Iteratioal Joural of Busiess ad Social Sciece Vol. 3 No. 22 [Special Issue November 2012] Developig the Applicatio of 360 Degree Performace Appraisal through Logic Model Ozge OZ Huma Resources Specialist Huma Resources Departmet, Turkish Agricultural Credit Cooperatives Akara, Turkey Prof. Dr. Deiz BUYUKKILIC SEREN Professor Trade ad Tourism Educatio Faculty, Gazi Uiversity Akara, Turkey Abstract 360 degree system is a challegig ad effort requirig process which should be applied after a appropriate plaig. Logic model is a visual ad systematic tool which is used to defie ad determie the relatioships betwee the resources eeded to apply a program, the plaed activities ad the goals that are aimed to achieve. It is thought that by usig the cocepts of 360 degree ad logic model together, a syergy ca be created amog two cocepts ad the effectiveess of applicatio processes ca be developed. Cosequetly it is predicted that through logic model, the preparatio phase of the applicatio of 360 degree system ca be realized systematically with the participatio of all the participats ad argued that this applicatio will provide the system to be uderstood well by the participats, to achieve strog commuicatio ad prevet the probable problems. Key Words: 360 degree, logic model 1. Itroductio Nowadays, because of the chagig ad developig market coditios, huma resources have a crucial role for orgaizatios. A eterprise with a effective, well plaed ad maaged huma resources, ca sustai its productivity ad orgaizatioal by usig this resources as a advatage. At this poit, which is oe of the basic fuctios of huma resources maagemet becomes more importat. Orgaizatios which ow a well plaed ad applied system ca effectively use their huma resources. Traditioal methods where the is performed oly by maagers, has became isufficiet for the orgaizatios. May firms have expaded the idea of upward ito 360 degree (Dessler, 2003: 260). Differet tha traditioal methods, 360 degree system gathers the data from various sources ad provides a wide perspective about the. Gallagher (2008) states that this multi-source also allows idividuals to uderstad how others view their effectiveess ad become more cogizat of how their effectiveess as a idividual, co-worker, or employee is perceived by others. As Decezo ad Robbis (2002) have stated, research studies ito the effectiveess of 360 degree are reportig positive results. These stem from havig more accurate ad reducig the subjective factors i the evaluatio process. For today s orgaizatios i which teamwork ad employee developmet is importat ad where the employee is i commuicatio with a lot of people; the method of 360 degree system is very useful, where a is give to the employee after that the data is collected from more tha oe appraiser. 360 degree method is a process where the evaluatio of employee s is coducted through the iformatio gathered from employee s maagers, supervisor, iferiors, team ad project mates, customers ad the employee him/herself; the a about the is give to the employee. 280
The Special Issue o Arts, Commerce ad Social Sciece Cetre for Promotig Ideas, USA www.ijbsset.com Luecke (2010) have expressed that the participatio of the employee i the process, leads to a feelig that the process is associated with him/her which icreases the orgaizatioal commitmet. Researches state that 360 degree system reduces appraiser mistakes related to systems which are performed by oe sourced data (Bau ad Umamaheswari, 2009: 66). I orgaizatioal perspective, 360 degree ca be examied to facilitate cultural chage, used solely for developmetal purposes, successio plaig systems, executive developmet, reiforce core values ad busiess strategies ad iput to the. From idividual perspective, the is used i order to aid improvig or eve usatisfactory, to decrease employee s defesiveess about weakesses, used as device to provide ad to give a good uderstadig of their abilities (Pak, 2009: 62). Logic model cocept is defied as a picture showig how a orgaizatio or a project does its works ad as a visual ad systematic tool which is used to defie ad determie the relatioships betwee the resources eeded to apply a program, the plaed activities ad the goals that are aimed to achieve (W.K. Kellogg Foudatio, 2004:1). Logic models are easy, clear ad uderstadable systems for orgaizig iformatio that eable key stakeholders to have a picture of how programs work (Wells ad Arthur Baig, 2008: 189). The aim of logic model firstly ad especially is to determie the relatioships betwee program outcomes ad elemets. Logic model serves umerous fuctios, icludig assistig evaluators to focus the evaluatio o the pricipal elemets of the program, providig staff ad other stakeholders with a commo uderstadig of program services ad goals, idetifyig a set of idicators that