Bright, brighter, brightest sorgenti di luce e scienza a Elettra e FERMI

Bright, brighter, brightest sorgenti di luce e scienza a Elettra e FERMI

Elettra until 2008

ELETTRA SR FERMI FEL Main difference SR recirculate beam multi bunch FEL single pass machine SR High pulse rate (~100 MHz) FEL Low pulse rate (10 1000 Hz) SR High average current FEL High peak current (~100 300 ma) Temporal pulse length 15 30 ps 100 fs Flux 10 11-10 12 ph/sec Flux 10 12-10 13 ph/pulse pulse Peak power 10 3 W Peak power 10 9 W

Scheme of a 3 rd generation Synchrotron Light Facility Injection system (Linac) Injection line RF Cavity Vacuum ring Insertion Device Bending magnet beamline Experimental Hutch

Undulator Emission: relativity transforms the large period of the magnetic structure into the microscopic wavelength of x-rays. An electron travels toward an undulator at speed v. The undulator forces the electron to wiggle and to emir radiation of wavelength equal to its (shrunk) period, L/nγ Because of Lorentz contraction, the period seen by the electron shrinks by a factor γ Doppler effect further shrinks the wavelength of the emitted radiation by a factor 2γ

Synchrotron Radiation from Relativistic Electrons

Synchrotron Radiation from Relativistic Electrons

Photon sources at Elettra Peak Brilliance (Photons/s/mm 2 /mrad 2 /0.1%bw) 10 33 10 31 10 29 10 27 10 25 10 23 10 21 10 19 10 17 10 15 1000 FERMI EUFELE FEU 100 100 nm U12.5 40 nm 10 Wavelength(nm) U5.6 Short U5.6 Short W15.0 Bending Magnet 10 nm 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 Photon Energy (ev) 1 1 1 3 3 5 5 0.1 Elettra E=2 GeV I=400 ma SCW W14.0

The Short Wavelength Region of the Electromagnetic Spectrum

Earth science at ELETTRA IMAGING NON DESTRUCTIVE 3D INVESTIGATIONS 3D MICROSTRUCTURE TEXTURE QUANTITATIVE ANALISYS DIFFRACTION NON AMBIENT CONDITIONS PHASE DIAGRAMS PHASE TRANSITIONS STABILIZATION OF NEW PHASES EQUATIONS of STATE STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION

Diffraction at ELETTRA 1995-2006: XRD beamline macromolecules but butalso alsomaterial science, high high pressure, fibers, inorganic crystals... 11

HRD(1) diffraction beamline (1995 version) refocussing mirror monochromator sample stage filter source slits 12

XRD1: present and future General purpose X-ray beamline with a extended spectrum(4-21 kev) from a wiggler source, shared with the SAXS BL. The BL hosts PX and material science experiments, in collaboration with CNR.

XRD1: present and future Top-up mode introduced serious thermal load problem affecting the BL monochromator. Two water direct-cooled crystals already substituted (2012, 2013), a third one is expected to be introduced in few weeks. This was reflected in a reduced (total) flux and enlarged spot size, causing problems both with users and industry (long exposure time, and beam divergence in particular). A closed loop cryogenic system (liquid nitrogen) from Bruker has been purchased and has been tested in May 2015. XRD1 is now running at full capacity.

BM 7.1 2006 2006--Present: Present: MCX MCX new newxrd1 XRD1 currently currentlyininconstruction: construction: XRD2 XRD2cluster cluster Beamline designed for non single crystal diffraction experiments Open to users since 2009 II minerali minerali e e la la luce luce -- Perugia Perugia Andrea Andrea Lausi Lausi 15-16 15-16 giugno giugno 2015 2015

Before MCX: Powder Diffraction Facilities at ELETTRA Powder in capillary on XRD1 area detector (Si powder @ ~18 kev) Fit2D to integrate rings Resolution limited by spatial response of detector and by sample dimensions 16

