Lingua e Cultura inglese Prof.ssa Fabiana Loparco Michael Vince - Grazia Cerulli New Inside Grammar Oxford, Macmillan, 2009 Università degli Studi di Macerata Dipartimento di Scienze della Formazione, dei Beni Culturali e del Turismo Classe: L-19 Anno Accademico 2014/2015
Lesson number: 10 1. Il condizionale (The conditional) 2. Il periodo ipotetico 3. Unless, as soon as, before
1. Il condizionale (The conditional) Il condizionale presente si forma con would + forma base del verbo Forma affermativa Forma interrogativa Forma negativa I would/i d go Would I go? I wouldn t go You would/you d go Would you go? You wouldn t go He/she/it would/ d go Would he/she/it go? He/she/it wouldn t go We would/ d go Would we go? We wouldn t go You would/ d go Would you go? You wouldn t go They would/ d go Would they go? They wouldn t go Nota: La forma negativa della forma breve, cioè quando si contrae il verbo con il not, possiamo utilizzarla sempre (qualsiasi sia la parola che precede). She wouldn t ask Mrs Sanders wouldn t ask Possiamo utilizzare tutte le altre forme brevi soltanto dopo i pronomi e non dopo altri tipi di parole. She d not ask non Mrs Sanders d not ask
Il condizionale passato si forma con would + have nella forma base + participio passato. Nei verbi regolari il Past Participle si forma con l'aggiunta finale di ed. Nei verbi irregolari utilizziamo la 3. forma del verbo (terza colonna della tabella dei verbi irregolari) Forma affermativa Forma interrogativa Forma negativa I would have gone Would I have gone? I wouldn t have gone You would have gone Would you have gone? You wouldn t have gone He/she/it would have gone Would he/she/it have gone? He/she/it wouldn t have gone We would have gone Would we have gone? We wouldn t have gone You would have gone Would you have gone? You wouldn t have gone They would have gone Would they have gone? They wouldn t have gone Il condizionale passato di could, should, might è dato dalle forme could have, should have, might have + participio passato They shouldn t have eaten the mushrooms It could/might have been dangerous
Exercises Inserisci il verbo al Condizionale presente. If I had time, I (go) to the cinema with you. If we had more money, we (buy) a brand new TV. If we were on school holidays, I (have/not) to study now. If you were clever, you (do/not) this. If she had a cold, she (sing/not).
Exercises Inserisci il verbo al Condizionale presente. If I had time, I would go to the cinema with you. If we had more money, we would buy a brand new TV. If we were on school holidays, I wouldn t have to study now. If you were clever, you wouldn t do this. If she had a cold, she wouldn t sing.
Exercises Inserisci il verbo al Condizionale passato. If you had read the book, you (pass) the test. If I had had more time, I (walk) to the station. If we had got up earlier, we (miss/not) the bus. He (do/not) that. She (win/not) the competition if she had not trained so hard for it.
Exercises Inserisci il verbo al Condizionale passato. If you had read the book, you would have passed the test. If I had had more time, I would have walked to the station. If we had got up earlier, we wouldn t have missed the bus. He wouldn t have done that. She wouldn t have won the competition if she had not trained so hard for it.
2. Il periodo ipotetico/conditional sentences Le frasi con if (dette anche: Conditional Sentences, If Clauses) servono per costruire il periodo ipotetico in inglese. Ciò vuol dire che l'azione della frase principale (senza if) si svolgerà soltanto se la condizione menzionata nella frase con if viene/sarà soddisfatta. Esistono quattro tipi di periodo ipotetico che esprimono diversi gradi di realtà: Secondaria (tra la secondaria e la principale c è sempre una virgola) Principale 0 realtà sempre presenti if + presente, presente If whales can t come to the surface and breath air, they die 1 Ipotesi reali o probabili if + presente, futuro If you pass the exam, I ll give you a nice present 2 Ipotesi irreali o poco probabili if + passato, condizionale presente If he didn t smoke so much, he would feel better 3 Ipotesi riferite al passato if + trapassato, condizionale passato If Peter had had a valid passport, he would have come on the journey
Posizione della principale e della secondaria La principale e la secondaria (la frase con if) possono essere invertite di posizione senza che il significato cambi per tutti i periodi ipotetici If you miss the bus, Mrs Nelson will be furious Mrs Nelson will be furious if you miss the bus Ricordate che quando la frase inizia con la secondaria (la frase con if ), tra la secondaria e la principale c è sempre una virgola If you leave an ice-cream in the sun, it melts
Zero Conditional Si usa: Per descrivere situazioni generalmente vere It s a tropical country, and so if it rains hard, everyone stays indoors Per dare istruzioni o per dire a qualcuno cosa fare in determinate circostanze. In questo caso nella principale si usa l imperativo If you feel full, stop eating!
