtd vrsion mnul on schools (K-12). Furr, tm is lso prpring sris mnuls tht will ddrss svn dditionl building uss: hospitls, rtil stblishmnts, multi-fmily dwllings, fic buildings, mrgncy mngmnt fcilitis, wrhousing/distribution cntrs, nd hotls/motls. A sprt mnul will srv nds dsign prssionls nd building ficils nd will b pplicbl cross ll occupncy ctgoris. FEMA grtfully cknowldgs ddictd fforts ll mmbrs tm: Virgini Polytchnic Institut nd Stt Univrsity ( prim contrctor), Projct Advisory Pnl, Projct Consultnts, Building Tchnology Inc, EQE Inc., Mlvyn Grn & Associts Inc., Institut for Crisis Disstr nd Risk Mngmnt Gorg Wshington Univrsity, nd URS Group, Inc. Th FEMA Projct Officr dds his sincrst pprcition for xcllnt support this multi-disciplinry tm. Th Fdrl Emrgncy Mngmnt Agncy Forword

iv Prfc This mnul is intndd to ssist school dministrtion prsonnl rsponsibl for funding nd oprtion xisting school fcilitis cross Unitd Stts. This guid nd its compnion documnts r products Fdrl Emrgncy Mngmnt Agncy (FEMA) projct to dvlop concpt incrmntl sismic rhbilittion tht is, building modifictions tht rduc sismic risk by improving sismic prformnc nd tht r implmntd ovr n xtndd priod, tn in conjunction with or rpir, mintnnc, or cpitl improvmnt ctivitis. Th mnul ws dvlopd ftr nlyzing mngmnt prctics school districts vrying sizs loctd in vrious sismic zons in diffrnt prts Unitd Stts. It focuss on idntifid concrns nd dcisionmking prctics K-12 public nd privt school mngrs nd dministrtors. This mnul is prt st mnuls intndd for building ownrs, mngrs, nd ir stff: Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings (K-12), FEMA 395 Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Hospitl Buildings, FEMA 396 Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Offic Buildings, FEMA 397 Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Multifmily Aprtmnt Buildings, FEMA 398 Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Rtil Buildings, FEMA 399 Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Hotl nd Motl Buildings, FEMA 400 Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Storg Buildings, FEMA 401 Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Emrgncy Buildings, FEMA 402 Ech mnul in this st ddrsss spcific nds nd prctics prticulr ctgory buildings nd ownrs, nd guids ownrs nd mngrs through procss tht will rduc rthquk risk in ir building invntory. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

v Th mnuls nswr qustion, s spcificlly s possibl, wht is most ffordbl, lst disruptiv, nd most ffctiv wy to rduc sismic risk in xisting buildings? By using procss outlind in s mnuls, building ownrs nd mngrs will bcom knowldgbl clints for implmnting incrmntl sismic rhbilittion spcificlly grd to ir building us ctgory. In ddition to this st mnuls, r is compnion mnul, Enginring Guidlin for Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion, FEMA 420. It is intndd to ssist rchitcts nd nginrs who provid srvics to building ownrs nd contins informtion ncssry for providing consulting srvics to ownrs for implmnting incrmntl sismic rhbilittion. Architcts nd nginrs using tht hndbook will b ffctiv consultnts srving knowldgbl ownr. Togr y will b in position to implmnt n ffctiv incrmntl sismic rhbilittion progrm. Prfc

vi You my b libl for rthquk dths nd injuris in your oldr school buildings. Th 1933 Long Bch, Cliforni Erthquk dstroyd t lst 70 schools nd dmgd 420 mor, 120 m sriously. As dirct rspons, Cliforni nctd Fild Act, which stblishd strict dsign nd construction stndrds for nw schools in Cliforni. But wht bout ll xisting schools tht wr vulnrbl to rthquks? It took ovr 30 yrs to solv this problm, but mor thn just pssg tim ws rquird. In 1966 Attorny Gnrl Cliforni issud n opinion indicting tht school bords wr rsponsibl for nsuring non- Fild Act buildings wr xmind, nd if schools wr found to b unsf nd bord did not mk ncssry corrctions to mk m sf, individul school bord mmbrs wr prsonlly libl. Th opinion rcivd widsprd mdi ttntion. School bords, n rlizing grvity sitution, bcm quit concrnd bout structurl condition ir pr-fild Act public school buildings. Lgisltiv ction soon followd. Th Govrnor signd Grn Act in 1967, which rlivd individul school bord mmbrs prsonl libility only onc bord inititd procss xmining xisting buildings nd stblishd n intnt to crry through to compltion ll stps ncssry for ir rplcmnt or rpir. You too my b libl for rthquk dths nd injuris in your oldr school buildings, but cn you wit 30 yrs to ct? This mnul provids you with tools to ssss your vulnrbility nd to find cost-ffctiv wys to rduc your libility tody. Introduction Schools, Risk, nd Libility School dministrtors fc wid rry risks. Ths risks rng from plyground ccidnts to rmd ttck. Risk mngmnt for schools is typiclly drivn by xprinc nd individul nd group prcptions dngr; w rcogniz nd for stblts on school buss nd snitry prcutions in cftri, but risk ctstrophic loss du to dmging rthquk is mor difficult to undrstnd or to nticipt. Erthquks r low-probbility high-consqunc vnts. Though y my occur only onc in lif building y cn hv dvstting, irrvrsibl consquncs. Modrt rthquks occur mor frquntly thn mjor rthquks. Nonlss, modrt rthquks cn cus srious dmg to building contnts nd non-structurl building systms, srious injury to studnts nd stff, nd disruption building oprtions. Mjor rthquks cn cus ctstrophic dmg including structurl collps nd mssiv loss lif. Thos rsponsibl for school sfty must undrstnd nd mng s risks, prticulrly thos risks tht thrtn livs studnts, tchrs, nd stff. Erthquk risk is product hzrd xposur nd building vulnrbility, s shown in following qution: RISK = HAZARD x VULNERABILITY To mng rthquk risk in xisting school buildings on must undrstnd rthquk hzrd nd rduc school building vulnrbility. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

