Middle Grades Science (5-9) Competency-Based Resource Bibliography

Middle Grades Science (5-9) Competency-Based Resource Bibliography Competency/Skill 1. Conceptual and quantitative knowledge of the structure and behavior of matter 1. Analyze the physical and chemical properties of matter (e.g., mass, volume, density, chemical reactivity). http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mass.html http://math.com/tables/geometry/volumes.htm http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/120adensity.html http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/virtualtext/react1.htm 2. Distinguish between the states of matter. http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/atoms/states.html http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_plasma.html 3. Apply knowledge of the gas laws. http://legacyweb.chemistry.ohio-state.edu/betha/nealgaslaw/ 4. Identify the major discoveries in the development of the atomic theory. http://atomictimeline.net/ http://hi.fi.tripod.com/timeline/timeline.htm 5. Identify the characteristics of elements, compounds, and mixtures. http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/atoms/elements.html http://www.chemicalelements.com/ http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-chemical-compound.htm http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/106amixture.html 6. Apply knowledge of symbols, formulas, and equations for common elements and compounds (e.g., acids, bases, salts, carbon compounds) and their reactions. http://richardbowles.tripod.com/chemistry/balance.htm http://www.shodor.org/unchem/advanced/redox/index.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/redox 7. Identify characteristics and functions of the components of an atom. http://www.nyu.edu/pages/mathmol/textbook/atoms.html http://education.jlab.org/atomtour/ 8. Identify chemical or physical properties of elements based on their placement on the periodic table. http://www.webelements.com/ http://www.periodictable.com/ 9. Identify characteristics of types of chemical bonding (e.g., covalent, ionic, metallic, hydrogen). http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/nsc/5-bonds.htm http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/metallic.html http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch104-08/metallic.htm http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/161ahydrogenbond.html 10. Identify types of chemical reactions and their characteristics. http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=54 http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/nsc/6-react.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chemical_reaction

2. Conceptual and quantitative knowledge of forces and motion 1. Differentiate between the types and characteristics of contact forces and forces acting over a distance, and their interactions. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/elevol.html http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/education/imagnet.html http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/sun/solar_interior/nuclear_reactions/nuclear_forces/s trong.html http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/funfor.html http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/newtongrav.html http://regentsprep.org/regents/physics/phys01/friction/default.htm 2. Identify applications of Newton's laws of motion. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/newt.html http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/newton3laws.html http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/ 3. Solve problems involving force and motion. http://library.thinkquest.org/10796/ch4/ch4.htm 4. Identify types, characteristics, and properties of waves (e.g., sound, electromagnetic, seismic, water). http://id.mind.net/~zona/mstm/physics/waves/partsofawave/waveparts.htm http://www.mediacollege.com/audio/01/sound-waves.html http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.html http://www.geo.mtu.edu/upseis/waves.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wind_wave 5. Identify characteristics of wave phenomena (e.g., intensity, refraction, interference, Doppler effect, wave-particle duality) as they apply to real-world situations. http://physics.info/intensity/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/refraction http://www.coastal.udel.edu/ngs/waves.html http://id.mind.net/~zona/mstm/physics/waves/interference/intrfrnc.html http://archive.ncsa.illinois.edu/cyberia/bima/doppler.html http://www.lon-capa.org/~mmp/applist/doppler/d.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wave particle_duality 6. Identify origins, characteristics, and examples of electricity. http://www.sciencemadesimple.com/static.html http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter03.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/electric_current http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter04.html 7. Identify types of magnets and characteristics of magnetic fields. http://www.coolmagnetman.com/magtypes.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/magnetic_field 8. Apply knowledge of magnets and magnetic fields to real-world situations (e.g., generators, solenoids). http://www.physics.sjsu.edu/becker/physics51/mag_field.htm http://new.wvic.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=9&itemid=46 http://mechatronics.mech.northwestern.edu/design_ref/actuators/solenoids.html 10. Identify characteristics of motion as they apply to real-world situations (e.g., speed, velocity, acceleration, linear and angular momentum). http://physics.info/velocity/ http://physics.info/acceleration/ http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/amom.html