Diffraction analyses Phase identifications Texture analysis Phase transitions Crystal structure determination Crystal structure refinements Quantitative phase analysis (and crystallinity determination) Microstructural analyses (crystallite sizes - microstrain) Residual stress analysis 17

Design Guidelines High-flux tuneable source with a wide spectral range, (6-20 kev) Possibility to extend the Flexible optics line focus (10 x 1 mm 2 ) point focus (1 x 1 mm 2 and below) Accommodate large volume samples Use of different detectors Sample temperature control User-friendly software 18

MCX optical design : source Photons/s/0.1%bw (/2 mrad horiz /0.27 mrad vert.) 10 13 10 12 10 11 10 10 ELETTRA operated at 2.4 GeV, 200 ma bending magnet spectral flux Flux at the sample (Air environment) Flux at the sample (He environment) 10 3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4 2 Photon Energy (ev) 10 13 10 12 10 11 10 10 Photons/s 9 10 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9 8 7 6 λ (Å) 19

MCX optical design : source Photons/s/0.1%bw (/2 mrad horiz /0.27 mrad vert.) 10 13 10 12 10 11 10 10 ELETTRA operated at 2.4 GeV, 200 ma bending magnet spectral flux Flux at the sample (Air environment) Flux at the sample (He environment) 10 3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4 2 Photon Energy (ev) 10 13 10 12 10 11 10 10 Photons/s 9 10 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9 8 7 6 λ (Å) 20

MCX optical design : outline High-transmission Filterwindow assembly Collimating Pre-mirror Wide range monochromator with II crystal bender for dynamical sagittal focusing Bendable focusing mirror 21

Sagittal Focussing Grazing incidence reflection optics: geometrical loss small acceptances difficult to manufacture expensive bent II crystal 22

The Elettra Hard X-ray Monochromator E. Busetto, I. Cudin, G. Fava R. Borghes, G. Cautero long 2nd crystal movement capability allow for the wide energy range 23

The Elettra Hard X-ray Monochromator 24

Front-end Hutch Anrea Lausi The CX project 25

First mirror II minerali minerali e e la la luce luce -- Perugia Perugia Andrea Andrea Lausi Lausi 15-16 15-16 giugno giugno 2015 2015 26

First mirror 0.5 µrad slope error measured on the Elettra Long Trace Profilometer 27

0.65 µrad slope error 28

From the Optical to the Experimental Hutch 29

Experimental Station 30

Experimental Station 4 circle diffractometer (0.0001 precision in 2θ) XYZ translation stage Recieving slits Analyzer crystal / scintillator detection system Hot air blower (up to 1273K) Cryo stream (down to 100K) Laser sensor for accurate sample positioning 31

General User Interface Control system based on pyton General command interface for: driving motors theta-2theta scan multiple theta-2theta scans single or two motor scan multiple scans monochromator functions calibration functions warnings management...... 32

Experimental Station 33

Experimental Station 34

Instrumental profile (capillary) 35

Instrumental profile (flat plate) 36

Instrumental profile (capillary) 37

In Situ Reaction Furnace Designed as a stand alone equipment to be used on mcx beamline. Maximum temperatures reached in current setup 1000 C. Ideal for powder samples Diffraction data recorded on a translating Imaging plate. Remote controlled 38

Furnace Design 39

Furnace Design 40

Detection system Images recorded on translating imaging plate Translation controlled by Labview program Measurements in contiunuous and discrete mode Data integration using fit2d 41

Capillary holder 42

Experimental Station Phase identification Structure determination Residual stress Micro-structural analysis 43

The SCW beamlines cluster 44

Multipole Superconducting Wiggler The multipole superconducting wiggler, constructed by Budker Institute of Novosibirsk, was designed to produce a high flux and brilliance source in the 10-25 kev range. Currently refurbished at Novosibirsk with new cryostat allowing to limit the liquid helium (LHe) consumption to a maximum of 2 refills per year Crytical photon energy 13.4 kev Total radiated power 6.85 kw Maximum field: 3.5 T Poles 49 Pole gap 16.5 mm Period length 64 mm

