WATER AND SANITATION IN AFRICA: TRENDS, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES Ousman Gajigo African Development Bank
PRESENTATION OUTLINE Discuss Trends in Access to Improved Water and Sanitation in Africa. Macroeconomic and other socioeconomic correlates. Implications for PPPs in Water and Sanitation Sector in Africa Some evidence on the region s experience to date.
ACCESS TO IMPROVED WATER SOURCES
% Access to Improved Water Source REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN ACCESS TO IMPROVED WATER SOURCE 2000 2005 2010 88 90 93 94 86 88 90 89 89 83 85 81 82 87 91 58 55 61
RURAL-URBAN DIFFERENCE Significant differences in access between urban and rural areas. Significant difference in the kinds of improved water sources available.
URBAN-RURAL DIFFERENCE Households using Wells, Boreholes, Hand-pumps, Rainwater Households with Access to Piped Water into Residence/Yard/Plot 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 1990-2000 2000-2010 19% 21% 49% 49% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 43% 40% 16% 1990-2000 2000-2010 7% 0% Urban Areas Rural Areas 0% Urban Areas Rural Areas
20 40 60 URBAN-RURAL INEQUALITY IN ACCESS TO IMPROVE WATER SOURCES Somalia Ethiopia Niger Congo, Rep. Gabon Congo, Dem. Sierra Rep. Leone Mozambique Togo Djibouti Cameroon Madagascar ZambiaCentral African Republic Guinea-Bissau Tanzania Mali Senegal Morocco Nigeria Kenya Chad Swaziland Uganda Liberia Zimbabwe Guinea Angola Burkina Cote d'ivoire Faso South Africa Lesotho Sudan Benin Malawi RwandaBurundi Ghana Namibia Algeria Gambia Botswana Mauritania Cape Verde 0Mauritius Sao Tome and Egypt Principe Comoros 20 40 60 80 100 % access to improved water source in 2010
-1 0 1 2 3 LACK OF CORRELATION BETWEEN GDP GROWTH AND ACCESS TO IMPROVED WATER SOURCES Guinea-Bissau Niger Mali Liberia Seychelles Mauritania Chad Sierra Leone Angola Djibouti Burkina Faso Cameroon Uganda Ethiopia Central African Republic Benin Togo Ghana Cape Verde Senegal Swaziland Sao Mozambique Tome and Principe Guinea Gambia Malawi Egypt Morocco South Africa Tunisia Gabon Congo, Namibia Botswana Rep. Mauritius Madagascar Zambia Comoros Lesotho Nigeria Kenya BurundiCongo, Dem. Rep. Algeria Tanzania Sudan Rwanda 0 2 4 6 8 % real gdp per capita growth 2000-2010
-2 0 2 4 6 LACK OF CORRELATION BETWEEN GDP GROWTH AND ACCESS TO IMPROVED WATER SOURCES Ethiopia Mali Swaziland Malawi Burkina Faso Guinea-Bissau Mauritania Uganda Liberia Sierra Leone Madagascar Cameroon Ghana Niger Guinea Zambia Kenya Chad Namibia Benin Angola Togo Mozambique Nigeria Senegal Djibouti Central South Gambia African Morocco Republic Cape Verde Congo, Dem. Rep. Comoros Cote d'ivoire Burundi Congo, Gabon Egypt Rep. Botswana Mauritius Tanzania Rwanda Lesotho Algeria Sudan Eritrea -10-5 0 5 10 % real gdp per capita growth 1990-1999
POSSIBLE EXPLANATION FOR LACK OF CORRELATION WITH GDP GROWTH High Population Growth Possible lack of inclusiveness in the recent GDP growth in Africa. Largely Commodity price-driven GDP Growth.