vii This mnul is dsignd to giv dcision mkrs frmwork nd informtion for mking informd dcisions bout invsting in rthquk risk mngmnt msurs. It is structurd to follow dcision mking procss xisting plnning nd mngmnt prctics nd will hlp you vlut finncil, sfty, nd ductionl prioritis. School districts vry grtly in siz, rsourcs, nd tchnicl cpbility. Som hv comprhnsiv long-trm fcility mngmnt, mintnnc, nd dvlopmnt plns. Som hv non. Th succssful implmnttion improvd rthquk sfty should b prt comprhnsiv pproch to building sfty nd multi-hzrd mitigtion. Filur to ddrss rthquk risk lvs school district xposd to potntil losss, disruption, nd libility for dths nd injuris. Whil purchsing insurnc my protct school district from finncil losss nd libility, it still lvs district suscptibl to disruption s wll s dths nd injuris. Only building rhbilittion cn rduc losss, dths nd injuris, nd control libility nd disruption. Howvr, singl-stg sismic rhbilittion cn b xpnsiv nd disruptiv. Incrmntl sismic rhbilittion cn rduc tht cost nd disruption. Considring Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Th incrmntl rhbilittion pproch to sismic risk mitigtion focuss on improvmnts tht will dcrs vulnrbility school buildings to rthquks t most pproprit nd convnint tims in lif cycl thos buildings. Th pproch clrifis, s spcificlly s possibl, wht is most ffordbl, lst disruptiv, nd most ffctiv wy to rduc sismic risk in your buildings. Prior to inititing progrm incrmntl sismic rhbilittion, school district must first ddrss following thr qustions: Ar your buildings loctd in sismic zon? Ar your school buildings vulnrbl to rthquks? Wht cn you do to rduc rthquk risk in xisting vulnrbl school buildings? This mnul will hlp you find right nswrs. Introduction

viii How to Us This Mnul Criticl Dcisions: School suprintndnts, businss mngrs, bord mmbrs, principls, nd similr policy mkrs should rd Prt A. Sction A.1 provids gnrl undrstnding rthquk hzrd with which school district is fcd. Sction A.2 provids n ovrviw how sismic vulnrbility school buildings nd rsultnt losss cn b stimtd. Sction A.3 provids n ovrviw ctions school district cn tk to rduc rthquk risk, including incrmntl sismic rhbilittion. Sction A.4 dtils how to implmnt concpt incrmntl sismic rhbilittion, including dditionl bnfits intgrting incrmntl sismic rhbilittion with or mintnnc nd cpitl improvmnt projcts. By undrstnding s four sctions, school district s top mngmnt cn stblish policy sismic risk rduction nd initit mor spcific, objctiv, nd cost-ffctiv progrm incrmntl sismic rhbilittion by its tchnicl stff. Progrm Dvlopmnt: Thos rsponsibl for district fcility, risk, nd finncil mngmnt should rd Prts A nd B, pying prticulr ttntion to Prt B. Sctions B.1 through B.3 provid dtild guidnc on how initition progrm incrmntl sismic rhbilittion cn fit into ongoing fcility mngmnt procss usd by school district, nd indicts spcific ctivitis you cn undrtk. A sprt Appndix, Additionl Informtion on School Fcility Mngmnt, is providd t nd this mnul for thos sking mor informtion on school fcility mngmnt. It contins discussion spcific phss fcility mngmnt procss nd ctivitis for school dministrtors sking furr dtil. Projct Implmnttion: District fcility mngrs, in ddition to Prts A nd B, should rd Prt C. Sction C.1 discusss spcific opportunitis for combining incrmnts sismic rhbilittion with or mintnnc nd cpitl improvmnt projcts. Sction C.2 provids guidnc on using consulting srvics rchitcts nd nginrs in implmnting progrm incrmntl sismic rhbilittion. A compnion mnul for dsign prssionls hs bn dvlopd to provid tchnicl guidnc for dtild dsign spcific rhbilittion projcts. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

A-1 For Suprintndnts, Businss Mngrs, Bord Mmbrs & Principls ACriticl Dcisions for Prt Erthquk Sfty in Schools A.1 Is Thr n Erthquk Hzrd for Your Schools? Erthquks r on most srious nturl hzrds to which school districts my b xposd. Although school dministrtors fc vrity risks to occupnt sfty nd oprtions tht my ppr mor immdit, consquncs rthquks cn b ctstrophic. Thrfor, in spit ir rr occurrnc, rthquk sfty should b givn full considrtion in dsign nd invstmnt for risk mngmnt nd sfty. Th first stp to undrstnding rthquk risk: RISK = HAZARD x VULNERABILITY is to lrn liklihood nd svrity n rthquk ffcting your buildings. Th Erthquk Hzrd: Whr, Whn, nd How Big Th surfc rth consists solid msss, clld tctonic plts, which flot on liquid cor. Th rs whr sprt plts mt ch or r clld fults. Most rthquks rsult from movmnt tctonic plts, nd sismic hzrd is strongly corrltd to known fults. A mp zons sismic hzrd for Unitd Stts, bsd on mps providd by In Brif Gogrphic loction is most significnt fctor sismic hzrd. Soil conditions t prticulr sit lso influnc sismic hzrd. Prt A

A-2 U.S. Gologicl Survy (USGS), shows thr zons from lowst, grn, to highst, rd. Th whit rs hv ngligibl sismic hzrd. Th USGS rthquk hzrd mp is bsd on complx ssssmnt xpctd sismic ctivity ssocitd with rcognizd fults. Th scintific undrstnding rthquks continus to improv nd hs rsultd in incrsd stimts sismic hzrd in vrious prts country ovr lst dcd. Sismic Hzrd Mp School dministrtors rsponsibl for sfty studnts, tchrs, nd stff nd to know whr to b concrnd bout rthquks. Som guidlins for dtrmining rthquk risk in your loction r: If your school district is loctd in rd zon on mp Erthquks r on most significnt risks fcing your fcilitis. Tk immdit ction to undrtk comprhnsiv vulnrbility ssssmnt. Prssionl structurl nginrs should prform this ssssmnt. Idntify nd ir rplc or rhbilitt vulnrbl xisting buildings s soon s possibl. If your school district is loctd in yllow zon Th probbility svr rthquk occurrnc is sufficintly high to dmnd systmtic invstigtion your school buildings. Assign rsponsibility for invstigtion to risk mngrs nd fcility mngrs within district. If y r not vilbl, sk prssionl nginring ssistnc from outsid. Idntify vulnrbl buildings nd schdul m for rplcmnt, rhbilittion, or chng us. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