3. Conceptual and quantitative knowledge of energy and its effects 1. Differentiate between forms of energy and their transformations. http://www.nmsea.org/curriculum/primer/forms_of_energy.htm http://www.energyeducation.tx.gov/energy/section_1/topics/forms_of_energy/index.html 2. Relate energy to transitions between states of matter. http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/nsc/2-matter.htm http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=120 3. Distinguish between temperature, heat, and thermal energy. http://www.theweatherprediction.com/habyhints/39/ http://id.mind.net/~zona/mstm/physics/mechanics/energy/heatandtemperature/heatandtempe rature.html http://www.school-for-champions.com/science/temperature.htm 4. Distinguish between the types of thermal energy transfer (e.g., radiation, conduction, convection). http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/viewobject.aspx?id=sce304 http://www.mansfieldct.org/schools/mms/staff/hand/convcondrad.htm http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/light_lessons/thermal/transfer.html 5. Apply the laws of thermodynamics to real-world situations. http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=46 http://www.saskschools.ca/curr_content/chem30/modules/module3/lesson2/lesson2.html http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookener1.html 6. Differentiate between potential and kinetic energy. http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=about_forms_of_energy-forms http://library.thinkquest.org/2745/data/ke.htm 7. Identify characteristics of nuclear reactions. http://www.atomicarchive.com/fission/fission1.shtml http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/fission.html http://www.atomicarchive.com/fusion/fusion1.shtml http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/fusion.html 8. Identify the regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and energy associated with each. http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.html http://www.lbl.gov/microworlds/alstool/emspec/emspec2.html 9. Identify the use of light and optics in real-world applications (e.g., optical instruments, communication). http://www.lightandmatter.com/area1book5.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/optics 10. Solve problems involving energy, work, power, mechanical advantage, and efficiency. http://www.physics247.com/physics-homework-help/index.shtml http://www.purchon.com/physics/efficiency.htm http://www.edinformatics.com/math_science/simple_machines/mechanical_advantage.htm http://www.school-for-champions.com/science/machines_advantage.htm 11. Apply the laws of conservation of mass and energy to chemical reactions, nuclear reactions, physical processes, and biological processes. http://www.scienceclarified.com/ci-co/conservation-laws.html http://science.jrank.org/pages/1728/conservation-laws-conservation-energy-mass.html http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/chemistry/generalchemistry/energy/lawofcons ervation/lawofconservation.htm 12. Identify types, characteristics, and measurement of electrical quantities. http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_2/1.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/electric_power

13. Apply knowledge of currents, circuits, conductors, insulators, and resistors to real-world situations. http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_7/1.html http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/circuits/ 14. Solve mathematical problems involving current, voltage, power, and energy in direct current (DC) circuits. http://www.angelfire.com/ri/dcvoltage/powerwatts.html http://electrical-engineering.suite101.com/article.cfm/watts_law 4. Knowledge of Earth and the processes that affect it 1. Relate surface and subsurface geologic processes to the movement of tectonic plates. http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/interior/plate_tectonics.html http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/tectonic.html http://www.platetectonics.com/ 2. Trace the development of the theory of continental drift to the current theory of plate tectonics. 3. Identify characteristics of geologic structures and the mechanisms by which they are formed. http://www.salemstate.edu/~lhanson/gls210/gls210_struct.htm http://courses.missouristate.edu/emantei/creative/glg110/geostruct.html http://www.learner.org/resources/series78.html?pop=yes&pid=312# 4. Identify the evidence used to define geologic eras (e.g., geologic events, biotic factors, abiotic factors). http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/geologictime.php http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/glossary/geo_time_scale.html 5. Apply methods for determining geologic age (e.g., law of superposition, radioactive decay, relative dating). http://online.wr.usgs.gov/outreach/geoage/geoageindex.html http://pumice.pdx.edu/201/chapter_8_19.pdf 6. Interpret various charts and models (e.g., topographic, geologic, weather). http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/topo/topo.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/geologic_map http://www.weathermap.us/ 7. Identify the characteristics of ocean currents and how they influence weather patterns. http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/currents/welcome.html http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/water/ocean_currents.html http://www.ehow.com/about_6137502_do-currents-affect-inland-weather_.html 8. Identify features of Florida s geology and its formation. http://www.dep.state.fl.us/geology/ 9. Identify the major processes of formation and properties of rocks, minerals, and fossils. http://www.rocksforkids.com/rfk/howrocks.html http://www.fi.edu/fellows/fellow1/oct98/create/ http://www.rocksandminerals.com/hardness/mohs.htm http://www.mrsciguy.com/rocks.html 10. Distinguish between the processes of weathering, erosion, and deposition and their products. http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/ess05.sci.ess.earthsys.erosion/ http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/usgsnps/misc/gweaero.html http://www.mrsciguy.com/weathering.html http://www.geo.ua.edu/intro03/seds.html 11. Identify the characteristics and functions of the atmospheric layers. http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/atmosphere/layers.html http://www.eoearth.org/article/atmosphere_layers