may be used to develop a moitorig system ad summarizig for fuders ad decisio makers (Gugiu ad Rodriguez Campos, 2007: 340). While desigig the logic model, aimed outcomes, iputs ad activities that are ecessary to achieve those outcomes, assumptios about the program ad exteral factors that may affect the process are determied carefully (Wilder Research Ceter, 2008: 340). The use of logic model i the phase of composig the actio plas which plays a importat role i orgaizatios success is advatageous i order to provide ad sustai productivity. Applyig 360 degree system after that a detailed pla is composed, will icrease the success of the applicatio. By this perspective i this research it is proposed for orgaizatios which are usig or willig to use 360 degree system, to apply the program through logic model i order to icrease the applicatio s success. Thus it is argued that the road map about 360 degree ca be desiged ad that the productivity of the system ca be icreased by plaig who will participate the system, which activities will be performed ad which outcomes will be achieved. 2. Developig The Effectiveess of The Applicatio of 360 Degree Performace Appraisal Through Logic Model I the study, two scearios about logic model s applicatio with 360 degree are proposed to be used i; i) strategic level ad ii) fuctioal level. Through the proposed logic models, it is iteded to determie the stages of usig logic model, for a busiess which will use 360 degree system for the first time or a busiess which is usig but willig to icrease the effectiveess of the system; i order to gai a geeral perspective about the system ad to solve the problems that may occur durig the process. The mai aim is to desig a road map about the system through logic model i order to provide 360 degree to be more beeficial ad to solve the problems that may be faced i differet levels. With this aim, it is plaig to complete the preparatio stage of the system by a logic model desiged i strategic level, ad to aid to solve a problem which is coected to by a logic model desiged i fuctioal level. It is see that there is o research i atioal ad iteratioal literature about the itegratio of logic model ad 360 degree system. It is predicted that this applicatio will provide the system to be uderstood well by the participats ad applicats, to achieve strog commuicatio throughout the orgaizatio ad to prevet the problems before they occur. 281
Iteratioal Joural of Busiess ad Social Sciece Vol. 3 No. 22 [Special Issue November 2012] 2.1. Research Questios With this research it is aimed to fid aswers to the questios stated below: Is it possible through logic model to provide 360 degree system to be developed i terms of efficiecy ad effectiveess of the applicatio the system? Ca logic model be a guide or a phase of preparatio for 360 degree system? Ca the applicatio ad beefits of 360 degree system be more clear ad uderstadable for both the applicats ad the participats with the help of logic model? It is thought that i a 360 degree applied by usig logic model, sice the participats will be icluded i all the process; the system will be clear ad easy to uderstad, ad thus more beeficial ad applicable. Furthermore it is expected that 360 degree system desiged by logic model will develop the commuicatio betwee supervisors ad iferiors ad also throughout the orgaizatio. 2.2. Method After a literature research, two logic models i strategic ad fuctioal levels are desiged for a compay which will use 360 degree system, i order to icrease the effectiveess of the system. These logic models are desiged for orgaizatios which are ot usig 360 degree system or which are usig but willig to icrease its effectiveess. The first activities before desigig the model about 360 degree, should be the decisio of process start ad the devolutio of authority to the cocered departmets ruled by maagers of the orgaizatio. I this process huma resources departmet ca geerally be determied as authorized. After the devolutio of authority, the ext step will be the desig of logic model. While composig logic models, the preparatio phases of 360 degree system are cosidered as the elemets of logic model. 2.2.1. Determiig the Applicats of Logic Model It is importat for the effectiveess of the model, that the groups of people who will use the logic model, are formed by the people who ivolve 360 degree process. It will be useful firstly to trai those people about the techique ad the process of creatig logic model. 2.2.2. Aalyzig Curret Situatio Assumig that has a importat role i huma resources maagemet, it is firstly aimed to compose a logic model i strategic level providig a road map which will elighte the compay while usig 360 degree. 