A-3 Also considr mitigtion non-structurl hzrds, such s scuring bookshlvs nd suspndd lighting tht could injur building occupnts in n rthquk. If your school district is loctd in grn zon Whil rthquk occurrnc is lss likly, low-cost mitigtion strtgis tht protct building occupnts nd community invstmnt in fcilitis nd systms should b considrd. Py prticulr ttntion to school buildings dsigntd s mrgncy shltrs. Byond this brod sismic zon dsigntion, xpctd rthquk ground motion t prticulr loction is furr influncd by locl gology nd soil conditions. Gotchnicl nginring studis should b don to undrstnd fully rthquk hzrd t prticulr sit in rd nd yllow zons. A.2 Ar Your School Buildings Sf? Th scond stp to undrstnding rthquk risk: RISK = HAZARD x VULNERABILITY is to lrn xpctd dmg nd losss tht could rsult from n rthquk. Wht Hppns to School Buildings in Erthquks Erthquk fult ruptur cuss ground motion ovr wid r. This ground motion cts s powrful forc on buildings. Buildings r principlly dsignd to rsist forc grvity, but rsistnc to rthquk forcs rquirs spcilizd rthquk nginring. Horizontl rthquk forcs cus rpid movmnt foundtion nd displcmnt uppr lvls structur. Whn not dsignd to dqutly rsist or ccom- In Brif Sismic vulnrbility dpnds on structurl typ, g, condition, contnts, nd us school buildings. Hzrd xposur nd building vulnrbility my rsult in substntil dth, injury, building nd contnt dmg, nd srious disruption ductionl progrms. Fult ruptur undr or nr building, tn occurring in buildings loctd clos to fults. Rduction soil bring cpcity undr or nr building. Erthquk-inducd lndslids nr building. Erthquk-inducd wvs in bodis wtr nr building (tsunmi, on ocn nd sismic sich 1 on lks). 1 A wv on surfc lk or lndlockd by cusd by tmosphric or sismic disturbncs. Prt A

A-4 modt s rthquk forcs, structurs fil, lding to srious structurl dmg nd, in worst cs, totl building collps. In ddition to ground motion, buildings my suffr rthquk dmg from following ffcts: Building Ag nd Erthquk Vulnrbility Th first rthquk dsign lgisltion for schools ( Fild Act) ws nctd in Cliforni in 1933. Sinc tht tim, wrnss rthquk risk hs xpndd cross country, nd building cods hv bn improvd bcus rsrch nd xprinc. Sinc rly 1990s, most nw schools in Unitd Stts hv bn constructd in ccordnc with modrn cods nd mt socitl stndrds for sfty. Howvr, oldr school buildings should b rxmind in light currnt knowldg. Som sismiclly ctiv prts country hv only rcntly doptd pproprit sismic dsign stndrds ( Midwst), nd in or prts country, stimts sismic risk hv bn rvisd upwrd ( Northwst). Th srious problm rsids in xisting vulnrbl school buildings constructd without sismic rquirmnts or dsignd to obsolt stndrds. Th building cod is not rtroctiv so r is no utomtic rquirmnt to bring xisting buildings up to currnt stndrds. Sfty in xisting buildings is rsponsibility ownr/oprtor. Tht mns you! Estimting Building Vulnrbility It is possibl to stimt roughly vulnrbility school district s portfolio buildings nd to idntify problm buildings with tchniqu clld rpid visul scrning. School districts cn produc gnrlizd stimts xpctd dmg in initil sismic risk ssssmnt its buildings. Enginrs hv dfind lvls dmg tht cn b xpctd in prticulr typs buildings du to vrying intnsitis rthquk motion. Ths lvls dmg rng from minor dmg, such s crcks in wlls, to totl building collps. In ddition to building typ, xpctd dmg is lso function building g nd stt mintnnc. Schools suffring from dfrrd mintnnc will xprinc grtr dmg thn wll-mintind schools. For xmpl, filur to mintin msonry prpts significntly incrss possibility lif thrtning filur in vn modrt rthquk. Aftr initil rpid scrning, spcific sismic risk ssssmnt for individul school buildings rquirs dtild nginring nlysis. Or Erthquk Losss Whil srious concrn in its own right, building filur is dirct cus vn mor importnt rthquk losss: Dth nd injury studnts, tchrs, nd stff Dstruction school contnts nd quipmnt Disruption dlivry ll school srvics, including cpbility to provid shltr, which is frquntly ssignd to schools in disstr Th xpctd xtnt s losss cn lso b stimtd bsd on hzrd nd vulnrbility ssssmnts. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

