Temperature & Thermal Expansion Temperature Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics Temperature Measurement Thermal Expansion Homework
Temperature & Thermal Equilibrium Temperature Fundamental physical quantity Measure of average kinetic energy of molecular motion Thermal equilibrium Two objects in thermal contact cease to have an exchange of energy
The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics If objects A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third object C (the thermometer), the A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Temperature Measurement In principle, any system whose physical properties change with temperature can be used as a thermometer Some physical properties commonly used are The volume of a liquid The length of a solid The electrical resistance of a conductor The pressure of a gas held at constant volume The volume of a gas held at constant pressure
The Glass-Bulb Thermometer Common thermometer in everyday use Physical property that changes is the volume of a liquid - usually mercury or alcohol Since the cross-sectional area of the capillary tube is constant, the change in volume varies linearly with its length along the tube
Calibrating the Thermometer The thermometer can be calibrated by putting it in thermal equilibrium with environments at known temperatures and marking the end of the liquid column Commonly used environments are Ice-water mixture in equilibrium at the freezing point of water Water-steam mixture in equilibrium at the boiling point of water Once the ends of the liquid column have been marked for a couple different environments, a scale must be defined
The Celsius Scale A common temperature scale is the Celsius scale On this scale the freezing point is at zero degrees (0 point is at 100 degrees (100 C) C) and the boiling
The Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer The standard thermometer, against which all other thermometers are calibrated Measures the pressure of the gas contained in the flask immersed in the bath The volume of gas in the flask is kept constant be raising or lowering reservoir B such that the mercury level in column A remains constant Pressure is determined from the height h of the mercury in the reservoir (P = P + gh)
Absolute Zero Experiments show that the results obtained with the constant-volume gas thermometer are nearly independent of the type of gas used If the measurements are performed with the gas in the flask at different starting pressures at 0 C, different straight-line calibration curves are obtained All of these curves extrapolate to zero pressure at the unique temperature of -273.15 C
The Kelvin Scale Absolute zero is used as the basis for the Kelvin temperature scale in which -273.15 is set as the zero point (0 K) C The size of a degree on the Kelvin scale is the same as the size of a degree on the Celsius scale The conversion between the Kelvin and Celsius scales is given by T = T - 273.15
The Fahrenheit Scale The most common temperature scale The ice point is at 32 F and the steam point is at 212 F The relationship between the Fahrenheit scale and the Celsius scale is given by T T + 32 F The relationship between changes in temperature on the two scales is given by T T = =
is raised by an amount Thermal Expansion If the temperature of a metal rod of length L its length is found to increase by an amount T, where is a constant called the coefficient of linear expansion. If the temperature of a solid or liquid whose volume is V amount an T, the increase in volume is found to be is increased by where is the coefficient of volume expansion. (Note that = 3.)
Expansion Coefficients for Some Materials
Example On a hot day in Las Vegas, an oil trucker loaded 37,000 L of diesel fuel. He encountered cold weather on the way to Payson, Utah, where the temperature was 23.0 K lower than in Las Vegas, and where he delivered his entire load. How many liters did he deliver? The coefficient of volume expansion for diesel fuel is 9.50 10 / C.
At temperatures above 4 as it is cooled The Unusual Behavior of Water But, at temperatures below 4 C, water behaves like most liquids and contracts C it expands as it is cooled This is why bodies of water freeze at the surface and why freezing water can break sealed containers
Homework Set 1 - Due Wed. Jan 7 Read Sections 16.1-16.3 Answer Questions 16.1, 16.4 & 16.5 Do Problems 16.1, 16.3, 16.8, 16.13 & 16.14