12. Relate atmospheric conditions to weather. http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/atmosphere/clouds/cloud_types.html http://www.theweatherprediction.com/habyhints/18/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/weather_forecasting 13. Identify the factors that contribute to the climate of a geographic area. http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/climate/older/mountains.html http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/climatechange/whyclimate/naturalclimate/continental.htm 14. Identify the movement of water in the hydrologic cycle, including sources of water, types of precipitation, and causes of condensation. http://www.iwr.msu.edu/edmodule/water/cycle.htm http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=99 15. Analyze ways in which earth and water interact (e.g., soil absorption, runoff, leaching, groundwater, karst topography). http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/env99/env165.htm http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/runoff.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/leaching_(agriculture) http://www.groundwater.org/kc/whatis.html http://geography.about.com/od/physicalgeography/a/karst.htm 16. Identify various forms of water storage (e.g., aquifers, reservoirs, water sheds). http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwaquifer.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/reservoir http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/watersheds/ 17. Analyze interactions between the atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and cryosphere and the effects of these interactions. http://csc.gallaudet.edu/soarhigh/espheres.html http://www.cotf.edu/ete/ess/essspheres.html 5. Knowledge of space science 1. Identify consequences of Earth's motions and orientation (e.g., seasons, tides, lunar phases). http://www.crh.noaa.gov/fsd/astro/season.php http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/tides/tides02_cause.html http://www.moonconnection.com/moon_phases.phtml 2. Identify the properties of stars and the factors that affect their evolutionary patterns. http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/startype.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/stellar_classification http://www.astronomytoday.com/cosmology/evol.html 3. Identify devices and techniques for collecting and analyzing data about stars and other celestial objects. http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/star_worldbook.html http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/doppler.htm 4. Explain the role of space exploration and its impact on technological advances. http://www.allsands.com/science/spaceexploratio_vfv_gn.htm http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/1945142/the_importance_of_space_exploration.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/space_exploration 5. Identify the components of the solar system (e.g., Kuiper belt, Oort cloud), their characteristics, how they interact (e.g., solar winds, impacts, gravitation attraction), and how they evolve. http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?object=kbos http://www.solarviews.com/eng/kuiper.htm

6. Evaluate celestial objects in order to determine formation, age, location, characteristics, and evolution. http://www.star.le.ac.uk/edu/twn/types.html http://hubblesite.org/hubble_discoveries/discovering_planets_beyond/how-do-planets-form http://hubpages.com/hub/characteristics-of-each-planet http://www.extremescience.com/zoom/index.php/space/35-space-science/77-about-the-moon 6. Knowledge of processes of life 1. Identify the relationships between biological and chemical processes (e.g., cellular respiration, ATP energy transfer) necessary for life. http://waynesword.palomar.edu/chemid1.htm http://chemistry.about.com/od/generalchemistry/a/gedreview_3.htm http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/biologypages/c/cellularrespiration.html http://www.biologyinmotion.com/atp/index.html 2. Compare prokaryotes and eukaryotes. http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci424/bsci223websitefiles/prokaryoticvseukaryotic.htm http://www.cod.edu/people/faculty/fancher/prokeuk.htm https://www.etap.org/demo/biology1/instruction3tutor.html 3. Relate cell organelles to their functions. http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/cells/cells.htm http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm 4. Identify the sequence of events, the significance of the process, and the consequences of irregularities during mitosis and meiosis. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/miracle/divide.html http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm http://www.cellsalive.com/meiosis.htm 5. Apply principles of Mendelian genetics to monohybrid and dihybrid crosses and crosses involving linked genes. http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~mcclean/plsc431/mendel/mendel1.htm http://www.biology.arizona.edu/mendelian_genetics/mendelian_genetics.html 6. Apply principles of human genetics, including relationships between genotypes and phenotypes and causes and effects of disorders. http://www.genome.gov/11508982 http://www.uic.edu/classes/bms/bms655/lesson9.html 7. Analyze the genetic code and roles of DNA and RNA in replication and protein synthesis. http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/viewobject.aspx?id=ap1302 http://www.brookscole.com/chemistry_d/templates/student_resources/shared_resources/anima tions/protein_synthesis/protein_synthesis.html 8. Classify organisms based on the levels of biological taxonomy. http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookdivers_class.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/biological_classification 9. Identify characteristics of viruses, bacteria, protists, and fungi. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/microorganism http://www.clihouston.com/knowledge-base/types-of-microorganisms.html http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/alllife/virus.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bacteria http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/protista.html http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/fungi.html