A-5 A.3 Wht Cn B Don to Rduc Erthquk Risk in Existing Vulnrbl School Buildings? Filur to ddrss rthquk risk lvs school district xposd to potntil losss, disruption, nd libility for dths nd injuris. Whil purchsing insurnc my protct school district from finncil losss nd libility, it still lvs district xposd to disruption s wll s dths nd injuris. Only building rhbilittion cn rduc losss, dths, nd injuris nd control libility nd disruption. Th implmnttion sismic risk rduction through building rhbilittion will primrily involv fcility mngr. Howvr, to b ffctiv it will rquir coordintion mong fcility mngrs, risk mngrs, nd finncil mngrs. This is furr discussd in Prt B (for Fcility Mngrs, Risk Mngrs, nd Finncil Mngrs). In ddition, it is rsponsibility district s top dministrtors to mk sur tht hzrds r ssssd nd risk rduction msurs implmntd. In Brif Sismic rhbilittion xisting vulnrbl school buildings cn rduc futur rthquk dmg. Incrmntl sismic rhbilittion is strtgy to rduc cost rhbilittion nd rltd disruption ductionl progrms. Options for Sismic Risk Rduction Th most importnt considrtion for rthquk sfty in school buildings is to rduc risk ctstrophic structurl collps. Most likly in xisting vulnrbl buildings, structurl collps poss grtst thrt to lif in mjor rthquk. Choosing mthod protction from structurl collps in dficint building rquirs two criticl dcisions: Rplc or Rhbilitt: If you dcid to rplc building, nw construction is crrid out ccording to modrn cods nd cn b ssumd to mt currnt sfty stndrds. Howvr, finncil constrints, historic prsrvtion concrns, nd or community intrsts my mk rplcmnt option infsibl. In tht, cs rhbilittion should b considrd. Singl-Stg Rhbilittion 2 or Incrmntl Rhbilittion: If rhbilittion option is chosn, r rmin issus cost nd disruption ssocitd with rhbilittion work. Th cost singl-stg sismic rhbilittion hs provd to b srious impdimnt to its implmnttion in mny school districts. Incrmntl sismic rhbilittion is spcificlly dsignd to ddrss nd rduc problms cost nd disruption. Estimting Costs nd Bnfits Sismic Rhbilittion Existing School Buildings Th dirct nd indirct costs sismic rhbilittion building r: Enginring nd dsign srvics Construction Disruption building oprtions during construction 2 Singl-stg rhbilittion rfrs to complting rhbilittion in singl continuous projct. Prt A

A-6 Th bnfits sismic rhbilittion building r: Rducd risk dth nd injury studnts, tchrs, nd stff Rducd building dmg Rducd dmg school contnts nd quipmnt Rducd disruption dlivry school srvics Enginrs hv dvlopd stimts rduction rthquk dmg tht cn b chivd with sismic rhbilittion following Fdrl Emrgncy Mngmnt Agncy s (FEMA s) currnt rhbilittion stndrds. This typ stimt, howvr, my significntly undrvlu bnfit sismic rhbilittion. In considring rturn on sismic rhbilittion invstmnts, it is pproprit to considr vlu dmgs voidd s wll s difficult-to-quntify vlus dths, injuris, nd disruption school functions voidd. Th primry obstcls to singl-stg rhbilittion vulnrbl xisting school buildings r cost rhbilittion construction work nd rltd disruption school functions. Incrmntl sismic rhbilittion frs opportunitis to bttr mng costs rhbilittion nd rduc its disruption. Th following sction introducs nd xplins incrmntl sismic rhbilittion in mor dtil. In Brif Whrs singlstg sismic rhbilittion n xisting school building rprsnts significnt cost, rhbilittion ctions cn b dividd into incrmnts nd intgrtd into norml mintnnc nd cpitl improvmnt projcts. Th implmnttion incrmntl sismic rhbilittion rquirs ssssing buildings, stblishing rhbilittion prioritis, nd plnning intgrtion with or projcts. A.4 Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Existing Schools Approch Incrmntl rhbilittion phss sismic rhbilittion into n ordrd sris discrt ctions implmntd ovr priod svrl yrs, nd whnvr fsibl, s ctions r timd to coincid with rgulrly schduld rpirs, mintnnc, or cpitl improvmnts. Such n pproch, if crfully plnnd, nginrd, nd implmntd, will ultimtly chiv full dmg rduction bnfits mor costly nd disruptiv singl-stg rhbilittion. In fct, for schools, ky distinction btwn incrmntl nd singl-stg rhbilittion pproch is tht incrmntl pproch cn ffctivly limint or drsticlly rduc disruption costs if ctivitis r orgnizd so tht ll rhbilittion occurs during trditionl 10-wk summr brks. Incrmntl sismic rhbilittion cn b inititd in nrtrm s componnt plnnd mintnnc nd cpitl improvmnt with only mrginl ddd cost. Gtting strtd s soon s possibl on progrm rthquk sfty dmonstrts rcognition rsponsibility for school sfty nd cn provid protction from libility. Assssmnt Dficincis A ncssry ctivity tht must prcd sismic rhbilittion progrm, b it singl-stg or incrmntl, is n ssssmnt sismic vulnrbility school district s building invntory. Fcility mngrs cn implmnt such n ssssmnt using district stff or outsid nginring consultnts s pproprit. Th ssssmnt should rnk building invntory in trms sismic vulnrbility nd idntify spcific dficincis. FEMA publishs numbr documnts tht cn guid you through ssssmnt procss. Portions ssssmnt ctivitis cn b intgrtd with or ongoing fcility mngmnt ctivitis such s priodic building inspctions. Fcility ssssmnts nd FEMA publictions vilbl to hlp you conduct m r discussd in mor dtil in Prt B. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