2.2.2.1. Strategic Level I the strategic level logic model, the curret situatio is determied as iefficiet evaluatio process, low ad poor commuicatio throughout the compay which is decided to develop or adopt 360 degree. While desigig the logic model i strategic level; a) people ivolvig the process of 360 degree, b) time, c) fiacial resources ad d) material ad e) educatioal documets are cosidered as iputs of the model. The activities of the logic model are determied as the stages of 360 degree process. It is thought that the outputs would be a) data gathered from various sources, b) objective data, c) trasparet process, d) reactios about the ad e) icreased commuicatio due to. By determiig logic model s outcomes i short, medium ad log term; the strategic goals that the orgaizatio aims to reach ad the advatages of 360 degree system are discussed. The log term goals ad shortmedium aims are stated i details i Figure: 1. ad problem solvig is trasformed ito a applicable sceario. Also by determiig the acquisitios that are thought to be provided by usig 360 degree, the assumptios; by determiig the effects that may occur durig the applicatio of process, the exteral factors are defied. 282
The Special Issue o Arts, Commerce ad Social Sciece Cetre for Promotig Ideas, USA www.ijbsset.com Figure 1: Logic model desiged i strategic level INPUTS ACTIVITIES OUTPUTS OUTCOMES- EFFECT SHORT MEDIUM LONG SITUATION Throughout the compay, Iefficiet evaluatio system Employees with poor Poor commuicatio Appraisers Workers Maagers Iferiors Teammate s Customers Time Fiacial Resources Appraisal Material Educatioal Documet Preparatio meetigs by HR departmet Determiig the appraiser ad appraises Traiig the appraiser ad appraises Composig the questioaires Gettig from the customers Fulfillig the questioaires Preparig the reports Givig Cotrollig the process Detailed iformatio about workers gathered from various sources Objective performa ce data Traspare t performa ce process Reactios after the Icrease i commuicatio through Determiatio of the eed of traiig Plas for the eed of traiig The awareess about other workers expectatios Developmet i metorig/ leadership Decrease i faults Providig employee satisfactio Icrease i workers Improvemet i commuicatio throughout the orgaizatio Developmet i maagerial quality Effective team work Syergy Reliable process Effective system Learig ad developig workers with high Improveme t of worker loyalty Improveme t i basic measures of the orgaizatio Actualizig the strategic aims of the orgaizatio Assumptios 360 degree will icrease the ad the productivity 360 degree will stregthe the commuicatio. Exteral Factors The possibility of 360 degree system requirig time ad effort, to become disadvatageous i competitio 283
Iteratioal Joural of Busiess ad Social Sciece Vol. 3 No. 22 [Special Issue November 2012] 2.2.2.2. Fuctioal Level I the fuctioal level logic model, the curret situatio is defied as the isufficiecy i career plaig which is a importat sub-fuctio of huma resources maagemet. It is aimed to provide the system to be successful by desigig a road map through logic model i order to solve the mai curret problem. So, the isufficiecy i career plaig is trasformed ito a applicable sceario. Firstly the problems of compaies that may face i this process are defied ad a logic model is desiged accordig to those problems. It is assumed that for metioed compay, the problem of iefficiet career plaig leads to the iefficiecy of career plaig, employee dissatisfactio, lack of career pool, ad decreases i persoal ad orgaizatioal. The iputs of the models are defied mostly the same as the model i strategic level except customer. Accordig to the sceario desiged i fuctioal level, activities are determied as a) the examiatio of the causes of iefficiet career plaig, b) the aalysis of goals ad career maagemet, c) meetig with maagers ad team leaders, d)determiig critical tasks, e) expressio of the existig career system, f) searchig career specialists, g) sharig iformatio with, h) determiig the eed of traiig, i) creatig career plas, j) realizig career plas ad k) givig. The eeds ad career plas obtaied by the activities, are defied as the outputs of the model. Outputs are also cosistig of determiig workers potetial capabilities, cadidates determied for the career pool ad icrease i the awareess of career. Ad the outcomes are determied by establishig the strategic goals of the orgaizatio by amelioratig career plaig. The outcomes are detected i short, medium ad log term accordig to their attaiability. The visual model itegratig these elemets is desiged as show i Figure: 2. The assumptios are determied by defiig the troubles that are caused by iefficiet career plaig; ad the exteral factors are determied by defiig the factors that may affect the process of improvemet of plaig. 284