Multipole Superconducting Wiggler The new SCW compared to the permanent magnet wiggler of the existing Diffraction beamline (xrd1) Brilliance (photons/s/0.1%bw/mm 2 /mrad 2 ) 10 16 10 15 10 14 10 13 10 12 10 11 10 10 E=2.4GeV; I=100mA W 14.0 SCW A factor 14 higher brilliance at 25 kev!! 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 Photon energy (ev)

25 kev High Pressure branch-line Acceptance 500*120 μrad 2 Flux in 80*80 μm 2 aperture at sample: 10 11 ph/s @ 2.4 GeV, 100mA Super conducting wiggler Mask Filters Si111 17.2 m Toroidal Mirror 33 m Experiment 44.8 m

XRD2 general layout

XRD2: status and perspective XRD2 and Xpress have been constructed in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Science (Bangalore) The source can host a third fixed energy beamline (Pharma?). Most optical components already characterized and installed. Orders have been placed for >95% of the necessary items and we expect to have all the items vacuum-related, controls and plants in house and installed for September 2014 (commissioning till February 2015). Will present all the features of a high throughput MAD BL (including sample changer, SPINE compatible), with remote data collection capability. Xpress is expected to be up and running in June 2015. XRD2 is expected to be up and running in September 2015.

SCW Front-end mask

Beam splitter

XRD2: flux at focus Flux at the sample: 3.3 E13 ph/s/0.1%bw (2GeV, 100mA) Sizes of the focal spot: 330μm X 90μm, 2.3mrad X 0.3mrad [FWHM] Estimated fluxes at the sample (taking account of filters, efficiency of the monochromator, reflectivity of the mirrors and different sample sizes): Flux @2GeV, 310 ma Flux @2.4GeV, 140 ma Square size 1 x 10 13 7 x 10 12 200µm X 200µm 9 x 1011 6 x 1011 50µm X 50µm 2.5 x 10 10 2 x 10 10 10µm X 10µm

XRD2: status and perspective Flux @2GeV, 310 ma0 Flux @2.4GeV, 140 ma Square size 1 x 10 13 7 x 10 12 200µm X 200µm 9 x 10 11 6 x 10 11 50µm X 50µm 2.5 x 10 10 2 x 10 10 10µm X 10µm BL spot size flux (ph/s) BM14 300 x 750 4,50E+011 ESRF - Id14-1 50x200 1,00E+011 ESRF Id14-2 100x100 1,00E+011 ESRF Id14-4 90x250 5,00E+012 ESRF ID23-2 10x10 4,00E+011 Set against the existing MX beamlines in Europe, XRD2 compare favourably with most non-microfocus beamlines, such as ESRF BM14/ID14-1/ID14-2, Bessy 14.1, SLS X06DA, Diamond I24. ESRF ID29 30x50 1,00E+013 ALBA - XALOC 6x50 2,00E+012 BESSY - 14.1 50x50 1,60E+011 SLSPSI - X06DA 90x70 4,00E+011 SLSPSI - X10SA 50x10 2,00E+012 DIAMOND - I24 80x80 1,00E+012

XRD2 status

XRD2 status

FERMI source Elettra Synchrotron Storage Ring ~ 50 m Experimental hall ~ 100 m Undulatorhall ~ 200 m Injector and Linac tunnel FERMI@Elettra Seeded Free Electron Laser FERMI-1 1 from 100 nm to 20 nm FERMI@Elettra is a single-pass seeded FEL user-facility. Two separate FEL amplifier will cover the spectral range from 100 nm (12 ev) ) to 4 nm (320 ev). Based on the high gain harmonic generation scheme FERMI provides pulses of <100 fs with unique characteristics: high peak power short temporal structure tunable wavelength variable polarization seeded harmonic cascade Ref: E.Allaria et al. Nature Photonics (2012) FERMI-2 2 from 40 nm to 4 nm FEL-1 User experiment FEL-2 Commissioning phase FERMI-2 10,8 nm 56

SASE FEL SASE FEL: Self Amplified Spontaneous Emission 10 6 10 9

SASE FEL SASE FEL: Self Amplified Spontaneous Emission Startup from noise!