Rhbilittion Strtgy Th incrmntl sismic rhbilittion progrm will corrct dficincis idntifid by ssssmnt. Th ordr in which sismic rhbilittion incrmnts r undrtkn cn b importnt to ir ultimt ffctivnss. Thr r thr spcts to prioritizing sismic rhbilittion incrmnts: Structurl Priority: An initil prioritiztion sismic rhbilittion incrmnts should b stblishd primrily in trms ir rspctiv impct on ovrll rthquk rsistnc structur. Fcility mngrs will bgin with s prioritis whn dtrmining ordr sismic rhbilittion incrmnts to b undrtkn. Howvr, finl ordr incrmnts my dvit from this priority ordr dpnding on or plnning prmtrs. Additionl nginring nlysis my b rquird for crtin building typs whn dviting from structurl priority ordr. This subjct is discussd in mor dtil in Prt B, Sction B.2, nd Prt C. Us Priority: School districts should considr plnning ltrntiv futur uss ir xisting buildings. Som vulnrbl schools my b schduld for dmolition or chngd to non-ductionl uss (for xmpl, storg). Ors my b schduld for xpnsion nd intnsifiction us. Ths considrtions, mong ors, will influnc prioritiztion sismic rhbilittion incrmnts. Intgrtion: A mjor dvntg incrmntl sismic rhbilittion pproch is tht spcific work itms cn b intgrtd with or building mintnnc or cpitl improvmnt projcts undrtkn routinly, s dpictd in illustrtions on this pg. Such intgrtion will rduc cost sismic rhbilittion ction by shring nginring costs, dsign cost, nd som spcts construction costs. Intgrtion opportunitis r ky considrtion in dpting squnc ctions suggstd by forgoing discussions rhbilittion prioritis. Intgrtion opportunitis r discussd in mor dtil in Prt C, Sction C.2. SCHEMATIC INTEGRATION OPPORTUNITIES Ro Work A-7 Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Pln An ssntil ftur implmnting incrmntl sismic rhbilittion in spcific school buildings is dvlopmnt nd documnttion sismic rhbilittion pln. Th sismic rhbilittion pln will includ ll nticiptd rhbilittion incrmnts nd ir prioritiztion s prviously discussd. Th documnttion will guid implmnttion incrmntl sismic rhbilittion progrm nd should nsur tht school district dos not los sight ovrll rhbilittion gols during implmnttion individul incrmnts. Rcommndd Actions 1. Communict importnc ssssing your district s risks nd pss this mnul on to stff mmbrs rsponsibl for fcility Extrior Wll Work Intrior Work Prt A

A-8 mngmnt, risk mngmnt, nd finncil plnning. Spcify tht y dvlop n nlysis currnt sismic risk your buildings nd strtgy for risk rduction. 2. Promptly initit progrm rthquk risk rduction in district s buildings loctd in n rthquk-pron zon tht wr not dsignd nd constructd to mt modrn building cods. 3. Considr incrmntl sismic rhbilittion s cost-ffctiv mns to protct buildings nd, most importntly, sfty studnts, tchrs, nd stff, bcus it is tchniclly nd finncilly mngbl strtgy tht minimizs disruption school ctivitis. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

B-1 For Fcility Mngrs, Risk Mngrs, & Finncil Mngrs BPlnning nd Mnging Procss for Erthquk Prt Risk Rduction in Existing School Buildings Introduction Prt B this mnul is writtn spcificlly for school In Brif fcility mngrs, risk mngrs, nd finncil mngrs concrnd with sismic sfty ir schools. As mngr, you my hv inititd sismic sfty progrm, or district snior mngmnt my hv rqustd you to mk rcommndtion on ddrssing sismic sfty in schools or my hv lrdy md dcision to ddrss it. Prt B dscribs whn nd how spcific ctivitis tht will ccomplish gol sismic risk rduction cn b introducd into n ongoing school fcility mngmnt procss, rgrdlss how simpl or sophistictd tht procss is. Prt B lso provids frmwork nd outlin tht cn b usd by fcility mngrs, risk mngrs, nd finncil mngrs in dvloping nd communicting ir rcommndtions to snior mngmnt. An incrmntl sismic rhbilittion progrm is on svrl sismic risk rduction strtgis you cn implmnt in schools. It cn b implmntd sprtly or in combintion with or sismic risk rduction ctions. If you dtrmin tht such progrm is pproprit for your school district, plnning nd implmnttion incrmntl sismic rhbilittion should b Plnning for rthquk risk rduction in schools rquirs coordintd nd intgrtd ffort by fcility mngrs, risk mngrs, nd finncil mngrs. Eight spcific ctivitis cn b ddd to currnt fcility mngmnt procss to implmnt n incrmntl sismic rhbilittion progrm. Nin dditionl ctivitis cn b ddd to fcility mngmnt procss to furr rduc sismic risk. Thr r thr wys to strt rducing sismic risk. Prt B

B-2 intgrtd into fcility mngmnt procsss nd intgrtd with or sismic risk rduction ctions tht will complmnt it or support it. B.1 Intgrting Efforts Fcility Mngmnt, Risk Mngmnt, nd Finncil Mngmnt Prpring n nlysis school district rthquk risk rduction nds, nd plnning nd mnging such procss, bnfits from n intgrtd ffort by school district s fcility mngrs, risk mngrs, nd finncil mngrs, or dministrtors chrgd with thos rspctiv rsponsibilitis. Such n intgrtd ffort my b dprtur from currnt prctics, but such collbortion is ky to improving sfty cost ffctivly nd with minimum disruption. Fcility mngrs currntly crry out ir plnning ctivitis by considring prmtrs ductionl progrm dvlopmnt, r dmogrphics, nd physicl condition nd projctd usful lif xisting school fcilitis. Oftn y considr prssing socil issus such s vndlism, physicl scurity, nd quity s wll. Som s issus bcom fdrl or locl govrnmnt mndts, such s sbstos nd ld btmnt or nrgy consrvtion. Rrly do fcility mngrs considr risks to school buildings from nturl disstrs such s rthquks or windstorms. Risk mngrs, rltivly rcnt dditions to most school dministrtions, crry out ir plnning ctivitis by considring thr spcts: risk idntifiction, risk rduction, nd risk trnsfr. Th lttr gnrlly involvs purchs insurnc or contribution to risk pool. Currntly, idntifid risks in schools r dividd into risks to studnts, such s school bus ccidnts, sport ctivity or plyground ccidnts, nd food srvic hzrds, nd risks to stff, such s work-rltd disbility nd gnrl hlth. Rrly do risk mngrs considr risks to school fcilitis in gnrl, nd risks to fcilitis nd ir occupnts from nturl disstrs in prticulr. Rr, y tnd to ssum tht fcility risks r ddrssd by building cods nd similr rgultions. Finncil mngrs currntly dl with fcilitis by controlling nd mnging mintnnc budgts, cpitl improvmnt budgts, nd insurnc budgts. Th dmnds on s budgts r prsntd to m by fcility mngrs nd risk mngrs, but rrly do y considr potntil trdfs mong m. Th costs nd bnfits vrious options fcility risk mngmnt r rrly xplicitly ddrssd. Addrssing problm rthquk risk rduction rquirs stblishmnt ctiv communiction mong thr mngmnt functions nd coordintion ctivitis into n intgrtd plnning nd mngmnt ffort. Fcility nd risk mngrs will hv to considr fcility risk, nd finncil mngrs will hv to considr cost nd bnfits vrious options for mnging fcility risk. Spcific rcommndtions on implmnting such n ffort r providd in this Prt B. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

