SHRUBS (Adapted from P. Motooka 2003) COMMON NAME Inkberry, Shoebutton ardisia SCIENTIFIC NAME Ardisia elliptica Thunb. Branched shrub to 12 ft. tall. Leaves smooth, alternate, 3.5 in. by 1.5 in, often reddish when young. Inflorescences in axils, 5 pointed petals, lavender white. Fruits clustered, red maturing to black, single seeded. ENVIRO. IMPACT Prolific seeder, spread by birds. Forms dense stands in pastures and disturbed forests. Triclopyr ester at 10% product in diesel applied to basal bark effective. Glyphosate foliar effective as well as by injection for larger trees. Unknown concentration. Susceptible to 2,4-D. Tebuthiuron at 2 lb/acre effective. Susceptible to very-low-volume basal bark applications of Pathfinder II, a ready to use formulation of triclopyr. Unknown concentration. MECH/CHEM Spraying regrowth after mowing with 2,4-D very effective. COMMON NAME Smoke bush SCIENTIFIC NAME Buddleia madagascariensis Lam. Sprawling, multi-stemmed shrub to 6 ft. or longer, stems wooly. Leaves opposite, narrow, ovate, to 5 inches long by 2 inches wide, lower surface wooly. Fragrant flowers in terminal, cylindrical inflorescences, orange, hairy inside. Fruit white, ripening to bluish purple, fleshy 0.1 inches in diameter. ENVIRO. IMPACT Readily colonizes disturbed areas in mesic forests displacing natives. 2% glyphosate product in water reported effective. Foliar applied Escort (glyphosate) at 0.24 grams/liter of water effective as a drizzle for knock down of large bushes. 20% triclopyr ester product in oil applied basally for smaller stems, and frill cuts to larger stems also very effective. 102
COMMON NAME Koster's curse SCIENTIFIC NAME Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don Branched shrub to 9 ft. tall, hairy. Leaves ovate, 6 inches long by 3 inches with 5-7 prominent veins with distinct lateral veins giving a checked appearance. Flowers small, white in clusters. Berries 0.3 inches long, black and fleshy. Seeds very small and numerous. ENVIRO. IMPACT Dominates understory in humid and mesic forests. Shade tolerant. Triclopyr amine at been effective at 50% product application to cut stump, and at 1-2% of product in water in foliar application. Triclopyr ester was effective at 2 lbs./acre with 0.5% crop oil, and also with thinline basal bark application on plants 7-9 ft. tall. 20% triclopyr ester product in crop oil very effective on cut stump or applied basally. MECH/CHEM BIOLOGICAL 5% glyphosate product in water effective on seedlings below 10 cm. Drizzle applications of glyphosate and triclopyr were ineffective, however drizzle applications of triclopyr in oil were effective on recovering clidemia that had been previously cut back. Studies have indicated that several insect species were sufficiently host specific to warrant introduction into Hawaii for the biological control of clidemia. COMMON NAME Lantana SCIENTIFIC NAME Lantana camara L. Shrub. Woody, aromatic, branched, to 10 ft. tall, stems prickly, 4-angled. Leaves stiff, margins serrated, 2.5 in. long by 2 in. wide. Florets usually multicolored, yellow, orange, pink, violet, in hemispherical heads, 1 in. diameter. Fruits dark blue ENVIRO. IMPACT Forms dense impenetrable stands in dry and mesic forests, crowding out native plants. MECHANICAL Isolated plants can be controlled by grubbing or pulling with care to remove all lateral roots. Burning without follow-up treatments is ineffective and may increase populations. Very sensitive to foliar applied glyphosate in water at 1 lb./acre (plants topped first and allowed to resprout). 25% glyphosate product with 10% Quicksorb (Monsanto) foliar application also very effective. Glyphosate at 50% concentration in water applied as basal bark treatment resulted in 90% control. Triclopyr ester applied basal bark highly effective at 20% in crop oil. Metsulfuron may be effective if timed before annual droughts. Foliar application of picloram effective. Soil application of tebuthiuron effective at 3 lb/acre; hexazinone in "hot spot" soil application effective. Imazapyr at 10% of product applied cut-surface and at 1% of product applied as foliar provided good control. Foliar applications of 2,4-D, triclopyr, and dicamba ineffective. BIOLOGICAL Most effective biocontrol agents have been the defoliating caterpillar Hypena strigata, the seed-eating fly Ophiomyia lantana, and the lace bug Teleonemia scrupulosa. 103
COMMON NAME Koa haole SCIENTIFIC NAME Leucaena leucocephalla Erect, woody shrub to 20 ft tall. Leaves bipinnately compound, up to 8 pairs of secondary leaf stems, each with up to 21 pairs of leaflets, leaflets 0.5 inches long. Flower head spherical, hard when gree, matures into a fuzzy, creamy white pom-pom type head. Flat green pods emerge from flower heads inches long by 0.8 inches wide, becoming dark brown at maturity. 20% triclopyr ester in oil product effective as cut-stump or basal bark applications. COMMON NAME Christmas daisy, Tree daisy SCIENTIFIC NAME Montanoa hibiscifolia Benth. Shrub. Large, branched to 12 ft. tall. Leaves opposite, broad, 1.8 ft. long by 1 ft. wide, usually deeply lobed, hairy. Showy sprays of daisy-like flowers bloom in winter; disk yellow, ray petals white. Seed an achene, dark reddish brown, 4-angled, 1 inch long. ENVIRO. IMPACT Forms dense stands in drier mesic areas. Prolific seed producers. Sensitive to basal bark applications of 2,4-D and to soil-applied tebuthiuron. Triclopyr ester at 20% prduct in crop oil applied basally or to cut stumps very effective. COMMON NAME Downy rose myrtle, Isenburg bush SCIENTIFIC NAME Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. Shrub. Upright branches, to 9 ft. tall. Leaves ovate, 4 in. long by 2 in. wide, upper surface glossy, underside hairy. Lavender flowers 1-5 in. clusters, each 1 in. diameter. Fruits dark purple. Seeds few, coiled appearance or horseshoe shaped. ENVIRO. IMPACT Forms dense stands in forests and monotypic stands in pastures. Sensitive to foliar applications of dicamba at 2 lb/acre and triclopyr at 2 lb/acre, but requires follow-up treatments. Triclopyr ester at 20% product in oil applied as very-low-volume basal bark or cut stump applications somewhat effective. Tolerates metsulfuron and soil-applied tebuthiuron. 104