Seeded FEL HGHG: High Gain Harmonics Generation seeding on sub-harmonic

Seeded FEL HGHG Intensity (a.u.) 0.23 nm FWHM SASE x10 5 Courtesy Li HuaYu (BNL) wavelength (nm)

Lens vs Lensless imaging TwinMic Elettra Lens Lensless Lenses directly acquire information in real space, inverting the Fourier transformation by recombining at a given distance the scattered x-rays with correct phases making them interfere to form a replica of the object CCD camera D L µm Measured diffracted intensity TF { f } ρ ( k ) Phase lost ϕ( k ρ ) 2 CDI acquire data in reciprocal space. In Fraunhofer approximation Diffraction pattern is related to the real-space object through a Fourier transformation, which encodes the image in propagation directions and phases of the electromagnetic field. sample ρ f ( r ) no high quality optics for imaging! 61

For imaging phase is important. 50 50 100 150 AMP cat 50 100 200 250 100 150 300 350 150 200 400 200 250 450 500 250 300 350 400 50 100 150 100 200 300 400 500 600 PHA cat 300 350 400 450 200 250 450 500 100 200 300 400 500 600 300 350 500 100 200 300 400 500 600 400 450 500 100 200 300 400 500 600 50 100 150 AMP dog 50 200 250 50 100 300 350 100 150 400 150 200 450 500 200 250 100 200 300 400 500 600 250 300 350 400 50 100 150 PHA dog 300 350 400 450 200 450 500 100 200 300 400 500 600 250 300 350 500 100 200 300 400 500 600 400 450 500 100 200 300 400 500 600 62

How CDI works Coherent Field Impose Measure Intensity, Keep Phase Reconstructed object Diffraction pattern z Impose support Guess Phase

Beamlines- PADReS system Photon Analysis,Delivery and Reduction System Ref: M.Zangrando, N.Mahne, L.Raimondi, C.Svetina, D.Cocco(former) Plane mirrors Shutters EIS Switching 2.5 FEL 1 38m 2.5 5 FEL 2 2.5 5 25m Spectrometer Safety Hutch Delay Line Switching TIMEX-LDM TIMER TIMEX KB System Monochromator KB System LDM DiProI Spectrometer On-line M1 M2 M6 ML1 M5 M8 M7 M3 M4 FEL single-shotm6 spectral diagnostic M7 tool Special ML2 mirror(planar+greeting) About99 % offel radiationtowardbls1 % offel radiationtoward light converterfast 1m CCD spectrometerbranch. 1m Ref. C.Svetina et al. SPIE (2011) Courtesy D.Cocco T Capability: -2.5 ps< T < 35 ps without MLs T up to 1 ns with MLs Two color Pump&Prob Pump: 1 st Probe: 1 st or 3 rd (at multilayer wavelength) FEL photon energy 38.19eV±1.1meV (RMS) FEL bandwidth 22.5meV Spectral purity 5.9e-4

Mix n probe: two-colors fel pulses G. De Ninno, B. Mahieu, E. Allaria, L. Giannessi, S. Spampinati, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 064801 65

two-color pump-probe experiment E. Allaria, et al., Two-colour pump probe experiments with a twin-pulse-seed extreme ultraviolet free-electron laser, Nat. Commun. 4, 2476

two-color pump-probe experiment F. Bencivenga, R. Cucini, F. Capotondi, A. Battistoni, R. Mincigrucci, E. Giangrisostomi, A. Gessini, M. Manfredda, I. P. Nikolov, E. Pedersoli, E. Principi, C. Svetina, P. Parisse, F. Casolari, M. B. Danailov, M. Kiskinova & C. Masciovecchio "Four wave mixing experiments with extreme ultraviolet transient gratings," Nature 520, 205 (2015), DOI: 10.1038/nature14341

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