B-3 B.2 Intgrting Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion into Fcility Mngmnt Procss B.2.1 A Modl Fcility Mngmnt Procss for Existing School Buildings Th typicl fcility mngmnt procss for xisting school buildings consists fiv phss ctivitis: Currnt Building Us, Plnning, Mintnnc & Rhbilittion Budgting, Mintnnc & Rhbilittion Funding, nd Mintnnc & Rhbilittion Implmnttion. Ech phs consists distinct st ctivitis s follows: Currnt Us: fcility occupncy, fcility oprtion, fcility mintnnc, nd fcility ssssmnt Plnning: ductionl plnning nd fcility plnning Budgting: cpitl budgting, mintnnc budgting, nd insurnc budgting Funding: finncing cpitl, mintnnc, nd insurnc budgts Implmnttion: cpitl improvmnt nd mintnnc This procss is squntil, progrssing from currnt us through implmnttion rhbilittion in ny givn building. A school district tht hs lrg invntory buildings is likly to hv ongoing ctivitis in ll s phss in diffrnt buildings. Th procss is illustrtd in following digrm. Th Appndix to this mnul, Additionl Informtion on School Fcility Mngmnt, contins discussion spcific phss nd ctivitis rin for school dministrtors sking furr dtil on fcility mngmnt procss. This is gnrlizd modl subjct to locl vrition. B.2.2 n Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Progrm Th following ctivitis r considrd ssntil lmnts n incrmntl sismic rhbilittion progrm for schools: 1. Sismic Scrning 2. Sismic Evlution 3. Dvloping Risk Rduction Policy 4. Sismic Rhbilittion Plnning for Spcific Buildings 5. Stging Sismic Rhbilittion Incrmnts 6. Budgt Pckging 7. Bond Pckging 8. Sismic Rhbilittion Projct Mngmnt B.2.2.1 Sismic Scrning Sismic scrning school district s building invntory is first stp incrmntl sismic rhbilittion procss. Sismic scrning procdurs cn b incorportd into or fcility ssssmnt ctivitis. Bgin with dtrmintion sttus rchivl rcords. If building plns r vilbl, documnt rviw for dtrmintion building structur typs is first stp in sismic scrning. Th following chrt cn b usd to obtin n ovrll viw sismic concrns bsd on sismic hzrd mp in Prt A. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Elmnt 1 Sismic Scrning Prt B

B-4 Initil School Fcility Mngr/ Risk Mngr Scrning Sismic Concrns Lvl Sismic Concrn n by y Typicl Building Typ Wood Frm L vl Sismic Concrn by Building Loction L 1 " Grn" " Yllow " " "Rd " L o w Hig h Stl Frm L o w Hig h Concrt Frm V ry Lo w M diu m Vry Hig h Un-rinforcd Msonry L o w H ig h Vry Hig h Pttrnd ftr rcommndtions dvlopd by Dr. Chrls Scwthorn for C ommission's Erthquk Risk Mngmnt: A Toolkit for Dcision Mkrs. 1 Loctions rfr to sismic hzrd mp in Prt A, Sction A.1. Cliforni Sismic Sfty Th Fdrl Emrgncy Mngmnt Agncy (FEMA) hs dvlopd FEMA 154, Rpid Visul Scrning Buildings for Potntil Sismic Hzrds: A Hndbook, Scond Edition s guidnc for sismic scrning n invntory buildings. It dscribs tchniqu for idntifying rltivly mor vulnrbl buildings in lrg invntory, so tht y cn b ddrssd in mor dtil. Th FEMA 154 publiction ddrsss ll building typs nd my b simplifid for us in school buildings bcus ir similr chrctristics. For xmpl, most school districts nd not considr mid-ris nd high-ris buildings. In som css, scrning will suggst spcific sismic rhbilittion opportunitis tht do not rquir dditionl nginring nd risk nlyss. Th incorportion sismic scrning into ongoing fcility ssssmnt ctivitis rquirs ssignmnt scrning to pproprit inspctors. If inspctions r priodiclly crrid out in school district for or purposs such s lif sfty, occuptionl hlth nd sfty, or hzrdous mtrils idntifiction, it my b possibl to ssign sismic scrning to sm inspctors with som dditionl trining. Altrntivly, sismic scrning cn b ssignd to consulting rchitct or nginr. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Elmnt 2 Sismic Evlution B.2.2.2 Sismic Evlution Sismic vlution is n nginring nlysis individul school buildings. It usully follows sismic scrning, whn buildings idntifid s rltivly mor vulnrbl r subjctd to mor dtild nlysis. In som css howvr, for xmpl whn district s building invntory is smll, sismic vlution individul buildings my b first stp incrmntl sismic rhbilittion procss. Guidnc for sismic vlution buildings is contind in stndrd ASCE 31 1, Sismic Evlution Existing Buildings, which is bsd on FEMA 310, Hndbook for Sismic Evlution Existing Buildings A Prstndrd. Th stndrd provids nginring guidnc on how to vlut ctgoris buildings in ordr to idntify dficincis nd dtrmin ffctiv rhbilittion msurs. Sismic vlution cn b don by district prssionl stff or by consulting nginr. 1 ASCE 31 cn b obtind from Amricn Socity Civil Enginrs t 800-548-2723. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