First Conditional Si usa: Per dare avvertimenti If you walk slowly, you ll be late Per descrivere ipotesi realistiche If you skip school so often, you won t pass the exam Nota: Mentre in italiano la frase con if si può usare sia al presente che al futuro, in inglese si usa solo il presente Al posto di will/won t nella principale si possono trovare may o might, per esprimere un risultato meno certo (vedi lesson 6 Futuro in frasi dipendenti)
Exercises Completa le frasi con la forma corretta del verbo tra parentesi If you (heat) water, it (boil) If you (see) Amy, please (tell) her to phone me If we (not do) our homework, out teacher (get) angry If the train (be) late, we usually (take) the bus If I (eat) a lot of cheese in the evening, I (have) bad dreams
Exercises Completa le frasi con la forma corretta del verbo tra parentesi If you heat water, it boils If you see Amy, please tell her to phone me If we don t do our homework, out teacher will get angry If the train is late, we usually take the bus If I eat a lot of cheese in the evening, I have bad dreams
Exercises Completa le frasi con il periodo ipotetico del primo tipo dei verbi tra parentesi They (cancel) the concert if it (rain) I (call) the police if you (not leave) If he (to be elected), he (reorganise) the national health service I (do) it if you (come) with me We (not be able) to go sailing, if there (be) a storm
Exercises Completa le frasi con il periodo ipotetico del primo tipo dei verbi tra parentesi They will cancel the concert if it rains I will call the police if you don t leave If he is elected, he will reorganize the national health service I will do it if you come with me We won t be able to go sailing, if there is a storm
Second Conditional Si usa: Per descrivere una situazioni immaginaria o improbabile nel presente o nel futuro If I had a helicopter, I d fly to school Con l espressione if I were you per dare consigli If I were you, I d tell her the truth Attenzione: anche se si usa il Past Simple, l azione non è al passato If + was/were: con la prima e la terza persona singolare (I, he, she, it) si usa were. Was è possibile, soprattutto nel linguaggio colloquiale If I was/were a rock star, I d live in San Francisco Could e might: Al posto di would si può usare could (per esprimere capacità) o might (per esprimere possibilità) If I had more money, I could buy you a drink If you played the lottery, you might win
Exercises Forma delle frasi ipotetiche di secondo tipo con le parole date You/do not go/so fast, you/not use/so much petrol I/not take/dance lessons/i have/more time Life/be/much easier/i/have/a lot of money I/can choose/one country,/i/visit/thailand I/am/you,/I/sell/the house
Exercises Forma delle frasi ipotetiche di secondo tipo con le parole date You/do not go/so fast, you/not use/so much petrol If you didn t go so fast, you wouldn t use so much petrol I/not take/dance lessons/i have/more time If I didn t take dance lessons, I d have more time Life/be/much easier/i/have/a lot of money Life would be much easier if I had a lot of money I/can choose/one country,/i/visit/thailand If I could choose one country, I d visit Thailand I/am/you,/I/sell/the house If I were you, I d sell the house
Third Conditional Si usa per ipotizzare cosa sarebbe potuto succedere in passato se una situazione fosse stata diversa da quella che è stata in realtà If John had studied more, he would have got better marks (ipotesi irrealizzabile perché John ha già sostenuto l esame) Per esprimere pentimento If I had prepared better for the interview, I would have got the job Could e might: Al posto di would si può usare could (per esprimere capacità) o might (per esprimere possibilità) If you had tried harder, you might/could have succeeded
Exercises Completa le seguenti frasi per ciascuna situazione Maria ate a lot last night, and so she felt sick If Maria last night, The play was really awful, so people left after the first act It the play people I didn t buy a stamp, so I didn t post the letter If I She didn t take the map with her, and she got lost If she, she The music was really loud, and the neighbours complained If the music, the neighbours
Exercises Completa le seguenti frasi per ciascuna situazione Maria ate a lot last night, and so she felt sick If Maria hadn t eaten so much last night, she wouldn t have felt so sick The play was really awful, so people left after the first act If the play hadn t been awful, people wouldn t have left after the first act I didn t buy a stamp, so I didn t post the letter If I had bought a stamp, I would have posted the letter She didn t take the map with her, and she got lost If she had taken the map with her, she wouldn t have got lost The music was really loud, and the neighbours complained If the music hadn t been really loud, the neighbours wouldn t have complained
3. Unless, as soon as, before If not può essere sostituito da unless (= a meno che non). Ricorda però che il verbo diventa affermativo If you don t run, you will be late Unless you run, you will be late Le frasi che contengono gli avverbi di tempo when, as soon as, before, once, until hanno la stessa costruzione delle frasi condizionali As soon as he finds out that his secretary is dishonest, he ll sack her I ll finish the task before she comes When you arrive, give me a ring
Exercises Completa le frasi con una parola scelta tra quelle date as soon as before if once unless until when you do that again, I ll tell the teacher I m exhausted! we get home, I m going straight to bed The bag won t open you put in the secret number I ll sit here she arrives you ve read the email and thought about it, call me I ll try to finish my homework dinner is ready We ll start the party the children come home from school
Exercises Completa le frasi con una parola scelta tra quelle date as soon as before if once unless until when If you do that again, I ll tell the teacher I m exhausted! When/As soon as/once we get home, I m going straight to bed The bag won t open unless you put in the secret number I ll sit here until she arrives Once/When/As soon as you ve read the email and thought about it, call me I ll try to finish my homework before dinner is ready We ll start the party as soon as/when the children come home from school
Per approfondire ed esercitarsi: Lesson & excercises pp. 234-241 New Inside Grammar
English Children s Literature
Northern Lights Author: Philip Pullman Publication date: July 1995