University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna Thermochemical biomass conversion for biorefineries Christoph Pfeifer Bioraffinerien Weiße Biotechnologie Workshop 27. Juni 2013 BOKU Wien www.boku.ac.at 26.09.2013 Thermochemical biomass conversion for biorefineries 1
List of content Introduction Classification of gasifiers Dual fluidized bed gasification Hydrothermal carbonisation Competences at the institute with regard to biorefinery Thermochemical biomass conversion for biorefineries 2
Biomass resource conversion processes Biomass Physico-chemical conversion Bio-chemical conversion Thermo-chemical conversion Pressing Extraction Transesterifcation Alc. fermentation Anaerobic digestion Aerobic digestion Pyrolysis Gasification Combustion Hydroth. gasification Hydroth. carbonisation Hydroth. liquefaction Thermochemical biomass conversion for biorefineries 3
Polygeneration Polygeneration describes an integrated process which provides multiple products based on one or more resources such as biomass/coal/waste etc. Advantages of Polygeneration high flexibility increased availability of the plant reduced risk sustainable, decentralised energy supply Heating/ Cooling Electricity Syngas Fuels Thermal gasification, biomass combined heat and power plant in Güssing, Austria Thermochemical biomass conversion for biorefineries 4
Biorefinery A biorefinery is a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, and chemicals from biomass. The biorefinery concept is analogous to today's petroleum refineries, which produce multiple fuels and products from petroleum. http://www.iea-bioenergy.task42-biorefineries.com/activities/classification/current-status/ Thermochemical biomass conversion for biorefineries 5
Gasification H 2, CO, CO 2, CH 4, light hydrocarbons Tars (condensable hydrocarbons) H 2 O Nitrogen compounds (NH 3, HCN) Sulphur compounds (H 2 S) Solid products (char, ash) Biomass Heat Gasifying agent air, steam, oxygen Thermochemical biomass conversion for biorefineries 6
Gasification - fundamentals http://emispec.ca/en/gaseous-fuel-production.php Thermochemical biomass conversion for biorefineries 7
Classification of biomass gasifiers I heat supply: allothermal or autothermal processes type of reactor: fixed bed, fluidised bed, entrained flow atmospheric vs. pressurised gasification agent: air, oxygen, steam, carbon dioxide, hydrogen Component Gasification agent Products C Air 21% O 2, 79% N 2 CO + N 2 C Oxygen ½ O 2 CO C Steam H 2 O CO + H 2 C Carbon dioxide CO 2 2CO C Hydrogen H 2 CH 4 Thermochemical biomass conversion for biorefineries 8
Types of reactors Thermochemical biomass conversion for biorefineries 9
Producer gas composition for selected processes Gas parameter Autothermal fixed bed gasifier Allothermal dual fluidised bed steam gasifier Autothermal oxygen entrained flow gasifier H 2 Vol. % 11 20 35 40 29 35 CO Vol. % 12 19 22 25 35 44 CO 2 Vol. % 10 15 20 25 17 22 CH 4 Vol. % 2 5 9 11 <1 N 2 Vol. % 45 60 <1 < 5 LHV MJ/m 3 4 6 12 14 9 11 Thermochemical biomass conversion for biorefineries 10
Thermal Conversion Process Chain Biogeneous Residues Industrial Heat or Co-firing Heat Fuel Pretreatment Pyrolysis/ Gasification Gas Cleaning Heat and Electricity Production Heat and Electricity Energy Plants Gas Upgrading Synthesis Synthetic Products Thermochemical biomass conversion for biorefineries 11
Product gas requirements vs. utilisation route Gas parameter Gas engine Gas turbine Synthesis processes Fuel cell (SOFC) Particle content < 50 mg/m 3 < 30 mg/m 3 < 0.1 mg/m 3 na Partikel size < 3 m < 5 m na na Tar content < 100 mg/m 3 na < 0.1 mg/m 3 < 100 mg/m 3 Alkali metals < 50 mg/m 3 < 0.25 mg/m 3 < 10 ppb na NH 3 content < 55 mg/m 3 na < 1 ppm < 0.1 mg/m 3 Scontent < 1 150 mg/m 3 na < 0.1 ppm < 200 ppm Cl content < 500 mg/m 3 na < 0.1 ppm < 1 ppm na no reliable figures available Thermochemical biomass conversion for biorefineries 12