B-5 B.2.2.3 Dvloping Risk Rduction Policy Convinc Bord to dopt clr policy sttmnt supporting sismic risk rduction. Such policy should, t minimum, stblish sismic prformnc objctivs for district s buildings. Sismic prformnc objctivs dfin trgt prformnc building following n rthquk spcifid intnsity. Th policy nd objctivs should b dvlopd nd documntd s prt sismic rhbilittion plnning procss. B.2.2.4 Sismic Rhbilittion Plnning for Spcific Buildings FEMA hs dvlopd nginring guidnc to pln sismic rhbilittion for spcific buildings, including FEMA 356, Prstndrd nd Commntry for Sismic Rhbilittion Buildings, which includs spcific tchniqus for nlyzing nd dsigning ffctiv sismic rhbilittion. Th plnning tsk ntils four spcific fcility plnning subtsks: 1. Estblish sismic trgt prformnc lvls. Estblish, in cooprtion with school district ldrship, prformnc lvl dsird in ch district building following n rthquk. Prformnc lvls usd in FEMA 356 r, in dclining lvl protction: Oprtionl Immdit Occupncy Lif Sfty Collps Prvntion This is n xpnsion two prformnc lvls includd in ASCE 31, Sismic Evlution Existing Buildings: Immdit Occupncy nd Lif Sfty. Th figurs dptd from FEMA 356 on this nd following pg dmonstrt us s prformnc lvls. Rsonbl objctivs nd xpcttions should b considrd for modrt, svr, nd rr grt rthquks. 2. Prioritiz rhbilittion opportunitis. Crry out dditionl nginring nd risk nlysis in ordr to prioritiz sismic rhbilittion opportunitis idntifid in sismic vlution in trms risk rduction. ASCE 31, Sismic Evlution Existing Buildings, nd FEMA 356, Prstndrd nd Commntry for Sismic Rhbilittion Buildings, includ lists sismic rhbilittion msurs s function modl building typs. Prioritis for s msurs r stblishd in trms rspctiv contribution to ovrll rthquk rsistnc structur. Apply worst first pproch. Attnd to hvily usd sctions most vulnrbl buildings housing grtst numbr occupnts. For xmpl, highr prioritis my b givn to rhbilittion clssroom wings, Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Elmnt 3 Dvloping Risk Rduction Policy Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Elmnt 4 Sismic Rhbilittion Plnning for Spcific Buildings Trgt Building Prformnc Lvls nd Rngs Prt B

B-6 Dmg Control nd Building Prformnc Lvls Trgt Building Prformnc Lvls Collps Prvntion n Lvl (5-E) Lif Sfty Lvl (3-C) I Immdit Occupncy Lvl (1-B) Oprtion prtionl Lvl (1-A) O vrll Dmg S vr M odrt L igh t Vry Ligh t G nrl Littl rsidul stiffnss nd strngth, but lod- bring columns nd wlls function. Lrg prmnnt drifts. Som xits blockd. Infills nd unbrcd prpts fild or t incipint filur. Building is nr collps. Som rsidul strngth nd stiffnss lft in ll storis. Grvity-lod- bring lmnts function. No out--pln filur wlls or tipping prpts. Som prmnnt drift. Dmg to prtitions. Building my b byond conomicl rpir No prmnnt drift. Structur substntilly rtins originl strngth nd stiffnss. Minor crcking fcds, prtitions, nd cilings s wll s structurl lmnts. Elvtors cn b rstrtd. Fir protction oprbl. No prmnnt drift. Structur substntilly rtins originl strngth nd stiffnss. Minor crcking fcds, prtitions, nd cilings s wll s structurl lmnts. All systms importnt to norml oprtions r functionl. Nonstructur onstructurl Componnt omponnts Extnsiv dmg. Flling hzrds mitigtd but mny rchitcturl, mchnicl, nd lctricl systms r dmgd Equipmnt nd contnts r gnrlly scur, but my not b oprbl du to mchnicl filur or lck utilitis. Ngligbl dmg occurs. Powr nd or utilitis r vilbl, possibly from stndby sourcs. Comprison with prformnc rformnc i intndd for buildings dsignd d u ndr NEHR P P rovisions s f for th Dsign Erthquk Significntly mor dmg nd grtr risk. Somwht mor dmg nd slightly highr risk. Lss risk. dmg nd lowr Much lss dmg nd lowr risk. Adptd from FEMA 356, Tbl C1-2 whr pupils spnd most ir tim, nd to corridors, stirs, nd xits, which will fcilitt vcution building in n rthquk. 3. Dfin incrmnts. Brk down spcific sismic rhbilittion opportunitis into discrt incrmntl rhbilittion msurs tht mk sns in nginring nd construction trms. Whn stblishing incrmnts, considr schduling to minimiz disruption to norml school oprtions, such s dfining incrmnts tht cn b ccomplishd ovr summr vction. 4. Intgrt with or rhbilittion work. Link ch incrmntl rhbilittion msur with or rltd fcility mintnnc or cpitl improvmnt work. Th rltd work clssifictions my diffr from district to district, but will fll into following gnric ctgoris: Building nvlop improvmnts Intrior spc rconfigurtion Lif sfty nd ccssibility improvmnts Rfinishing nd hzrdous mtrils rmovl Building systms dditions, rplcmnts, nd rpirs Additions to xisting buildings Opportunitis for projct intgrtion r listd in Prt C, Sction 2 this mnul. Som xmpls opportunitis you cn us to link projcts r: whn ccssing concld rs, whn rmoving Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

B-7 finishs nd xposing structurl lmnts, whn prforming work in common loction, shring scffolding nd construction quipmnt, nd shring contrctors nd work forc. Th four subtsks dscribd bov form n itrtiv procss. Th dfinition nd rltd cost stimtion incrmnts, s wll s intgrtion with or mintnnc nd cpitl improvmnt projcts, (subtsks 3 nd 4), my ld to rvision trgt prformnc lvls (subtsk 1), or to spcific nlysis crrid out s prt subtsk 2. B.2.2.5 Stging Sismic Rhbilittion Incrmnts Dtrmin numbr nd scop incrmntl stgs tht will b undrtkn nd lngth tim ovr which ntir rhbilittion strtgy will b implmntd. Estimts sismic dmg cn b quntifid in trms prcntg building vlu dmgd. Annul sismic dmg is clcultd s probbl dmg tht cn rsult in ny yr from ll possibl rthquks. Th bnfits sismic rhbilittion r quntifid s rduction in nnul sismic dmg rsulting from spcific rhbilittion ctions (lso quntifid in trms prcntg building vlu). A gnrlizd lif-cycl bnfit nlysis shows tht incrmntl pprochs cn rturn substntil portion xpctd bnfits singl-stg sismic rhbilittion crrid out now. Th schmtic digrm blow illustrts such lif-cycl bnfit nlysis. Th thr wid rrows rprsnt bnfits singl-stg rhbilittion occurring t thr points in tim: now, in 20 yrs, nd in 40 yrs. Clrly, Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Elmnt 5 Stging Sismic Rhbilittion Incrmnts Prt B