The Special Issue o Arts, Commerce ad Social Sciece Cetre for Promotig Ideas, USA www.ijbsset.com Figure 2: Logic model desiged i fuctioal level INPUTS ACTIVITIESOUTPUTS OUTCOMES-EFFECT SHORT MEDIUM LONG SITUATION Throughout the compay, Ieffective career plaig Employee dissatisfactio Low at persoal ad orgaizatioal level Lack of career pool Maagemet Huma Resources Departmet Team leaders Time Fiacial resources Questioair e Determiig the reasos of ieffective career plaig Examiig existig career system ad goals Meetig with the maagers ad team leaders Determiig critical tasks Expressio of the existig career system Searchig career specialists Sharig iformatio with Determiig the eed of traiig Creatig career plas Realizig career plas Givig Potetial capabilities of The traiig eeds of Career plas of Cadidates determied for the career pool Icrease i the awareess of career Clarificatio of the career goals Prevetio of ucertaity Givig career cosultacy Career specialist withi the orgaizatio Prevetio of the barriers of upward progress Icrease i motivatio Effective career maageme t system Keepig the critical i orgaizatio Creatio of career pool with high career expectatio s maagig their career Job satisfactio devoted to orgaizatio with high performa ce Loyalty of Improvem et i basic performa ce measures of the orgaizatio Actualizi g the strategic aims of the orgaizatio Assumptios Ieffective career plaig causes, decrease i employee motivatio ad job satisfactio low persoally ad orgaizatioally decrease i orgaizatioal loyalty Exteral Factors 1-Career maagemet systems of other competitors 2-The risks of outsourcig career specialists 285
Iteratioal Joural of Busiess ad Social Sciece Vol. 3 No. 22 [Special Issue November 2012] 3. Coclusio Logic model ca be a basic tool which provides coveiece ad cotributio to effectiveess of the project for compaies i applyig the program. The participats, maagers ad fuders of the program ca have a road map about the program through logic model. 360 degree system differet tha traditioal methods, provides more appropriate ad iteractive evaluatio process for owadays moder busiesses. This research provides a cotributio itegratig the cocepts of 360 degree ad logic model. Cosiderig the scearios desiged about 360 degree system, a beeficial tool is suggested by desigig two logic models i strategic ad fuctioal levels that orgaizatios may use before applyig 360 degree. It is predicted that 360 degree system which requires a well plaed process, ca be desiged by usig logic model, thus the success ad productivity of the ca develop. Orgaizatios may use the approaches metioed i this research i order to solve the problems that they may face i huma resources maagemet ad also i other areas of busiess. 3.1 Lessos leared It is see that 360 degree is beeficial i order to appraise employee. By gettig from a wide variety of sources at varyig levels withi a orgaizatio, a more accurate picture of the employee's stregths ad weakesses emerges (Gallagher, 2008:61). As stated i the Logic Model Workbook (2006), a series of if-the relatioships coect the compoets of the logic model: if resources are available to the program, the program activities ca be implemeted; if program activities are implemeted successfully, the certai outputs ad outcomes ca be expected. By usig logic model at the plaig stage of 360 degree, it is expected to properly determie the compoets of the system ad the to develop the applicatio of the. Refereces Bau, V. C. ad Umamaheswari, P. (2009). A Study o 360 Degree Performace Appraisal Systems i Reliace Life Isurace, Udumalpet. The Icfaia Joural of Maagemet Research, 8 (7), 65-78. Decezo, D. A. Ad Robbis S. P. (2002). Huma Resources Maagemet, New York: Joh Wiley & Sos, Ic. Dessler, G. (2003). Huma Resources Maagemet, New Jersey: Pearso Educatio, Ic. Gallagher, T. (2008). 360-Degree Performace Reviews Offer Valuable Perspectives. Fiacial Execute, December 2008, 61. Gugiu, C. P. ad Rodriguez-Campos, L. (2007). Semi-Structured Iterview Protocol for Costructig Logic Models. Evaluatio ad Program Plaig, 30, 339-350. Iovatio Network Ic. (2006) Logic Model Workbook. http://www.ioet.org/cliet_docs/file/logic_model_workbook.pdf Luecke, R. (2010). Performas Yöetimi, Tras. Aslı Özer, İstabul: İş Bakası Kültür Yayıları. Pak, D. (2009). Implemet Strategic 360 Degree Appraisal for a Uiversity. Global Busiess ad Maagemet Research: A Iteratioal Joural, 1 (2), 60-69. W.K. Kellogg Foudatio. (2004). The Logic Model Developmet Guide. http://www.wkkf.org Wells, M. S. ad Arthur-Baig, S. G. (2008). The Logic of Youth Developmet: Costructig a Logic Model of Youth Developmet Through Sport. Joural of Park ad Recreatio Admiistratio, 26 (2), 189-202. Wilder Research Ceter.(2008). Program Theories ad Logic Models. http://chicao.um.edu/assets/pdf/resourcesprogram%20theories%20example%20 Logic%20Model.pdf 286