COMMON NAME Castor bean SCIENTIFIC NAME Ricinis communis L. Semiwoody shrub, branched in upper part, 10ft tall, stem internodes hollow. Leaves broad, up to 2 ft long, almost as wide, 6-7 lobes, leaf stem attached to underside of leaf. Flowers in small, whitish clusters, not showy. Fruit in upright clusters, a nearly spherical capsule splits explosively. Mottled seed. ENVIRO. IMPACT Extremely poisonous to animals and humans. Ricin, one of the most toxic natural substances to humans concentrated in the seed coat. Cattle and goats still strip leaves from plants despite toxicity all plant parts. Forms dense stands in disturbed dry-mesic areas, particularly pastures, lower slopes and gulch bottoms. Small populations can be pulled by hand. Workers should avoid skin contact with sap given toxicity. Larger populations can be MECHANICAL controlled by repeated cultivation. Triclopyr ester product in oil effective at 10% for basal applications, 1% of product in water. Triclopyr amine at 10% product in water effective as foliar application or on cut stumps. COMMON NAME Coral berry SCIENTIFIC NAME Rivinia humilis L. Upright shrubby herb to 3 ft tall. Leaves 2-4 inches long. 1.6 inches wide, smooth or with short fine hairs, especially along veins, margins entire. Short leaf stems (petioles) 1.5 inches long. White flowers on upright cylindrical clusters followed by juicy fruits 0.1 inches diameter, red, orange, or purple. ENVIRO. IMPACT Reportedly poisonous. Forms dominant groundcover over time in low-elevation dry-mesic pastur and forests. Does well in shade, displacing small understory native 20% triclopyr ester product in oil applied basally effective, re-treatment probably needed. 5% glyphosate product in water effective for seedlings less than 10 cm. COMMON NAME Cane tibouchina SCIENTIFIC NAME Tibouchina herbacea Semiwoody upright shrub to 9 ft tall. Young stems angled, hairy. Leaves opposite, 3 inches long by 1.4 inches wide, hairy with 5-7 prominent veins. Flowers pink, 4 petals, bright yellow anthers. Fruit cuplike, small, 0.2 inches long by 0.2 inches wide. Seeds very small and numerous. ENVIRO. IMPACT Forms dense stands in pastures and disturbed forest sites. 100% triclopyr ester product with basal stem application resulted in 100% kill, 2% product in water very effective in foliar applications. Triclopyr amine product with surfactant effective as foliar spray and cut stump treatment (unknown concentration). Glyphosate at 2% product in water effective. As with other melastomes, probably sensitive to 2,4, D, dicamba, triclopyr, and metsulfuron. 105
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TABLE 4D: WEED CONTROL METHODS FOR INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES OF MESIC FORESTS (Adapted from P. Motooka 2003) TREES COMMON NAME Formosan koa SCIENTIFIC NAME Acacia confusa Merr. Tall branching tree to 50 ft, resembles the closely related native Acacia koa. Leaves somewhat sickle shaped modified petioles (phyllodes), narrow, 4 inches long by 0.3 inches wide. Flower heads spherical, 0.5 inches diameter. A popular ornamental, it is spread by seeds. ENVIRO. IMPACT Prolific seeder. Forms monotypic stands in pastures and disturbed sites in dry-mesic forests eliminatin ground cover with heavy litter and shade 20% triclopyr ester produt in oil applied as cut-stump or frill cut applications probably very effective. 5% triclopyr ester product in diesel oil applied to the basal bark also effective. Triclopyr at 2 lb/acre in foliar applications provided 80% control in field trials. 50% triclopyr amine product in water provided good control using frill or injection applications. 2,4-D at 2 lb/acre caused only moderate injury in foliar applications. Metsulfuron at 0.4 oz/acre ineffective as foliar application. Picloram, dicamba, glyphosate, 2,4-D in cut-surface applications did not result in l00% kill, only moderate injury. Tolerant of tebuthiuron pellets. COMMON NAME Black wattle SCIENTIFIC NAME Acacia mearnsii DeWild Tall branching tree, to 150 ft. Leaves bipinnate, up to 42 secondary leaf stems in lower leaves, 80 secondary leaf stems in upper leaves, each secondary stem with up to 33 pairs of leaflets, leaflets 0.3 inches diameter, corolla bright yellow, fragrant flowers heads pale yellow. Dark, flat seed pods, 4 inches long, constricted between seeds. Seeds flattened, 0.2 inches in diameter. ENVIRO. IMPACT Prolific seeder. Forms monotypic stands in wetter mesic forests, displacing natives. 20% triclopyr ester product in oil in basal bark applications effective. 50% triclopyr amine product in water also effective in basal bark applications for smaller trees or as frill application for larger trees. 10% triclopyr a product in water on cut-stumps also effective. Glyphosate, dicamba, 2,4-D also effective as cut stump or basal bark applications (unknown concentration). 94
COMMON NAME Bocconia, tree poppy SCIENTIFIC NAME Bocconia frutescens L. Branched shrub to small tree to 20 ft tall. Orange, translucent, bitter sap. Leaves oblong, often wider i upper part, to 1.5 ft long, 0.7 ft wide, concentrated at branch tips. Panicle upright, densely branched, beige yellow, to 2 ft long. Capsules grey, pulp pale yellow. Single seed, black and glossy, covered by red pulp. ENVIRO. IMPACT Considered by managers on Maui to be one of the most threatening weeds in dry and mesic forests, pastures and agricultural lots. Given its ability to flourish in a broad range of environmental conditions and along a large elevational gradient within its home range, it has the potential to aggressively invade native and non-native habitats in dry and mesic environments across Hawaii. In the Wood Valley area of Hawaii, bocconia explosively spread from one landscape planting to occupy an area in excess of 3500 acres of abandoned sugarcane land. Currently, only on Maui and Hawaii. Prolific seeder, fleshy red fruit highly attractive to birds. Good control with 2,4-D (unknown concentration). Good control with 10-20% triclopyr ester product applied to basal bark. Wide band of herbicide needed to treat large knots along trunk. Removal of all flowering trees recommended as well as aerial spot spraying with 'spray ball' applicator. More trials needed to determine effective herbicide and rate for this species. COMMON NAME Coffee Tree SCIENTIFIC NAME Coffea arabica Tree. Sparsely branched large shrub or small tree to 20 feet. Elliptic leaves, glossy dark green, oppositely arranged with undulating margins. 1inch red berries at maturity with two seeds (coffee beans) per fruit. ENVIRO. IMPACT Forms dense monotypic stands over time shading out understory plants primarily along gulch bottoms. Prolific seeder. Triclopyr ester at 20% product in crop oil generally effective for cut-stump or basal applications. 95