10. Differentiate between structures and functions of plant and animal cells and their organelles. http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/3dcell.htm http://www.buzzle.com/articles/plant-cell-vs-animal-cell.html 11. Identify plant structures and their functions. http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/plantanatomy.htm http://www.amnh.org/learn/biodiversity_counts/ident_help/parts_plants/parts_of_flower.htm 12. Identify the major steps of plant processes (e.g., photosynthesis, respiration, electron transport, transpiration, reproduction). http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/photosyn.htm http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/respire.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/electron_transport_chain http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycletranspiration.html http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookflowers.html http://www.biologyreference.com/re-se/reproduction-in-plants.html 13. Identify the processes of animal physiology (e.g., digestion, respiration). http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/yrdd/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/respiratory_system 14. Identify the structures and functions of the organs and organ systems of various kinds of animals, including humans. http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/organs_anatomy.shtml http://www.innerbody.com/htm/body.html 15. Analyze behaviors and adaptations of animals and plants that enable them to survive. http://zoology.suite101.com/article.cfm/territorial_behavior_in_animals http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/animal_communication http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/biologypages/l/learnedbehavior.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/instinct http://www.mbgnet.net/bioplants/adapt.html 16. Interpret cell theory and how its discovery relates to the process of science. http://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/unity/cell.text.htm http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-cell-theory.htm 17. Identify how evolution is supported by the fossil record, comparative anatomy, embryology, biogeography, molecular biology, genetics, and observed change. http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_01 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/evolution http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-fossil-record.htm http://www.ridgenet.net/~do_while/sage/v8i6f.htm http://www.nyu.edu/projects/fitch/courses/evolution/html/embryology.html http://www.nyu.edu/projects/fitch/courses/evolution/html/geographic_distribution.html http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/evolution/evidence/section4.rhtml http://atheism.about.com/od/evolutionexplained/a/geneticsmutationsdna.htm 18. Evaluate the roles of adaptation, genetic variation, mutation, and extinction in natural selection. http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_25 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/natural_selection http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/evolution/genetics/naturalselection.html 19. Interpret the impact of biotechnology on the individual, society, and the environment, including medical and ethical issues. http://www.accessexcellence.org/rc/ab/ie/biotechnologys_impact.php http://www.faqs.org/nutrition/ar-bu/biotechnology.html