B-8 lrgst bnfit drivs from singl-stg rhbilittion don now, nd it is dsigntd s 100%. Th bnfits singl-stg rhbilittion don in futur must b discountd nd xprssd s som prcntg lowr thn 100%, s rprsntd by dcrsd rrows. Th stppd portion digrm rprsnts incrmntl rhbilittion strting soon, nd compltd in four incrmnts ovr 20 yrs. Th bnfits futur incrmnts must lso b discountd, nd bnfit compltd incrmntl rhbilittion is rfor xprssd s prcntg lowr thn 100%, but highr thn singl-stg rhbilittion in yr 20. Rducing ovrll durtion incrmntl rhbilittion will incrs its bnfit, nd xtnding durtion will dcrs it. Incrmntl sismic rhbilittion ffords grt flxibility in squnc nd timing ctions whn following prcutions r kpt in mind: It is importnt to gt strtd s soon s possibl. Any rly rduction risk will provid bnfit ovr rmining lif building. Dlying ction xtnds risk xposur. Th incrmntl pproch cn b mor ffctiv thn dlyd, singl-stg rhbilittion, s long s on gts strtd soon. Evn if compltion incrmntl progrm tks 10 or 20 yrs, most risk rduction bnfit is rlizd. Thr is wid mrgin rror. For xmpl, you my unintntionlly incrs probbility dmg in first fw yrs du to n initil rhbilittion incrmnt tht indvrtntly mks building mor vulnrbl to dmg, nd still rliz bnfit risk rduction if you complt incrmntl rhbilittion ovr rsonbl priod. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Elmnt 6 Budgt Pckging Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Elmnt 7 Bond Pckging B.2.2.6 Budgt Pckging Th district businss mngr nd fcility mngr, or individul(s) prforming s functions, should crfully pln how to prsnt incrmntl sismic rhbilittion budgts, givn politicl nd finncil rlitis district. Th fcility cpitl improvmnts nd mintnnc budgt proposls r rsults fcility plnning procss. Th budgt, howvr, is lso vhicl for stblishing funding prioritis, through bord dcision, bond issu, or or procss. It is unlikly for school districts in most prts Unitd Stts to b bl to ris funds for comprhnsiv sismic rhbilittion progrm ll ir school fcilitis. Whil incrmntl rhbilittion pproch pprs to b vibl ltrntiv, in som districts it my b ncssry to pckg incrmntl sismic rhbilittion with or work in ordr to gt it fundd. In rgions modrt sismicity nd low sismic wrnss (prts Nw York nd Nw Englnd, for xmpl), it my b usful to concntrt on rhbilittion msurs tht lso rduc risk loss du to or nturl or mn-md forcs, such s high winds. Such multi-hzrd pproch will hlp justify mitigtion invstmnts. For thos prts country whr undrstnding rthquk risk is limitd, it my b ncssry nd pproprit to combin sismic rhbilittion costs with norml mintnnc budgts. B.2.2.7 Bond Pckging Sinc bond issu is most likly finncing mchnism for sismic rhbilittion, district businss mngr should slct pproprit typ Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

B-9 bond instrumnt to fund incrmntl sismic rhbilittion progrm undr pplicbl lws nd rgultions. Thr hv bn fw incrmntl sismic rhbilittion progrms implmntd by school districts in this country, most xtnsiv which is Sttl Public Schools progrm. Sttl Public Schools usd two typs bonds to fund its progrm. Cpitl Lvy Bonds wr usd to fund projcts with smllr sismic rhbilittion incrmnts ctgorizd s rpir nd mjor mintnnc. Cpitl Improvmnt Bonds wr usd to fund mjor projcts ctgorizd s modrniztion hzrdous buildings. This distinction ws ncssry bcus Wshington stt lw. Similr distinctions my b rquird in or prts country. B.2.2.8 Sismic Rhbilittion Projct Mngmnt Th implmnttion slctd incrmntl sismic rhbilittion msurs in combintion with or building work my rquir ddd ttntion to projct dsign nd bid pckging. Fully brif or trin in-hous district rchitcts/nginrs or outsid consultnts prpring bid documnts on rtionl bhind rhbilittion msurs, in ordr to ssur tht sismic risk rduction objctivs r chivd. Assur continuity building documnttion from nlysis nd dsign through construction nd s-built drwings. Conduct pr-bid confrnc to fully xplin sismic risk rduction objctivs nd rtionl for ir slction to ll prospctiv biddrs. Fdrl nd stt mndts nd progrms rprsnt opportunitis for sismic rhbilittion. Extrnlly, fdrl nd stt progrms my stblish rquirmnts ffcting implmnttion phs tht hv implictions for school fcilitis (.g., Amricns with Disbilitis Act [ADA] nd Occuptionl Sfty nd Hlth Administrtion [OSHA] rquirmnts). Additionlly, govrnmntl funding progrms my mndt fcility rquirmnts in prticipting school districts (.g., nrgy consrvtion). Howvr, r r currntly no sismic rhbilittion mndts or implictions in ny fdrl or stt progrms rltd to schools outsid Cliforni. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Elmnt 8 Sismic Rhbilittion Projct Mngmnt B.2.3 Intgrtion into Schools Fcility Mngmnt Procss Th following digrm illustrts intgrtion ight lmnts discussd in prcding sctions (B.2.2.1 through B.2.2.8) into school fcility mngmnt procss. Th lmnts r shown in phs mngmnt procss in which y r most likly to b implmntd. Prt B