COMMON NAME Ironwood SCIENTIFIC NAME Casuarina equisetifolia L. ENVIRO. IMPACT Tree to 60 ft tall. Long, slender drooping, hairy branches. 'Leaves' are needles, dull green and segmented into sheaths, sheath margins with 7-9 teeth. Fruit a woody cone less than 1 inch long. Widely planted from the seashore to lowland forests, forms dense stands with heavy litter, suppressing native understory growth. Fixes nitrogen, altering soil nutrient compositions. 20% triclopyr ester product in oil highly effective as cut stump or frill applications. Lower concentrations of triclopyr amine product probably effective as foliar application for seedlings and saplings. COMMON NAME Tropical ash SCIENTIFIC NAME Fraxinus uhdei (Wenzig) Lingelsh. Tall tree, bark whitish gray to brown, furrowed in larger trees. Leaves alternate, 10 inches long, pinnate compound with 5-9 leaflets 2 inches wide by 4 inches long, upper surface dull green, lower pale green, margin finely saw toothed. Plants unisexual. Flowers in panicles 8 inches long, not showy. Fruits dry, winged, 1.5 inches long. ENVIRO. IMPACT Prolific seeder and shade tolerant, displaces natives by forming monotypic stands. Summer deciduousness causes heavy leaf litter which suppresses grasses, but also adds nitrogen to soil encouraging other weed species which outgrow natives. 5% triclopyr ester product in diesel oil applied to basal bark provided effective control. 20% triclopyr ester product in oil applied to frills for larger trees probably also effective. Continuous rings needed for frill treatments. 100% triclopyr amine product applied to frills effective. COMMON NAME Manuka, Tea tree SCIENTIFIC NAME Leptospermum scoparium J.R. Forster and G. Forster Tree (technically large shrub). Up to 15 ft. tall. Bark shreds into long strips, young branches finely hairy. Aromatic, small, narrow to ovate leaves, 0.6 in. long, 0.15 in. wide. Flowers pink or white. Fru small woody capsules, 5-valved. Seeds short and slender. ENVIRO. IMPACT Prolific seeder, invades disturbed forest sites. Forms monotypic stands over time. MECHANICAL Decapitated tea trees do not resprout if cut at the base. Sensitive to triclopyr ester in oil applied basally (unknown concentration, probably 20% of product). 96
COMMON NAME Miconia, Velvet tree, Purple plague SCIENTIFIC NAME Miconia calvescens DC ENVIRO. IMPACT Tree. Tall, branched, to 45 ft. tall. Leaves large, opposite, to 3 ft. long, ovate, appear velvety, green on upper surface, purple below, 3 longitudinal veins connected by many lateral veins give checked appearance. Flowers in upright terminal clusters, tan. Fruits small, dark blue, with many tiny seeds. Miconia is considered by many natural area managers as being Hawaii's most threatening weed. Nearly all mesic and wet Hawaiian forests are potentially threatened if invasion is left unchecked. A single mature plant can produce millions of seeds per year that are spread by birds or in soil on shoes, equipment, or the hooves of ungulates. Miconia tolerates shade and forms dense stands with heavy shade that replace native species, alter habitats, and may contribute to soil erosion. MECHANICAL Smaller saplings easy to grub out by hand. Efective control with 2% triclopyr amine product foliar application from helicopter. 20% triclopyr ester product in crop oil effective as foliar, cut surfaces, and basal bark applications. Thin-line application of undiluted (100%) triclopyr ester product highly effective. Glyphosate applied to cut surfaces is effective. BIOLOGICAL The fungus, Colletotrichum gloesporioides f. sp.miconiae, has caused leaf spotting and early leaf drop, and is currently being evaluated. COMMON NAME Faya tree SCIENTIFIC NAME Morella faya Tree. Often branching low to the ground with dense foliage. Leaves simple, alternate, leathery, narrow, inches long by one 1 inch wide, smooth, aromatic when crushed; margins serrate in upper half, slightly curled under. Flowers not showy, fruits on branch tips, red turning to black 0.25 inches in diameter. ENVIRO. IMPACT Forms dense stands in wetter conditions severally inhibiting understory growth. Alters nitrogen levels in surrounding soil by fixing nitrogen from air. Facilitates further invasion by other non-native species giv higher levels of available nitrogen. Seeds spread by birds. 50% triclopyr ester product in crop oil applied on basal frill cuts highly effective if cuts completely encircle base of tree. 20% triclopyr ester in oil only effective for tree less than 5 inches in diameter. Repeat applications needed if largest trees alive after 16 months. Cut stump applications at above concentrations best method for 100% kill. 50% triclopyr amine product applied on basal frill cuts also effective if cuts completely encircle base of tree. Basal bark applications of triclopyr ester product for saplings also effective (unknown concentration). 97
COMMON NAME Molucca albizia SCIENTIFIC NAME Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) I. Nielson Large deciduous tree up to 100 ft tall, broad thin crown, bark light grey, with warts, smooth, inner bark pink. Leaves alternate, bipinnate, 1 ft long, hairy, primary leaf stems with 10-12 divisions, each 2-4 inches long, each with 15-20 pairs of leaflets, 0.8 inches long by 0.2 inches wide, dull green above, pale green below. Flower clusters large, branched, and numerous with bell-shaped white corolla and many threadlike stamens extending beyond the corolla. Pods narrow and flat, 5 inches long, green turning brown, splitting at maturity. Seeds, 20 per pod, long, flat and dark brown. ENVIRO. IMPACT High, broad canopy shades out native species. Initially forms dense stands in disturbed areas, particularly fallow agricultural fields. Nitrogen fixer which may stimulate other weed species which out compete natives given higher nitrogen levels in the soil. Very susceptible to hormone type herbicides. 10% triclopyr amine product in water applied on cut stumps effective. 20% triclopyr ester product in oil in basal applications or to frill cuts probably highly effective. COMMON NAME All spice, pimento SCIENTIFIC NAME Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. Tree. Grows to 40 ft with large 4-8 inch long leaves. Leaves are leathery, evergreen, opposite, oblong and aromatic. Whitish gray bark peels in thin sheets. White flowers are 0.25 inches across and borne in many flowered pyramidal cymes originating from leaf axils. Fruit is a brown berrylike drupe, about 0.25 inches long. Leaves and fruit smell like a combination of cloves, nutmeg, and cinnamon, hence the common name. ENVIRO. IMPACT Prolific seeder, forms dense, monotypic stands over time. No reported control work. 20% triclopyr ester product in oil probably effective in basal bark applications for saplings and frill cut applications for larger trees. 98