20 40 60 80 % access to improved water source 2010 20 40 60 80 100 100 POPULATION GROWTH AND ACCESS TO IMPROVED WATER SOURCES Total Population Growth and Access Urban Population Growth and Access Mauritius Egypt Botswana Comoros Namibia South Africa Sao Cape Tome Verde and PrincipeDjibouti Gambia Ghana Gabon Morocco Algeria Malawi Zimbabwe Cote d'ivoire Lesotho Burkina Faso Cameroon Guinea Benin Swaziland Burundi Congo, Senegal Liberia Rep. Uganda Rwanda Guinea-Bissau Mali Zambia Togo Nigeria Sudan Kenya Sierra Leone Tanzania Mauritania Angola Chad Niger Mozambique Ethiopia Congo, Madagascar Dem. Rep. Mauritius Egypt Botswana Comoros Namibia South Africa DjiboutiCape Sao Verde Tome and Principe Gambia Gabon Ghana MoroccoAlgeria Malawi Zimbabwe Cote d'ivoire Cameroon Lesotho Guinea Benin Swaziland Congo, SenegalRep. Uganda Liberia Burundi Central African Republic Guinea-Bissau Mali Zambia Togo Kenya Nigeria Sudan Sierra Leone Tanzania Mauritania Chad Angola Niger Madagascar Mozambique Ethiopia Congo, Dem. Rep. Burkina Faso Rwanda Somalia Somalia 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 % population growth 1990-2010 0 2 4 6 8 % urban population growth 2000-2010
ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
% With Access to Improved Sanitation Facilities REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 28 2000 2005 2010 56 60 62 34 29 31 29 38 82 87 89 75 77 79 53 62 69
RURAL-URBAN DIFFERENCE IN ACCESS TO SANITATION Access to Flush Toilets Access to Traditional Latrines 30% 25% 20% 25% 26% 1990-2000 2000-2010 70% 60% 50% 50% 1990-2000 2000-2010 47% 43% 45% 15% 10% 5% 1% 3% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Urban Rural 0% Urban Rural
10-5 0 5 LACK OF CORRELATION BETWEEN GDP GROWTH AND ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES % growth in access to improved sanitation 2000-2010 -10 10 15-5 0 5 Access to Sanitation and GDP Growth in the Same Decade Access to Sanitation and GDP Growth in Preceding Decade Ethiopia Ethiopia Eritrea Central African Republic Burkina Faso LiberiaCongo, Dem. Rep. Guinea-Bissau Benin Ghana Cape Verde Comoros Niger Guinea Chad Mozambique Madagascar Mauritania Mali Sao Tome and Principe Botswana Kenya Senegal Namibia Rwanda Sierra Leone Malawi Uganda GambiaSwaziland Egypt Tunisia Morocco Tanzania Togo Burundi Algeria South Africa Lesotho Cameroon Libya Zambia Mauritius Sudan Gabon Congo, Rep. Nigeria Djibouti Angola AngolaCentral Guinea-Bissau African Republic Benin Cape Verde Burkina Faso Comoros Niger Namibia Sierra Leone Madagascar Chad Guinea Senegal Morocco Burundi Zambia Kenya Rwanda Ghana Mozambique Tunisia Botswana South Algeria Gambia Cote Africa d'ivoire Swaziland Mali Lesotho Malawi Egypt Uganda Cameroon Gabon Tanzania Mauritania Mauritius Congo, Rep. Nigeria Sudan Togo Djibouti 0 2 4 6 8 % real gdp per capita growth 2000-2010 -5 0 5 10 % real gdp per capita growth 1990-1999
% access to improved sanitation facilities in urban areas 100 in 2010 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80 100 POPULATION GROWTH, URBANIZATION AND SANITATION ACCESS Sanitation Access and Population Growth Sanitation Access and Urban Population Growth Mauritius Libya Algeria Egypt South Africa Seychelles Egypt Tunisia Libya Algeria Mauritius South Africa Morocco Angola Morocco Gambia Cape Botswana Verde Swaziland Angola Rwanda Malawi Senegal Djibouti Cameroon Zambia Burundi Zimbabwe Comoros Central African Republic Namibia Gabon Uganda Nigeria Kenya Lesotho Sao Tome and Principe Sudan Mauritania Somalia Cote d'ivoire Congo, Dem. Rep. Guinea-Bissau Ethiopia Mali