Production of biofuels - catalysts Product Synthesis reaction Stoichiometric Pressure Temperature Catalysts H 2 /CO ratio [bar] [ C] Diesel CO + 2H 2 CH 2 + H 2 O 0.85 3 Fe/Co/ZrO 2 /SiO 2 1 70 120 350 Methane CO + 3 H 2 CH 4 + H 2 O 2 3 Ni/Mg 1 10 200 450 Methanol CO + 2H 2 CH 3 OH 1 2.15 Zn/Cr/Cu 50 300 220 380 Dimethyl ether CO + CO 2 + 5H 2 CH 3 OCH 3 + 2 H 2 O 1 2,15 Cu/Zn/Al 2 O 3 15 100 220 300 Thermochemical biomass conversion for biorefineries 13
DFB gasification concept Producer Gas (CH 4, CO, H 2, CO 2, H 2 O) Flue gas Heat Gasification Combustion Biomass (~ 850 C) (~ 920 C) Fuel to combustion Steam Circulation (bed material, char coal) Air Thermochemical biomass conversion for biorefineries 14
DFB gasification Gas composition Component Unit Conventional process H 2 vol. % db 36 42 CO vol. % db 19 24 CO 2 vol. % db 20 25 CH 4 vol. % db 9 12 C 2 H 4 vol. % db 2.0 2.6 C 2 H 6 vol. % db 1.3 1.8 C 3 Fract. vol. % db 0.3 0.6 Tar g/nm³ db 4 8 Dust g/nm³ db 10 20 H 2 O vol. % 30 45 Thermochemical biomass conversion for biorefineries 15
Gas adaptation strategies Scheme of primary methods Scheme of secondary methods gasifier design use of bed additives/bed materials selection of operating conditions Mechanical methods cyclone filters (ceramic, fabric ) scrubbers Chemical/physical methods thermal tar cracking catalytic tar cracking Thermochemical biomass conversion for biorefineries 16
Sorption Enhanced Gasification - principle Producer gas (H 2 -rich) Flue gas (+CO 2 ) CaO Heat Gasification Combustion Biomass +absorption 600 700 C +desorption 850 900 C Fuel to combustion Steam Circulation (bed material, char coal) CaCO 3 Air CO 2 + CaO CaCO 3 CO + H 2 O H 2 + CO 2 Thermochemical biomass conversion for biorefineries 17
Sorption Enhanced Reforming technical application Gas composition Component Unit Conventional process SER process H 2 vol. % db 36 42 55 70 CO vol. % db 19 24 5 11 CO 2 vol. % db 20 25 7 20 CH 4 vol. % db 9 12 8 13 C 2 H 4 vol. % db 2.0 2.6 1.4 1.8 C 2 H 6 vol. % db 1.3 1.8 0.3 0.6 C 3 Fract. vol. % db 0.3 0.6 0.3 1.0 Tar g/nm³ db 4 8 0.3 0.9 Dust g/nm³ db 10 20 20 50 H 2 O vol. % 30 45 50 60 Thermochemical biomass conversion for biorefineries 18
Hydrothermal Carbonisation - HTC C 6 H 12 O 6 p ~ 10 to 20 bar(g) T ~ 170 to 250 C C 6 H 2 O + 5 H 2 O (~ 950 kj/mol) HTC-Biocoal + water (+Heat) Thermochemical biomass conversion for biorefineries 19
HTC chemical engineering challenges Feedstock flexibility Materials Coke formation Heat integration HTC Feedstock feeding Temperature batch or. contiuous process? Product removal Time Phase separation Thermochemical biomass conversion for biorefineries 20
Plant development Software tool IPSEpro development of a production process & scale-up laboratory pilot plant in a laboratory demonstration plant commercial production plant contribution of process simulation m+w zander first calculations, mass & energy balances, experiments development process design &data for basic engineering support operation start, plant optimization simulation model fuel testing experimental results plant parameters operation data Thermochemical biomass conversion for biorefineries 21
Process Design Bio-Refinery (based on sewage sludge and biogenous residues) Thermochemical biomass conversion for biorefineries 22
Feedstock preaparation and product purification Biomass pretreatment (e.g. steam explosion, organosolv) Extraction (liquid-liquid) Rectification Drying Supercritical carbon dioxide processes Catalytic gas cleaning Thermochemical biomass conversion for biorefineries 23
Thermochemical biomass conversion powerful and flexible technologies for conversion of carbonaceous feedstock Dual Fluidised Bed Gasification 24 8 MW combined heat and power plant in Güssing, Austria
Questions? Univ.Prof. Dr. Christoph Pfeifer Muthgasse 107 A-1190 Vienna, Austria Phone: (+43) 1 / 3709726-201 christoph.pfeifer@boku.ac.at www.boku.ac.at 26.09.2013 Thermochemical biomass conversion for biorefineries 25