COMMON NAME Strawberry guava, waiawi SCIENTIFIC NAME Psidium cattlelianum Sabine Shrub or tree. 20 ft. tall. Bark smooth, reddish, mottled, peeling. Leaves opposite, ovate, size variable, to 5 in. long by 2.5 in. wide, aromatic, leathery, shiny, lateral veins not prominent. Flowers, usually 1, in leaf axils, white with many stamens. Fruits 1 in. diameter, red with white pulp. Seeds small, hard, many, tan color. ENVIRO. IMPACT Tolerates shade, prolific seeder. Forms dense stands in pastures and forests. Is reported allelopathic (suppressive). A serious pest of pastures and probably the worst weed in mesic and wet forests. Fruit hosts fruit flies. Where applications were made during dry days, conventional basal bark applications of triclopyr ester at 2% of product in oil and 2,4-D at 4% of pro were effective. Thin line applications of triclopyr ester, 20% product in diesel or crop oil, were highly effective. Thin line vertical applications to opposite sides of stems to 5 in. diameter were also effective. Triclopyr amine at 50% product in water applied to cut stumps or frills was effective, very good control reported using 100% triclopyr amine product in frill or injection applications. Sensitive to basal bark applications of picloram. Responses to soil applications of tebuthiuron and hexazinone were erratic, excellent to poor. Glyphosate was ineffective over the long term, although early defoliation was severe. COMMON NAME Yellow guava SCIENTIFIC NAME Psidium guajava L. Tree. Small, branched, bark smooth, mottled, peeling. Young stems angled. Leaves opposite, 6 in. lon by 3 in. wide, aromatic, lateral veins on underside prominent. Flowers white, 1 or more in leaf axils, many stamens. Fruits yellow, 4 in. diameter, with pink flesh. Seeds tan colored, hard, many. ENVIRO. IMPACT Edible fruit and hard seed allow guava to spread throughout pastures and natural areas by animals. Forms dense stands and shade out the understory. Probably the most noxious weed of pastures because of its large area of infestation. Fruit is a host of fruit flies. GRAZING Goats and sheep have been used to graze the leaves and strip the bark. Sensitive to foliar applications of triclopyr, dicamba, and 2,4-D at 1 lb/acre and to cut-surface applications of concentrates of these herbicides. Very sensitive to basal bark treatments of triclopyr ester and 2,4-D ester at 2% and 4% of product, respectively, in diesel or crop oil. Very sensitive to very-low-volume basal bark application of 20% triclopyr ester product in oil. Very good control using 50% triclopyr amine product in water in basal frill or injection applications. Very sensitive to soil-applied tebuthiuron at 2 lb/acre. A small-leafed, shrubby form of guava appears to be tolerant of foliar-applied herbicides, but sensitive to tebuthiuron. 99
COMMON NAME Octopus tree SCIENTIFIC NAME Schefflera actinophylla (Endl.) Harms Tree. Branches as base, sparingly above, to 45 ft. tall. Leaves radially compound Leaflets, 5-18, up to ft. long, radiate from the tip of the 2 ft long petioles. Inflorescences radially arranged floral branches at terminals with closely held flowers, red. Fruits spheroid, 0.25 in. diameter, bright red, present most of the year, giving the appearance somewhat of the tentacles of the octopus, turning dark purple or black. Spreads deep into forests. Epiphytic and capable of strangling host trees. Forms monotypic stands over ENVIRO. IMPACT time particularly along steep slopes. 20% triclopyr ester product in oil applied to basal bark or to frill cuts were only moderately effective (good defoliation and inability to flower); repeat treatments necessary. Field trials needed for effects of higher concentrations or other application methods. Cut stump application best method to ensure 100% kill. Only marginally susceptible to dicamba; somewhat tolerant of glyphosate applied to drilled holes in base. COMMON NAME Christmas berry, Brazilian peppertree, wilelaiki SCIENTIFIC NAME Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi Tree. 20 ft. tall, bark dark, slightly rough. Leaves alternately, pinnately compound with approx. 7 leaflets each about 3 in. by 1.25 in. wide, terminal leaflet largest. Flowers in clusters, greenish white; male and female trees separate. Fruit a cluster o bright red " berries," papery hull, single seed per berry. Resinous sap aromatic. ENVIRO. IMPACT Grows densely in drier mesic pastures and forests. Related to the mango and poison ivy. Pollen and sap are allergenic. GRAZING Goats will control Christmasberry. Sensitive to foliar and cut-surface applications of triclopyr. Excellent control with triclopyr ester at 20% product in crop oil or with triclopyr amine at 50% product in water applied to cut surfaces. Good control with triclopyr ester at 10% and 5% product in diesel oil applied to basal bark. For plants close to native ones, basal bark treatments are made with a 20% triclopyr ester product in oil. Frill cut applications with a continuous ring needed for trees over 3 inches basal diameter to completely kill trees. Sensitive to foliar applications of imazapyr at 1% product in water. Sensitive to foliar and cut-surface applications of dicamba and glyphosate Good control was achieved with high-volume foliar application of a 1% solution of triclopyr amine product. The National Park Service in Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida, used high-volume spraying of triclopyr ester at 2.5 lb/acre. Sensitive to soil applications of tebuthiuron and hexazinone. Not sensitive to 2,4-D. 100