Congo, Mozambique Burkina Rep. GuineaFaso Liberia Sierra Leone Ghana Madagascar Togo Benin Chad Tanzania Niger Botswana Cape Verde Senegal Gambia Swaziland Djibouti Zambia Namibia Cameroon Zimbabwe Somalia Mauritania Comoros Burundi Malawi Burkina Faso Central Guinea-Bissau African Republic Sudan Mozambique Cote d'ivoire Gabon Niger Uganda Nigeria Mali Kenya Guinea Lesotho Sao Ethiopia Liberia Tome Chad and Principe Sierra Leone Congo, Benin Togo Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Madagascar Ghana Tanzania Rwand 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 % population growth 1990-2010 0 2 4 6 8 % Urban population growth 1990-2010
GROWTH IN URBAN AREAS AND GROWTH IN ACCESS -1 0 1 2 3 Central African Mauritania Republic Tanzania Benin Niger Liberia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ethiopia Cape Comoros Verde Ghana Madagascar Somalia Chad Angola Sao Tome and Principe Botswana Kenya Burundi Senegal Sierra Leone Seychelles Congo, Gambia Dem. Rep. Uganda Mozambique Mali Swaziland South Egypt Africa Tunisia Morocco Mauritius Libya Equatorial Guinea Togo Malawi Algeria Zimbabwe ZambiaCote d'ivoire Congo, Namibia Rep. Cameroon Nigeria Eritrea Djibouti Sudan Gabon Lesotho Burkina Faso Rwanda 0 2 4 6 8 % urban population growth 2000-2010
0 % access to improved sanitation 2010 20 40 60 80 100 WATER AND SANITATION High Correlation between the two Sectors. Average Algeria South Africa Egypt Mauritius Access to Sanitation lagging behind Access to Improved Water. High Correlation between income and Access Rates. Average Somalia Angola Morocco Gambia Cape Verde Botswana Swaziland Rwanda Senegal Malawi Zambia Cameroon Djibouti Burundi Zimbabwe Comoros Central Uganda African Republic Nigeria Kenya Gabon Namibia MauritaniaSudan Lesotho Sao Tome and Princip Congo, Dem. Rep. Cote d'ivoire Ethiopia Mali Guinea-Bissau Mozambique Congo, Liberia Guinea Rep. Burkina Faso Madagascar ChadSierra Leone Togo Benin Ghana NigerTanzania 20 40 60 80 100 % access to improved water source 2010
IMPLICATIONS FOR PPPS IN THE WATER AND SANITATION SECTOR Service/management contract Relatively common in WSS in Africa. Can lead to Improvements in quality of services. Increase in access not guaranteed. Lease/Concession Less common in Africa in WSS in Africa Can lead to Improvements in quality of services. Increase in access likely.
% TYPES OF PPP ARRANGEMENT AND ACCESS TO IMPROVED WATER SOURCES 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 % Access to Improved Water Source 82 85 64 68 2005 2010 2005 2010 Service/Management Contracts Concessions
% TYPES OF PPP ARRANGEMENT AND ACCESS TO IMPROVED WATER SOURCES 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 % Access to Improved Sanitation Facilities 44 46 32 33 2005 2010 2005 2010 Service/Management Contracts Concessions
CHALLENGES FOR PPP: IMPLICATIONS FOR MDG TARGETS Doing Business Ranking 2011 10 20 30 40 50 0 -Countries with favorable investment climate already have high access rates. Limited Capacity for countries with low access rates. High rate of cancellations in previous PPPs. Namibia Botswana South Africa Mauritius Gabon Lesotho Nigeria Cape Verde Ghana Congo, Rep. Benin Angola Cameroon Senegal Mali Mozambique Tanzania Swaziland Uganda Kenya Zambia 3 4 5 6 7 Country Risk Rating 2011 (the lower the better) Chad Central African Republ Eritrea Guinea Congo, Dem. Rep. Guinea-Bissau Niger Zimbabwe Burundi Cote d'ivoire Togo Mauritania Equatorial Guinea Liberia Burkina Faso Gambia Malawi Sierra Leone Madagascar Sudan Ethiopia Rwanda
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