7. Knowledge of the effects of physical and biological factors on the environment 1. Identify components and sequences of biogeochemical cycles (e.g., carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen). http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/water/co2_cycle.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/oxygen_cycle http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hydrogen_cycle http://www.eoearth.org/article/nitrogen_cycle 2. Identify issues related to the development, use, and conservation of natural resources. http://www.ehow.com/how_2163917_conserve-natural-resources.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/natural_resource 3. Relate environmental factors and their impact on the adaptation and survival rates of organisms. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/effects/eco_animals.html http://www.slideshare.net/sacklax40/human-impact-on-the-environment-presentation 4. Identify the major characteristics of world biomes and communities, including succession and interrelationships of organisms. http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/world_biomes.htm http://www.nsm.iup.edu/rwinstea/succession.shtm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ecological_succession 5. Identify how biotic and abiotic factors influence ecosystems. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/overpopulation http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/ozone-depletionoverview.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ozone_depletion http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/greenhouse_effect 6. Identify interactions between microorganisms and the environment. http://www.slic2.wsu.edu:82/hurlbert/micro101/pages/chap20.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nitrogen_cycle 7. Identify the effects of homeostasis on the survivability of an organism. http://www.biology-online.org/4/1_physiological_homeostasis.htm http://www.biology4kids.com/files/systems_regulation.html 8. Relate the interactions of biotic and abiotic factors to the flow of energy and biomass within a system. http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/biologypages/f/foodchains.html http://www.learner.org/courses/essential/life/session7/closer5.html http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/102/ecosystem.html 9. Identify the relationship between natural factors and human activities as they affect Florida's ecosystems. http://www.fnps.org/pages/plants/vegtypes.php http://www.nwf.org/wildlife/wild-places/everglades.aspx http://sofia.usgs.gov/virtual_tour/kids/ecosys.html http://www.ehow.com/how_7506476_south-florida-ecosystem.html 8. Knowledge of the science learning environment 1. Identify legal and ethical requirements for proper use, care, handling, and disposal of organisms. http://www.stanford.edu/dept/ehs/prod/asds/ http://www.usask.ca/education/coursework/mcvittiej/resources/livingthings/animals.htm 2. Identify the safe and appropriate techniques used in the preparation, storage, dispensing, and supervision of materials used in science instruction. http://www.chem.unl.edu/safety/hslabcon.html http://staff.tuhsd.k12.az.us/gfoster/standard/labeq3.htm

3. Identify appropriate substitutions for materials and activities necessary for effective science instruction. http://staff.tuhsd.k12.az.us/gfoster/standard/labeq.htm http://www.washington.edu/doit/stem/articles?6 4. Identify the federal and state legal requirements for safe preparation, use, storage, and disposal of chemicals and other materials. http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/quick_topics/publications/shw/hazardous/sc/scc_manual.pdf http://www.fedcenter.gov/_kd/go.cfm?destination=page&dialog=0&pge_id=1733 5. Use multiple assessment tools and strategies to identify and address student misconceptions. http://www.eskimo.com/~billb/miscon/opphys.html http://undsci.berkeley.edu/teaching/misconceptions.php 6. Select appropriate strategies for teaching scientific inquiry. http://www.ngsp.com/portals/0/downloads/scl22-0439a_am_lederman.pdf http://scene.asu.edu/habitat/inquiry.html 7. Identify appropriate technological tools that facilitate the learning of science. http://hubpages.com/hub/tools_of_the_life_scientists_ http://www.ehow.co.uk/how_2044409_select-science-supplies.html 9. Knowledge of process skills and application of scientific inquiry 1. Apply appropriate scientific process skills to observe and analyze natural phenomena and communicate findings. http://www.scribd.com/doc/5567816/science-process-skills 2. Apply scientific inquiry, including scientific methods, to investigations. http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_scientific_method.shtml 3. Apply knowledge of mathematics and technology to scientific investigation. http://www.chymist.com/measurement.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/scientific_method 4. Compare the methods used in the pursuit of a scientific investigation as applied in different fields of science such as geology, astronomy, physics, and biology. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/scientific_method 5. Identify the traits of scientists and how they affect the development of scientific knowledge. http://www.slideshare.net/alchemist/think-like-a-scientist-presentation http://www.adherents.com/people/100_scientists.html 6. Identify the assumptions of scientific knowledge (e.g., durable, open to change). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/paradigm_shift#science_and_paradigm_shift 7. Identify which questions can be answered through science and which questions are outside the boundaries of scientific investigation. http://steve-olson.com/the-questions-science-cant-answer-yet/ 8. Evaluate the impact of historical and cultural development of science on the advancement of scientific knowledge. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/history_of_science 9. Compare the development, use, benefits, and limitations of theories, laws, hypotheses, and models. http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistry101/a/lawtheory.htm 10. Analyze the interdependence between scientific knowledge and economic, political, social, and ethical concerns. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-knowledge-social/