COMMON NAME African orange tulip SCIENTIFIC NAME Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. Tree to 75 ft tall. Leaves pinnately compound, 3-19 leaflets. Leaflets 5 in. long by 3 in. wide, reddish brown on lower surface. Calyx a leathery sack filled with watery sap, in clusters, from which blooms a showy scarlet-orange flower, year-round. Fruits clusters of upright, canoe-shaped capsules, 10 in. long, containing many small flat seeds. ENVIRO. IMPACT Plants appearing deep in forests. Prolific seeder, seeds dispersed by wind. Sensitive to cut-surface applications of dicamba and glyphosate. Saplings sensitive to basal bark applications of 2,4-D. Very good control using 50% triclopyr amine product in water in frill or drill applications. Frill applications for larger trees problematic given deeply furrowed trunks. Injection (drill) applications more practical. Saplings sensitive to basal bark applications of triclopyr. Triclopyr ester at 20% product in oil highly effective in frill applications. COMMON NAME Java plum SCIENTIFIC NAME Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Tree to 60 ft. tall. Bark pale, thick, flaky. Leaves ovate, aromatic when crushed, 7 in. long by 4 in. wid Flowers small, in clusters, white. Berries dark purple, glossy, 1 in. long. Two varieties (subspecies?) exist in Hawaii. ENVIRO. IMPACT Invades mesic valleys, especially along stream banks, and provides deep shade. GRAZING Goats browse on java plum leaves. Very sensitive to foliar application of picloram (unknown concentration). Saplings up to 10 ft. tall were susceptible to drizzle applications of triclopyr ester in crop oil at 1 lb/acre. Successful treatments in Florida include basal bark applications of triclopyr ester at 10% product in oil for smaller trees. Large trees have thick, scaly bark that makes basal bark applications ineffective. 50% triclopyr amine product in water resulted in good control using frill or injection applications. Sensitive to cut-surface applications (to drilled holes) of 2,4-D, dicamba, and glyphosate (unknown concentrations). 101
COMMON NAME Rose apple SCIENTIFIC NAME Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston Large tree to 50 ft. tall. Leaves ovate, up to 9 in. long by 2 in. wide. Flowers in clusters, 4 white to greenish-white petals, 200 creamy white stamens. Fruits yellow, often tinged with rose; sweet, flowery taste; encloses a large, single seed loosely held. ENVIRO. IMPACT Forms dense, monotypic stands in mesic forests and pastures, shading out undergrowth. 20% triclopyr ester product in oil basal applications effective for saplings. Frill cut applications for larger trees required repeated treatments. Higher concentration (50%) probably more effective. More trials needed for appropriate herbicide and method. Glyphosate applied to drilled holes caused injury (unknown concentration). COMMON NAME Australian toona, Australian red cedar SCIENTIFIC NAME Toona ciliata M. Roem. Tree. Fast growing trees up to 100 ft tall. Large, pinnately compound leaves, with leaflets 5-20 inches long. Leaflets ovate to lance-shaped, margins entire to serrated. Flowers white, 0.5 inches long. Capsules 2 inches long, reddish brown. Winged, seeds, brown, thin and dry, 0.5 inches long. ENVIRO. IMPACT Prolific seeder. Forms monotypic stands in mesic areas primarily along lower slopes and gulch bottoms. 20% triclopyr ester product in oil highly effective for basal bark applications and frill cut applications. Probably sensitive to other hormone herbicides. COMMON NAME Gunpowder tree, charcoal tree SCIENTIFIC NAME Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Tall tree to 110 feet with somewhat butressed base. Leaves narrowly ovate, 7 inches by 4 inches wide, alternately arranged, hairy, and serrated margins. Flowers of single sex on different branches, in clusters at nodes, not showy. Fruits, small and black. ENVIRO. IMPACT Invasive in disturbed mesic-wet forests and pastures. 20% triclopyr ester product in oil highly effective for basal bark applications for saplings and cut stump and frill cut applications for larger trees. 10% triclopyr amine in water applied to cut stumps also effective. Sensitive to drilled hole applications of glyphosate and other hormone-type herbicides. 102
SHRUBS (Adapted from P. Motooka 2003) MECH/CHEM COMMON NAME Inkberry, Shoebutton ardisia SCIENTIFIC NAME Ardisia elliptica Thunb. Branched shrub to 12 ft. tall. Leaves smooth, alternate, 3.5 in. by 1.5 in, often reddish when young. Inflorescences in axils, 5 pointed petals, lavender white. Fruits clustered, red maturing to black, single seeded. ENVIRO. IMPACT Prolific seeder, spread by birds. Forms dense stands in pastures and disturbed forests. Triclopyr ester at 10% product in diesel applied to basal bark effective. Glyphosate foliar effective as well as by injection for larger trees. Unknown concentration. Susceptible to 2,4-D. Tebuthiuron at 2 lb/acre effective. Susceptible to very-low-volume basal bark applications of Pathfinder II, a ready to use formulation of triclopyr. Unknown concentration. Spraying regrowth after mowing with 2,4-D very effective. COMMON NAME Smoke bush SCIENTIFIC NAME Buddleia madagascariensis Lam. Sprawling, multi-stemmed shrub to 6 ft. or longer, stems wooly. Leaves opposite, narrow, ovate, to 5 inches long by 2 inches wide, lower surface wooly. Fragrant flowers in terminal, cylindrical inflorescences, orange, hairy inside. Fruit white, ripening to bluish purple, fleshy 0.1 inches in diameter. ENVIRO. IMPACT Readily colonizes disturbed areas in mesic forests displacing natives. 2% glyphosate product in water reported effective. Foliar applied Escort (glyphosate) at 0.24 grams/liter of water effective as a drizzle for knock down of large bushes. 20% triclopyr ester product in oil applied basally for smaller stems, and frill cuts to larger stems also very effective. 102
COMMON NAME Koster's curse SCIENTIFIC NAME Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don Branched shrub to 9 ft. tall, hairy. Leaves ovate, 6 inches long by 3 inches with 5-7 prominent veins with distinct lateral veins giving a checked appearance. Flowers small, white in clusters. Berries 0.3 inches long, black and fleshy. Seeds very small and numerous. ENVIRO. IMPACT Dominates understory in humid and mesic forests. Shade tolerant. Triclopyr amine at been effective at 50% product application to cut stump, and at 1-2% of product in water in foliar application. Triclopyr ester was effective at 2 lbs./acre with 0.5% crop oil, and also with thinline basal bark application on plants 7-9 ft. tall. 20% triclopyr ester product in crop oil very effective on cut stump or applied basally. MECH/CHEM BIOLOGICAL 5% glyphosate product in water effective on seedlings below 10 cm. Drizzle applications of glyphosate and triclopyr were ineffective, however drizzle applications of triclopyr in oil were effective on recovering clidemia that had been previously cut back. Studies have indicated that several insect species were sufficiently host specific to warrant introduction into Hawaii for the biological control of clidemia. MECHANICAL BIOLOGICAL COMMON NAME Lantana SCIENTIFIC NAME Lantana camara L. Shrub. Woody, aromatic, branched, to 10 ft. tall, stems prickly, 4-angled. Leaves stiff, margins serrated, 2.5 in. long by 2 in. wide. Florets usually multicolored, yellow, orange, pink, violet, in hemispherical heads, 1 in. diameter. Fruits dark blue ENVIRO. IMPACT Forms dense impenetrable stands in dry and mesic forests, crowding out native plants. Isolated plants can be controlled by grubbing or pulling with care to remove all lateral roots. Burning without follow-up treatments is ineffective and may increase populations. Very sensitive to foliar applied glyphosate in water at 1 lb./acre (plants topped first and allowed to resprout). 25% glyphosate product with 10% Quicksorb (Monsanto) foliar application also very effective. Glyphosate at 50% concentration in water applied as basal bark treatment resulted in 90% control. Triclopyr ester applied basal bark highly effective at 20% in crop oil. Metsulfuron may be effective if timed before annual droughts. Foliar application of picloram effective. Soil application of tebuthiuron effective at 3 lb/acre; hexazinone in "hot spot" soil application effective. Imazapyr at 10% of product applied cut-surface and at 1% of product applied as foliar provided good control. Foliar applications of 2,4-D, triclopyr, and dicamba ineffective. Most effective biocontrol agents have been the defoliating caterpillar Hypena strigata, the seed-eating fly Ophiomyia lantana, and the lace bug Teleonemia scrupulosa. 103
COMMON NAME Koa haole SCIENTIFIC NAME Leucaena leucocephalla Erect, woody shrub to 20 ft tall. Leaves bipinnately compound, up to 8 pairs of secondary leaf stems, each with up to 21 pairs of leaflets, leaflets 0.5 inches long. Flower head spherical, hard when gree, matures into a fuzzy, creamy white pom-pom type head. Flat green pods emerge from flower heads inches long by 0.8 inches wide, becoming dark brown at maturity. 20% triclopyr ester in oil product effective as cut-stump or basal bark applications. COMMON NAME Christmas daisy, Tree daisy SCIENTIFIC NAME Montanoa hibiscifolia Benth. Shrub. Large, branched to 12 ft. tall. Leaves opposite, broad, 1.8 ft. long by 1 ft. wide, usually deeply lobed, hairy. Showy sprays of daisy-like flowers bloom in winter; disk yellow, ray petals white. Seed an achene, dark reddish brown, 4-angled, 1 inch long. ENVIRO. IMPACT Forms dense stands in drier mesic areas. Prolific seed producers. Sensitive to basal bark applications of 2,4-D and to soil-applied tebuthiuron. Triclopyr ester at 20% prduct in crop oil applied basally or to cut stumps very effective. COMMON NAME Downy rose myrtle, Isenburg bush SCIENTIFIC NAME Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. Shrub. Upright branches, to 9 ft. tall. Leaves ovate, 4 in. long by 2 in. wide, upper surface glossy, underside hairy. Lavender flowers 1-5 in. clusters, each 1 in. diameter. Fruits dark purple. Seeds few, coiled appearance or horseshoe shaped. ENVIRO. IMPACT Forms dense stands in forests and monotypic stands in pastures. Sensitive to foliar applications of dicamba at 2 lb/acre and triclopyr at 2 lb/acre, but requires follow-up treatments. Triclopyr ester at 20% product in oil applied as very-low-volume basal bark or cut stump applications somewhat effective. Tolerates metsulfuron and soil-applied tebuthiuron. 104
COMMON NAME Castor bean SCIENTIFIC NAME Ricinis communis L. Semiwoody shrub, branched in upper part, 10ft tall, stem internodes hollow. Leaves broad, up to 2 ft long, almost as wide, 6-7 lobes, leaf stem attached to underside of leaf. Flowers in small, whitish clusters, not showy. Fruit in upright clusters, a nearly spherical capsule splits explosively. Mottled seed. ENVIRO. IMPACT Extremely poisonous to animals and humans. Ricin, one of the most toxic natural substances to humans concentrated in the seed coat. Cattle and goats still strip leaves from plants despite toxicity all plant parts. Forms dense stands in disturbed dry-mesic areas, particularly pastures, lower slopes and gulch bottoms. Small populations can be pulled by hand. Workers should avoid skin contact with sap given toxicity. Larger populations can be MECHANICAL controlled by repeated cultivation. Triclopyr ester product in oil effective at 10% for basal applications, 1% of product in water. Triclopyr amine at 10% product in water effective as foliar application or on cut stumps. COMMON NAME Coral berry SCIENTIFIC NAME Rivinia humilis L. Upright shrubby herb to 3 ft tall. Leaves 2-4 inches long. 1.6 inches wide, smooth or with short fine hairs, especially along veins, margins entire. Short leaf stems (petioles) 1.5 inches long. White flowers on upright cylindrical clusters followed by juicy fruits 0.1 inches diameter, red, orange, or purple. ENVIRO. IMPACT Reportedly poisonous. Forms dominant groundcover over time in low-elevation dry-mesic pastur and forests. Does well in shade, displacing small understory native 20% triclopyr ester product in oil applied basally effective, re-treatment probably needed. 5% glyphosate product in water effective for seedlings less than 10 cm. COMMON NAME Cane tibouchina SCIENTIFIC NAME Tibouchina herbacea Semiwoody upright shrub to 9 ft tall. Young stems angled, hairy. Leaves opposite, 3 inches long by 1.4 inches wide, hairy with 5-7 prominent veins. Flowers pink, 4 petals, bright yellow anthers. Fruit cuplike, small, 0.2 inches long by 0.2 inches wide. Seeds very small and numerous. ENVIRO. IMPACT Forms dense stands in pastures and disturbed forest sites. 100% triclopyr ester product with basal stem application resulted in 100% kill, 2% product in water very effective in foliar applications. Triclopyr amine product with surfactant effective as foliar spray and cut stump treatment (unknown concentration). Glyphosate at 2% product in water effective. As with other melastomes, probably sensitive to 2,4, D, dicamba, triclopyr, and metsulfuron. 105
FERNS (Adapted from P. Motooka 2003) COMMON NAME Mule's foot fern SCIENTIFIC NAME Angiopteris evecta Fern. Huge fern with fronds exceeding 15 feet. Two large, fleshy appendages at the swollen base of each frond. Densely colonizes forests mostly along gulch bottom and lower slope areas. Shades out riparian ENVIRO. IMPACT vegetation. MECHANICAL Control achieved when fronds cut off, apical meristems removed, and chopped up. Unknown. Probably susceptible to glyphosate and triclopyr ester. COMMON NAME Rasp fern SCIENTIFIC NAME Blechnum appendiculatum Fern. Dark green, smooth, pinnate fronds, 18 inches long by 6 inches wide. Young fronds colored pink to rosy. ENVIRO. IMPACT Displaces low-growing plants on forest floor. Forms large, dense colonies over time. MECHANICAL Largely ineffective given vegetative reproduction via stolons. Useful for only small, isolated plants. Glyphosate at 5% product in water highly effective, only moderately effective at 2% product. Repeat treatments needed given layering of fronds over separate plants. 105
COMMON NAME Australian tree fern SCIENTIFIC NAME Sphaeroptis cooperi (F. Mueller) R.M. Tryon (synonym: Cyathea cooperi ) Fern. Tall, slender tree fern to 40 feet in its native Queensland, but not as large in Hawaii. Large triangular fronds with lacy blades, to 20 feet long. Papery, white or dark reddish brown scales along frond stems and trunk. Does not have the thick layer of soft brown hairs of the native tree ferns. ENVIRO. IMPACT Displaces understory vegetation forms monotypic stands over time. MECHANICAL Control typically achieved when trees were felled, apical meristems removed, and chopped up or set above ground to avoid contact with the soil. Contact with scales can cause skin rashes. Susceptible to sprays of concentrates of dicamba and of 2,4-D directly on stem terminals. Plants less than 5 cm sensitive to glyphosate at 2% product in water. Triclopyr was not as effective. GRASSES (Adapted from P. Motooka 2003) COMMON NAME Broomsedge SCIENTIFIC NAME Andropogon virginicus L. Grass. Erect bunch grass up to 40 in. tall, freely branching in upper two-thirds. Inflorescence branches emerge at upper nodes with typically slender, but sometimes bushy inflorescences. GRAZING ENVIRO. IMPACT Forms nearly monotypic stands in poor pastures and in open and disturbed conservation lands. A fire hazard. Grazing management is probably the only practical way to control grass weeds in pastures. Glyphosate at 2% product in water is generally effective for grasses, however glyphosate at 1% product in water also effective when applied to live foliage. Applicators need to spray into base of plant to treat new shoots, older foliage will not uptake herbicide. Fluazifop-p-butyl also effective but grazing would need to be restricted. 106
COMMON NAME Jubata grass, Pampas grass SCIENTIFIC NAME Cortaderia jubata (Lemione) Stapf. Dense bunchgrass up to 10 ft. tall, narrow leaves 0.4 inches wide. Infloresences a showy nodding plume standing 2-4 times higher than the leaves, pink to deep violet when immature and turning ENVIRO. IMPACT Forms dense monotypic stands in mesic to humid areas. 2% glyphosate product in water, spray to wet very effective. 4 lb./acre glyphosate also reported effective in New Zealand. Spray can also be applied to regrowth after larger foliage is cut back. John Randall/TNC COMMON NAME Molasses grass SCIENTIFIC NAME Melinus minutiflora P. Beauv. Grass. Sprawling perennial up to 3.5 feet tall. Noticeable sweet odor. Leaves dull, green, sticky, hairy. Inflorescence intially dense, purple panicle, opens as it matures. ENVIRO. IMPACT Sprawling, suppressing growth and a fire hazard in dry seasons. Glyphosate at 2% product in water highly effective, however foliar application of glyphosate at 1% product in water also effective. Fluazifop-p-butyl also highly effective when applied with surfactant. COMMON NAME Basket grass SCIENTIFIC NAME Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P. Beauv. Grass. Creeping perennial, thin stems, much branched, decumbent except flowering stems upright and unbranched. Leaves thin, narrow, pointed. Floral spikes have spikelets with long purple awns. ENVR. IMPACT Displaces natives on forest floors and trailsides. Glyphosate at 2% product in water is generally effective for grasses. Fluazifop-p-butyl also highly effective when applied with a surfactant, although repeat applications especially needed for patches in heavy shade. 107
COMMON NAME Guinea grass SCIENTIFIC NAME Panicum maximum Jacq. Grass. Shade tolerant perennial, grows in dense bunches, up to 9 ft. tall. Densely hairy at nodes. Leaves up to 3 ft. long by 1 in. wide. Inflorescences open panicles, capable of producing 900 seeds per plant. ENVIRO. IMPACT Grows into tall dense stands, displaces natives. A fire hazard in dry periods. Glyphosate at 2% product in water highly effective. Drizzle application usually effective. Young plants are also susceptible to selective grass-killers. COMMON NAME Kikuyu grass SCIENTIFIC NAME Pennisetum clandestinum Perennial grass with light green leaves and thick shoots reaching 2 ft. tall. Forms thick, tight, blanketing turf. Rarely seeds, primarily vegetative reproduction. ENVIRO. IMPACT Blankets ground preventing natural regeneration and smothering seedlings and low plants. Glyphosate at 2% product in water highly effective. Glyphosate at 1% and even 0.5% product in water also highly effective if sprayed to wet on green foliage. Young plants are also susceptible to selective grass-killers. COMMON NAME Palm grass SCIENTIFIC NAME Setaria palmifolia Erect perennial to 6 ft. tall. Leaf blades 3.5 inches wide by 20 inches long, with prominent parallel veins giving the appearance of a palm leaf. Inflorescence is a green, open panicle to 2 ft. long. ENVIRO. IMPACT Forms dense cover primarily along gulch bottoms and lower slopes. 2% glyphosate product in water highly effective. Good control also reported using 1% glyphosate product in water. Followup treatments needed. Fluazifop-p-butyl also highly effective. 108
VINES (Adapted from P. Motooka 2003) COMMON NAME Cat's claw, popoki, wait-a-bit, Mysore thorn, puakelekino SCIENTIFIC NAME Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston Vine. Sprawling, climbing bramble, arching stems, to 60 ft. long. Stems and leaves with prickles curving downward. Leaves bipinnately compound, 3-15 pairs of secondary leaf stems, each secondary stem with 5-12 pairs of elaflets, leaflet 0.8 in. long. Flowers in upright clusters, each 1 in. diameter, petals 5, yellow. Pods brown, slightly swollen, to 4 in. long, containing 4-9 black seeds. Forms impenetrable brambles, climbs high up trees. Closes off pastures to animals, impedes ENVIRO. IMPACT passage in forests. A hazard to animals, which can become trapped in thickets. Sensitive to foliar applications of glyphosate and triclopyr. Adequate coverage of catsclaw foliage in dense infestations is difficult. Timely repeat applications (3-9 months) of triclopyr ester at 0.25 lb/acre allows gradual reduction and opening of the canopy and eventual control. This strategy not only stresses the catsclaw over a longer period but also controls newly germinated catsclaw seedlings. Basal bark of accessible stems may be treated with triclopyr ester at 20% product in diesel or crop oil in very-low-volume applications. Sensitive to soil applications of tebuthiuron. COMMON NAME Ivy gourd, scarlet fruited gourd SCIENTIFIC NAME Coccinea grandis (L.) Voigt Climbing, green vine covered with fine, stiff hairs. Separate male and female plants. Leaves broad, 4 inches by 4 inches, ivy shaped, sometimes deeply lobed. Flowers solitary 1.25 inches diameter, white. Fruit 2 inches long, bright red at maturity. Roots tuberous. ENVIRO. IMPACT Smothering vine capable of overcoming tall trees. Triclopyr foliar applied at 1 lb/acre excellent knockdown of foliage. Triclopyr applied at basal stems also effective. Foliage knockdown followed by basal stem treatments probably very effective. Dicamba 1 lb/acre also very effective. Foliar applications of 2, 4-D, glyphosate, or metsulfuron ineffective. 109
COMMON NAME Corky passion vine, Huehue haole SCIENTIFIC NAME Passiflora suberosa L. Herbaceous vine, stems angled, striped. Leaves narrow to ovate, 4 in. long by 1.6-3.5 in. wide, entire or deeply lobed. Flowers bell-shaped, 1 in. diatmeter, white sometimes with purple base. Fruits are berries, dark purple when ripe, 0.75 in. diameter. ENVIRO. IMPACT Smothers tall trees in mesic forests. Seeds spread by animals. Probably sensitive to hormone-type herbicides. Basal treatments ineffective at translocating herbicide. Young plants susceptible to drizzle applications of glyphosate at 1 lb/acre. COMMON NAME Banana poka SCIENTIFIC NAME Passiflora molissima (Kunth) L.H. Bailey Liana. Leaves trilobed, 6 in. long by 8 in. wide, covered with soft hairs. Flowers pendant, pink, 10 petals,3.5 in. diameter, 5 stamens with bright yellow anthers. Fruit a green elongated berry ripening to yellow, 3 in. long, 1.5 in. diameter. Smothers even tall trees in forests, forming a shroud. Spread by birds and pigs that feed on the ENVIRO. IMPACT fruits. GRAZING Grazing may be possible in some areas. For accessible populations of limited extent, mechanical means appears effective in controlling banana poka. Because stems do not MECHANICAL readily sprout, mechanical control may suffice in selected areas. Chemical control difficult because of large, inaccessible biomass often growing over non-target plants. Glyphosate at 5%, 50%, and 100% product, and triclopyr product at the same concentrations, effective in killing cut stumps, but many vines re-reooted if not treated. 2% triclopyr ester product in crop oil provided effective control. Control with triclopyr amine, 10% of product in water applied to cut stumps. 110
COMMON NAME Blackberry, Highbush blackberry, Prickly Florida blackberry SCIENTIFIC NAME Rubus argutus Link Vine. Prickly bramble with long arching stems to 10 ft. long, angled, slightly hairy, lateral branches that bear the flowers are more hairy. Leaves broad, pinnate, 3.5 leaflets, up to 5 in. long by 2 in. wide, upper surface smooth, lower hairy, midrib prickly as are leaf stems, margins serrate. Flowers in clusters, white. Fruits red maturing to black, 0.8 in. long. ENVR. IMPACT Smothers low plants and shrubs. Blocks passage on trails. Seeds spread by birds. Sensitive to drizzle application of triclopyr. Triclopyr amine at 0.5% of product without surfactant, sprayed to wet the foliage, was effective. 2% triclopyr amine product in water as foliar or on top of cut canes effective. Triclopyr ester at 10% product in vegetable-oil based carrier applied to 2-3 in. at base of each cane very effective. Sensitive to foliar applications of picloram. Sensitive to metsulfuron. Susceptible to drizzle application of glyphosate. Though usually adequate for vines, glyphosate at 2% product in water is not completely effective, and may need to be increased. Dicamba not effective. 111
HERBS (Adapted from P. Motooka 2003) COMMON NAME Daisy fleabane SCIENTIFIC NAME Erigeron karvinskianus Herb. Creeping, branching, perennial herb. Leaves alternate, narrow, 1.5 inches by 0.4 inches wide, often lobed, smooth or slightly hairy. Flower heads solitary, 0.75 inches diameter on long stems, ray petals white turning pink, disks yellow. Tiny achene seeds, 1 mm long. ENVIRO. IMPACT Forms dense mats in mesic-wet forests crowding out natives. 2% glyphosate product in water highly effective as foliar application. 20% triclopyr ester product in oil applied basally highly effective. COMMON NAME White ginger SCIENTIFIC NAME Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig Herb. Fleshy creeping herb with leafy stems and thick fleshy rhizomes, over 6 ft. tall. Leaves to 2 ft. long by 4 in. wide. Fragrant white flowers in terminal inflorescence. ENVIRO. IMPACT Creeping growth overwhelms low-growing plants in pastures and forests. Sensitive to foliar applications of picloram at 1 lb./acre. Very sensitive to metsulfuron (0.25 oz/acre). Moderately sensitive to triclopyr. Triclopyr ester at 20% product, applied in straight stream to stems and surface rhizomes probably highly effective. 112
COMMON NAME Yellow ginger SCIENTIFIC NAME Hedychium flavescens N. Carey ex Roscoe Herb. Fleshy creeping herb with leafy stems and thick fleshy rhizomes, over 6 ft. tall. Leaves to 2 ft. long by 4 in. wide. Fragrant yellow flowers in terminal inflorescence. ENVIRO. IMPACT Creeping growth overwhelms low-growing plants in pastures and forests. Triclopyr ester at 20% product, applied in straight stream to stems and surface rhizomes probably highly effective. MECH/CHEM Extremely sensitive to metsulfuron at 3% (wet volume). Cut off yellow ginger foliage, then apply metsulfuron on exposed rhizomes at 0.017 oz/qt (0.5 g/liter) of water in spring and summer, or 0.12 oz/qt (3.5 g/liter) of water in winter. COMMON NAME Kahili ginger SCIENTIFIC NAME Hedychium gardenerianum Ker-Gawl Herb. Fleshy creeping herb with leafy stems and thick fleshy rhizomes, over 6 ft. tall. Leaves to 2 ft. long by 4 in. wide. Yellow flowers with orange floral parts in larger cylindrical, terminal, upright inflorescence, reminiscent of the kahili of the Hawaiian royalty. Creeping, dense growth overwhelms low-growing plants in pastures and forests. Forms monotypic ENVIRO. IMPACT cover over time. MECH/CHEM Triclopyr ester at 20% product, applied in straight stream to stems and surface rhizomes 100% effective. Glyphosate (Escort) at 0.2 gram/liter of water with surfactant in foliar application provided effective control. Same rate effective as cut stump application. Picloram, specifically Tordon 10K pellets, were effective, however use with caution. Should not be used where water runoff is a problem and where rare plant species are present; further research must be conducted. A commercial mixture of 2,4-D and triclopyr was ineffective. Metasulfuron at 0.04 lb/acre, imazapyr at 0.7 lb/acre, and amitrol at 0.7 lb/acre are effective when applied to visible rhizomes after mechanical clearing of top growth. 113